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Statistics, Religion Adherence
(845 words)
[German Version] In the first instance, religious statistics report the data that provide information on the local or global distribution of individual religions or religious groups. They are one aspect of a larger “religiometrics,” which includes all measurable factors associated with religion (e.g. sacred buildings, production of religious books and media, endowments) in order to take these quantitative values into account in interpreting religious phenomena or developments. “Counting procedures” in the context of religion go back to the dawn of the 1st millennium bce, if Da…
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Religion Past and Present
Contest
(454 words)
[German Version] Originating in Greek antiquity, contest or competition carried out on a field with the objective of victory entered metaphorical usage, in Christianity as elsewhere, as Agon. In a broader sense, however, competition and sport are attested in many religious contexts or can be used and interpreted in religion. In this regard, competition continues essentially to be competition with the goal of victory, while the term “sports,” used in England since the 16th century (from Latin
disportare, “to amuse, entertain oneself”), refers to physical training i…
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Religion Past and Present
Astral Religion
(537 words)
[German Version] (from Gk ἄστρα/
ástra, “stars”) refers to the cultic worship of heavenly bodies or deities associated with them. The relationship between a heavenly body and a deity may range from identification to mere association – the boundaries are fluid. There is no astral religion
per se, but elements of astral religion appear within particular religious systems. Some scholars have attempted to trace the whole of mythology to astral religion or astral …
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Religion Past and Present
Demons and Spirits
(6,288 words)
[German Version] I. History of Religion (Ancient Near East and Antiquity) – II. Old Testament – III. New Testament – IV. Church History – V. Iconography – VI. Practical Theology – VII. Judaism – VIII. Islam
I. History of Religion (Ancient Near East and Antiquity) The term “demon” as used in European language groups derives from the Greek (δαίμων/
daímōn), where it initially also referred simply to gods (ϑεοί/
theoí; cf. Homer
Iliad 1.122) without either positive or negative connotations. The exclusively “negative” charge associate…
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Religion Past and Present
Devil
(8,622 words)
[German Version] I. Names and Terms – II. Religious Studies – III. Ancient Near East and Old Testament – IV. New Testament – V. Church History – VI. Philosophy of Religion – VII. Fundamental Theology – VIII. Dogmatics – IX. Judaism – X. Islam – XI. History of Art and Literature
I. Names and Terms
1. Devil The secular Greek noun διάβολος/
diabolos comes from one of the meanings of the verb διαβάλλω/
diaballō, “separate, sever,” which led to meanings such as “accuse, slander, deceive.” From the Greek noun came Latin
diabolus, from which the English …
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Religion Past and Present
Proskynesis
(160 words)
[German Version] As a communicative gesture, proskynesis (from Gk προσκυνεῖν/
proskyneín, “to kiss toward [someone]”; cf. Lat.
adorare,
venerari) expresses humility and deference: accompanied by genuflection or prostration, it consisted of placing one’s hand to one’s mouth and then extending it toward the person being honored. In Assyria and ancient Persia, it was common as a gesture of homage when entering a ruler’s presence; Greek religion considered proskynesis appropriate only when offered to the gods. During…
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Religion Past and Present
History of Religions
(1,831 words)
[German Version] I. Definition – II. History – III. Sources – IV. Challenges and Accomplishments
I. Definition The history of religions deals descriptively and empirically with all religions, past and present. All observable manifestations of these religions are the subject matter of the discipline: teachings, actions, structures and forms of community, individual expressions of faith, and collective modes of behavior. The history of religions thus studies religions in the plural – their emergence, their dev…
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Religion Past and Present
Name, Belief in the
(332 words)
[German Version] The name of a person or divinity (Names of God) expresses in many cultures an individual and unmistakable mark of that person's essential being. From this the idea grows that anyone who knows that name can have authority over the person in question. Partly bound up with this is the fear that if the name is known, enemies or demons may gain power over the bearer of the name; thus the real name must be kept secret. The revelation of the name by a divinity (cf. Exod 3), the discovery…
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Religion Past and Present
Parsiism
(1,019 words)
[German Version] The Parsis (Parsees) are Zoroastrians (Zarathustra) who once lived in Iran. After Iran was Islamized, they emigrated
via a complex route to their future home in Gujarat (India). Their emigration is recalled with a theological slant in the
Qissa-i Sanjan, “The Story of Sanjan.” The Persian text, written in 1599 or 1600, is the earliest source describing the arrival and settlement of the Zoroastrians in India, where they were called Parsis because of their Persian background. The Parsi tradition dates the emigration in t…
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Religion Past and Present