Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE
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Niẓām al-Dīn Awliyāʾ
(1,541 words)
Muḥammad b. Aḥmad b. ʿAlī Bukhārī Badaʾūnī Dihlavī Chishtī (642–725/1244–1325), better known as
Niẓām al-Dīn Awliyāʾ and nicknamed Sulṭān al-Mashāʾikh (“The King of Shaykhs”) and Maḥbūb-i Ilāhī (“The Divine Beloved”), was the founder of the Niẓāmī subbranch of the Chishtī brotherhood (the Chishtiyya probably originated in Chisht, near Herat, towards the end of the sixth/twelfth century and was introduced into India by Muʿīn al-Dīn Sijzī, d. 627/1230. From the ninth/fifteenth and twelfth/eighteenth centuries on…
Source:
Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE
Date:
2022-09-21
Lucknow since 1856
(3,190 words)
While
Lucknow declined from its Nawābī heyday
after 1856, the city has remained one of the Indian subcontinent’s most significant centres of Muslim cultural expression and Islamic learning. Both under British colonial rule, and since India’s independence, the city has been known for its important Sunnī and Shīʿī
madrasas, its public religious rites such as Muḥarram processions, and its distinctive civic culture of refinement
(tahdhīb). The city has also been intermittently an important centre of Muslim literature and politics. 1. Annexation and uprising Lucknow lost its status…
Source:
Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE
Date:
2021-05-25
Delhi Sultanate architecture
(3,387 words)
The
architecture of the
Delhi Sultanate (607–932/1210–1526) is associated primarily with Delhi, from the reign of Iltutmish, its first sultan (r. 607–33/1211–36), through the defeat in 932/1526 of the Lodī dynasty by the Mughal emperor Bābur. While centred on Delhi, the sultanate also included North Indian successor states that developed even before Delhi’s decline caused by Tīmūr’s sack in Rabīʿ II 801/December 1398. Sultanate architecture was revived briefly during the Sūrī interregnum, from 937/1540 to 962/1555, when the Mughals were temporarily ousted from India. 1. Aybak The…
Source:
Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE
Date:
2021-07-19
Manťo, Sāʿadat Ḥasan
(2,052 words)
Sāʿadat Ḥasan Mant’o (1912–55) was a leading Urdu short-story writer who came into prominence during the 1940s in British India with his provocative writings on socially taboo subjects. 1. Early life He was born into a Kashmiri trading family in Samrala, in the Ludhiana district of Panjāb. His father, Khvāja Ghulām Ḥasan (d. 1932), a district session’s judge, had three sons and six daughters before his marriage to Mant’o’s mother, Sardār Begum (d. 1940). Resentful of the disrespect shown to his mother by his father’s family, Mant’o became rebe…
Source:
Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE
Date:
2021-07-19
Madrasa in South Asia
(3,848 words)
The
madrasa in South Asia was the main institution for transmitting Islamic knowledge and sustaining Islamic identity. 1. The Delhi Sultanate The first
madrasas appear to have been founded after the establishment of the Delhi Sultanate in 602/1206. One was the Muʿizziya, probably founded by Iltutmish (r. 607–33/1211–36) and named after Muḥammad Ghūrī’s title Muʿizz al-Dīn (Muḥammad Ghūrī ruled in Ghazna 569–99/1173–1203). The second, the Nāṣiriyya, was built by Balban (r. 664–86/1266–87), while he was chief minister t…
Source:
Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE
Date:
2021-07-19
Iltutmish
(1,656 words)
Shams al-Dīn
Iltutmish (r. 607–33/1211–36) was a slave-soldier, variously referred to in the sources as
mamlūk,
ghulām, and
banda, who played an influential role in the politics and military conquests of the sixth/twelfth and seventh/thirteenth centuries in North India. He rose in the service of Quṭb al-Dīn Aybak (r. 602–7/1206–10), the celebrated
