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[German version] City in Mauretania Caesariensis, northeast of Portus [5] Magnus on the right bank of the Oued Chelif (Plin. HN 5,19: Q. Cenitana; Ptol. 4,2,3: Κούϊζα κολωνία/ Koúïza kolōnía;  It. Ant. 13,9: Q. municipium), modern El-Benian. Duumviri are attested for AD 128 (CIL VIII 2, 9697); there is also mention of a disp( unctor) reip( ublicae) Q( uizensium) ('comptroller of the city of Q.', CIL VIII 2, 9699). Inscriptions: CIL VIII 2, 9697-9703; suppl. 3, 21514 f. Significant ruins survive. Huß, Werner (Bamberg) Bibliography AAAlg, leaf 11, no. 2  P. Cadenat, Q. et Mina ..., in:…

[German version] (Ἄββα; Ábba, varia lectio Obba, Liv. 30,7,10). Town in   Africa proconsularis .  Syphax retreated to A. in 203 BC, after his encampment near  Utica had been burned down by C.  Laelius and  Massinissa (Pol. 14,6,12; 7,5). A.'s location most likely corresponds to either the modern Henchir Bou Djaoua or Henchir Merkeb en-Nabi [1. 430 f.]. Huß, Werner (Bamberg) Bibliography 1 F. W. Walbank, A Historical Commentary on Polybius 2, 1967. AATun 100, sheet 29, no. 87 f.

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: | Coloniae | Limes (Ἀμμαίδαρα; Ammaídara). Town in Africa proconsularis [5. 147, n. 756] between  Althiburus and  Theveste (Ptol. 4,3,30), modern Haïdra; for other forms of the name [4. 1841]. Originally, A. was probably a settlement of the  Musulamii [2. 117-121]. Because of its strategically important location, which allowed it to control important communication roads and to cover the southern flank of Africa proconsularis, the   legio III Augusta was relocated to the vicinity of A. dur…

[German version] City in  Numidia, located between the Aurès mountains to the south and the salt lake Garaat al-Tarf to the north, called Ksar Baghai today, originally perhaps a local castellum. There is evidence for a council of decuriones in the year AD 162 (CIL VIII 1, 2275). A diocesan town in 256, it became one of the most important centres of  Donatism in late antiquity [1. 284, 304, 719-723]. For example in the year 394, 310 Donatist bishops assembled in B. (Aug. Epist. Parmeniani 3,4,21; c. Cresconium grammaticum 3f.). B. wa…

[German version] (Gr. Ἰόμνιον; Iómnion or Ἰόμνυον; Iómnyon). I. probably originated as a Phoenician or Punic trading post (as indicated by the letter I at the beginning of the name: ʾj = Punic ‘island’), located in  Mauretania Caesariensis, near the modern Tigzirt (Algeria). Ptol. 4,2,8; It. Ant. 17,1; Tab. Peut. 2,2. Inscriptions: CIL VIII 2, 8995-9001; Suppl. 3, 20710-20728; AE 1994, 1898 f.; Rev. Africaine 58, 1914, 342-353. It became a municipium under Septimius [II 7] Severus. The Punic tradition continued to remain vibrant for a long time. In the Roman peri…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Theatre (Punic Lpqj; [1]). Founded by the Phoenicians on the east coast of Tunisia, the modern Lamta ( Leptis, Sall. Iug. 19,1; Leptis, Mela 1,34, Plin. HN 5,25; 76; Λέπτις μικρά, Ptol. 4,3,10; Λέπτις ἡ μικρά, Stadiasmus maris magni 113; Lepti minus civitas, Itin. Anton. 58,6; Lepteminus, Tab. Peut. 6,3; Leptis minus, Geogr. Rav. 37,45; Tempu minus, Geogr. Rav. 88,44; Lepti minus, Guido 132,72; Lepti minus, CIL III Suppl. 2, 13582). In the Libyan War (241-238 BC) the rebel Mathus lost a battle at Leptis Minor (LM…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Coloniae | Phoenicians, Poeni (New Punic Gngn). Punic or Punic-influenced trading post west of Caesarea, modern Sidi Brahim near Gouraya. Under Augustus G. rose to become a colonia whose citizens were allocated to the tribus Quirina. Evidence: Plin. HN 5,20; Ptol. 4,2,5 (Κανουκκίς); It. Ant. 15,1 ( Gunugus); Geogr. Rav. p. 40,45 ( Gunubus); 88,10 ( Gunagus); 132,19 ( Cunagus). In the Notitia episcopatuum Mauretaniae Caesariensis (111a) an episcopus Gunugitanus is mentioned for the year 484. Inscriptions: Réperto…