ghulām of the Ghūrid sultan Muʿizz al-Dīn Muḥammad b. Sām (r. 569–602/1173–1206) ruling from Ghazna, who is credited with laying the foundations of Delhi as a centre of Islamic power in South Asia. Iltu…
Source:
Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE
Date:
2021-07-19
Ḥamīd al-Dīn Qāḍī Nāgawrī
(832 words)
Muhammad b. ʿAṭā Allāh Maḥmūd (d. 643/1246), popularly known as Shaykh
Ḥamīd al-Dīn Qāḍī Nāgawrī, was a renowned Ṣūfī scholar of mediaeval India, who was affiliated with both the Suhrawardī and Chishtī
silsilas (spiritual lineage or initiatic genealogy) (the Suhrawadiyya is traditionally said to have been founded by Abū Ḥafṣ ʿUmar al-Suhrawardī (d. 632/1234) and spread quickly to the Middle East and as far as India and Indonesia; the Chishtiyya was founded in Chisht, a small town near Herat, about 318/930 by Abū Isḥāq Shāmī (t…
Source:
Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE
Date:
2021-07-19
Ghūrids
(8,571 words)
The
Ghūrids (or Shansabānīs) were a dynasty of independent Muslim rulers who conquered much of eastern Iran and northern India from the mid-sixth/twelfth century to the beginning of the seventh/thirteenth century. Arising from the mountains of present-day central Afghanistan, they established an immense empire that reshaped the political and cultural boundaries of the eastern Islamic lands and laid the foundations of the Delhi Sultanate. The Ghūrid territories west of the Indus were conquered by the Khvārazmshāhs shortly before the Mongol irruption. 1. Early Shansabānī history T…
Source:
Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE
Date:
2021-07-19
Dāgh Dihlavī
(2,578 words)
Dāgh (lit., scar, stain, mark, sorrow) is the nom de plume
(takhallus) of Navāb Mīrzā Khān
Dihlavī, originally called Ibrāhīm, a pre-eminent modern Urdu poet. He was the son of Navāb Shams al-Dīn Khān of Jhirkā Firūzpūr—who belonged to the aristocratic Lohārū family, to which the great poet Ghālib (d. 1869) was also related by marriage—and Vazīr Begam (usually called Chhotʾī Begam). Navāb Mīrzā Khān was born in Chāndnī Chawk, Delhi, on 12 Dhū l-Ḥijja 1246/25 May 1831 (see his horoscope in
Jalva-yi Dāgh, 9). In 1837, his father was hanged by the British and his property confisc…
Source:
Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE
Date:
2021-07-19
al-Jawnpūrī, Maḥmūd
(1,254 words)
Maḥmūd b. Muḥammad al-ʿUmarī al-Fārūqī
al-Jawnpūrī (993–1072/1585–1652) was an Indian scholar known primarily for his contributions, in Arabic and Persian, to philosophy
(falsafa), theology
(kalām), and rhetoric
(ʿilm al-maʿānī wa-l-bayān). He was born in Jawnpur, in Uttar Pradesh, at the very beginning of Mughal suzerainty in the region. Al-Jawnpūrī received his early training from his grandfather, Shāh Muḥammad al-Jawnpūrī (d. 1032/1622), with whom he studied various books in the emerging curriculum (Lakhnawī, 5:181, 429). He then studied the rationalist disciplines
(maʿq…
Source:
Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE
Date:
2021-07-19
Rukn al-Dīn Fīrūz Shāh
(826 words)
Rukn al-Dīn Fīrūz Shāh (r. 633–4/1236) was the second eldest son and short-lived successor of the first sultan of Delhi, Shams al-Dīn Iltutmish (r. 607–33/1211–36). The only detailed source for his brief reign is the contemporary account by Minhāj-i Sīrāj-i Jūzjānī (d. after 657–8/1259–60), historian and high official of the Delhi court. 1. Uncertain succession to the Delhi throne after Iltutmish Shams al-Dīn Iltutmish lost his eldest son and heir apparent Nāṣir al-Dīn Maḥmud Shāh to an illness in 626/1229. Following his successful campaign in Gwāliyār (G…
Source:
Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE
Date:
2023-11-24