[German version] As Emporia in a strict sense are to be understood all the cities of the Syrtis Minor but in a broader sense the cities of the Syrtis Minor and the Byssatis or the Syrtis Minor and the Tripolitania or the Syrtis Minor, the Byssatis and the Tripolitania. Huß, Werner (Bamberg) Bibliography A. Bresson, P. Rouillard (ed.), L'emporion, 1993 R. Rebuffat, Où étaient les emporia?, in: Semitica 39, 1990, 111-126.

[German version] (Κεφαλαί; Kephalaí). Foothills (literally ‘heads’), marking the western entrance to the Great Syrte, modern Cape Mesrâta or Râs Bou-Chaifa. Str. 17,3,19; Plut. Dion 25,8; Ptol. 4,3,13; Stadiasmus maris magni 92 (GGM I 460). Huß, Werner (Bamberg) Bibliography H. Kees, s.v. K., RE 11, 190.

[German version] (Ζυγρῖται; Zygrîtai). Libyan people to the west of Catabathmus and to the east of the Chattani (Ptol. 4,5,22), approximately in the area of Sidi Barrani (in modern Libya). Huß, Werner (Bamberg) Bibliography J. Desanges, Catalogue des tribus africaines, 1962, 174  M. Leglay, s. v. Z., RE 10 A, 857.

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Africa | | Coloniae | Africa | Commerce | Phoenicians, Poeni (neo-Punic Wjt). City on the coast of Africa Tripolitania between Sabratha and Leptis Magna, modern Tripoli. Evidence: Mela 1,37; Plin. HN 5,27; 38; Sil. Pun. 3,257; Ptol. Geog. 4,3,12 (Ἐῶα; Eôa); It. Ant. 62,2 ( Ocea colonia); Tab. Peut. 7,3 ( Osa colonia); Stadiasmus maris magni 98f. (GGM 1,463f.). Probably a Phoenician foundation [1. 36, 74]. Colonists from Africa and Sicily participated in the later expansion of the city (Sil. Pun.…

[German version] (Νιγρῖται; Nigrîtai). Following the Periplus of Ophelas (?), Str. 17,3,3 maintains that, together with the Pharusii, the N. lived a 30 days' journey from Lynx (Lix [1], present-day Larache). Str. 2,5,33 places them - like the Pharusii and Garamantes - in the regions which lie between the Gaetuli and the Aethiopes. In warfare the N., the Pharusii and the Aethiopes made use of bows as well as chariots with sickle-shaped blades attached to the axles. References: Str. 17,3,7 (Νίγρητες)…

[German version] Town in the Africa Proconsularis, situated on the east coast of the Bon Peninsula, modern Korba. At the time of Caesar it was a colonia. Literary evidence: Plin. HN. 5,24; Ptol. 4,3,8 (Κουραβίς, Κούροβις); It. Ant. 56,7; 57,5; 493,9. Inscription.: CIL VIII 1, 977-981; Suppl. 1, 12451-12453; Suppl. 4, 24099-24102; [1. 386].  Cap Bon Huß, Werner (Bamberg) Bibliography 1 Bull. Archéologique du Comité des Travaux Historiques 1930-1931. S. Lancel, E. Lipiński, s.v. Cap Bon, DCPP, 88f.

[German version] City (probably of Libyan origin) in Africa proconsularis (Africa [3]; Plin. HN. 5,29; Ptol. 4,3,34; 8,14,11; Tab. Peut. 5,5 incorrectly Uthica) some 30 km to the south of Carthage, modern Oudna, with many archaeological remains (triumphal arch, temple, theatre, thermal baths, amphitheatre). It remains questionable whether U. is identical to Adys (Pol. 1,30,5; [1. 89]), where in 256 BC Carthaginians and Romans for the first time came into conflict on African soil. Caesar or the later Augustus founded in U. a colonia for the veterans of the Thirteenth Legion.…

[German version] River that has its source in the high Atlas Mountains, presumably the Oued Guir. C.  Suetonius Paullinus advanced to it with his troops in AD 42. References: Plin. HN 5,15 ( Ger); Ptol. 4,6,13; 16; 31 (Γείρ; Geír); Geogr. Rav. p. 2,69; 3,14; 36,28; 37,11 ( Ger); Claud. Carm. 21,252 ( Gir); Anon. Geographia Compendiaria 31 (GGM II 502; Γίρ; Gír). Huß, Werner (Bamberg) Bibliography H. Dessau, s.v. G., RE VII 1, 1366.

[German version] Town in Africa proconsularis; the modern Henchir Tarf ech-Chena. In AD 28 A. was led by two   sufetes with Punic names and surnames; from the 3rd cent. AD a   municipium . Huß, Werner (Bamberg) Bibliography Inscriptions: CIL V 1, 4921; 8,1, 774-791; Suppl. 1, 12233-12240; Suppl. 4, 23843-23846. AATun 50, folio 34, no. 111 C. Lepelley, Les cités de l'Afrique romaine au Bas-Empire 2, 1981, 68-70.

[German version] City in Africa Proconsularis, 33 km to the northwest of Sicca Veneria, modern Sidi Youssef. The name, a Libyan inscription [1.570] and a bilingual one in Latin and Neo-Punic  (CIL VIII 1, 4636 = Suppl. 1, 16811 = ILAlg 1,1186) suggest a pre-Roman origin for the city. Evidence: Ptol. 4,3,30 (Ναράγγαρα/ Narángara); Itin. Anton. 41,5; 44,7 ( N.); Tab. Peut. 4,4 ( N.); Geogr. Rav. 39,18 ( Narragara). N. was a city by Roman Law (CIL VIII Suppl. 2, 18085; ILAlg 1,1189). Cultic worship of the Berber god Iocolon (ILAlg 1,1184) and the Punic-Roman goddes…

[German version] Settlement in Numidia between Lambaesis and Lamasba, modern Kherbet Ouled Arif. Literary evidence: Tab. Peut. 3,1 ( Lambiridi); Iulius Honorius, Cosmographia A 44 ( Lamuiridi oppidum); Concilia Carthaginiensia anno 411, 1,206,32 ( episcopus Lambiriditanus); Not. episcoporum Numidiae 19a ( Iamuiritanus). L. was a municipium in the 3rd cent. AD. Some ruins are preserved - including a grave with a mosaic, opinions vary as to its interpretation [1. 464]. Epigraphical evidence: CIL VIII 1, 4413-4435; Suppl. 2, 18564-18584. Huß, Werner (Bamberg) Bibliography 1 M. Le …

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Coloniae (Μαξοῦλα/ Maxoûla). City in the province of Africa proconsularis ( Africa [3]), to the east of Tynes, modern Radès. Sources: Ptol. 4,3,7 (Μαξοῦλα/ Maxoûla); 4,3,34 (Μαξοῦλα παλαιά/ Maxoûla palaiá); It. Ant. 57,3 ( M. Prates); 58,1 ( M. Civitas); Tab. Peut. 6,1; Stadiasmus Maris Magni 122f. (GGM 1,471); Geogr. Rav. 88,38. Since it was located by the sea, it is possible that at times the Greeks (also) called it Leukòs Týnes (Λευκὸς Τύνης, Diod. Sic. 20,8,7) [1. 66-68]. Traces of Punic influence have been fo…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Christianity | Colonization | Crete (Βάρκη; Bárkē). Greek city in  Cyrenaica, 97 km north-east of Benghasi, today Barka, founded by Cyrenaicans in the middle of the 6th cent. BC. Grain and   silphion allowed B. to reach its peak quickly. (Sources: Hdt. 3,13; 3,91; 4,160-205; Aen. Tact. 37,6f.; Heraclid. Pont. 4,2 (FHG II 212); Ps.-Scyl. 108 (GGM I 83); FGrH 115 Theopompus of Chios F 103; Diod. Sic. 1,68,2; 18,20,3; Sil. Pun. 2,62; 3,251; Polyaenus, Strat. 7…