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Faith

(25,125 words)

Author(s): Grünschloß, Andreas | Schulz, Heiko | Kaiser, Otto | Hooker, Morna D. | Jüngel, Eberhard | Et al.
[German Version] I. Terminology – II. Old Testament – III. New Testament – IV. Systematic Theology – V. Practical Theology – VI. Judaism – VII. Islam I. Terminology 1. Religious Studies a. As an emic linguistic term, “faith” is found not only in the context of the Christian West (cf. fides, foi, Glaube, etc.), but also in other religious traditions. The Sanskrit term śraddhā (cf. Pāli saddhā; Avestan zrazdā-) seems to represent an Indo-European etymological pendant to Lat.

Genuineness/Authenticity/Truthfulness

(1,792 words)

Author(s): Jüngel, Eberhard | Schwöbel, Christoph
[German Version] I. Fundamental Theology – II. Ethics I. Fundamental Theology 1. Authenticity, or genuineness, or truthfulness (Ger. Wahrhaftigkeit), is regarded as being an existential attitude that a person has toward others, toward himself or herself and toward God. Essentially close to understanding truth as a consistency (of intellectus and res), authenticity is considered to be the consistency between a person's statements in life and that which is true, or which he regards as true – irrespective of the possibility that what he regards …

Wine

(2,151 words)

Author(s): Staubli, Thomas | Janowski, Bernd | Figal, Günter | Jüngel, Eberhard
[German Version] I. Archaeology and Religious Studies

Creation

(11,110 words)

Author(s): Friedli, Richard | Janowski, Bernd | Herrmann, Klaus | Wischmeyer, Oda | Gunton, Colin E. | Et al.
[German Version] I. History of Religion – II. Old Testament – III. Judaism – IV. New Testament – V. History of Theology – VI. Creation and Preservation – VII. Religious Education – VIII. Islam – IX. Science – X. Art History I. History of Religion 1. Fundamentals Life, nature, the environment, the passage of time – these are everyday experiences for an…

Death

(11,861 words)

Author(s): Heller, Birgit | Cancik, Hubert | Liess, Kathrin | Necker, Gerold | Goldberg, Sylvie-Anne | Et al.
[German Version] I. Religious Studies and History of Religions – II. Death and the Realm of the Dead in the Old Testament – III. Judaism – IV. New Testament – V. Philosophy – VI. Philosophy of Religion – VII. History of Dogma and Dogmatics – VIII. Ethics – IX. Practical Theology – X. Art – XI. Islam – XII. Buddhism – XIII. Hinduism I. Religious Studies and History of Religions 1. General Modern religious criticism regards religion as compensation for human anxiety in the face of death. …

Schleiermacher, Friedrich Daniel Ernst

(8,015 words)

Author(s): Jüngel, Eberhard
[German Version] (Nov 21, 1768, Breslau [Wrocław] – Feb 12, 1834, Berlin). “He did not institute a school but an age.” What Schleiermacher, defining the concept of greatness, said of Frederick the Great ( KGA I/11, 489) could largely be said of Schleiermacher himself. No other theologian since the Reformation can claim comparable significance and influence. Even the most consistent alternative to his theology to date has to admit that “the man who could not only criticize Schleiermacher but be measured against him... has not yet appeared” (Barth,

Truth

(7,484 words)

Author(s): Jüngel, Eberhard | Koch, Klaus | Landmesser, Christof | Großhans, Hans-Peter
[German Version] I. Terminology and Problem ¶ The meaning of the word truth – Greek ἀλήϑεια/ alḗtheia, ἀληϑής/ alēthḗs; Hebrew אֱמֶת/ ʾĕmet; Latin veritas, verus – depends on the context where it appears. The meaning of the word truth in a particular context is not the same thing as the definition of the term truth; it is also not the same thing as the “function or role that can be or is ascribed to the expression or term . . . in the various contexts and discourses of daily life, the sciences, and philosophy (and theology)” (Puntel, 927). For Christian theology, the biblical use of the term truth is normative. The extent to which this usage is consonant with its usage in pre-Christian Greek philosophy, a usage that has shaped Western philosophy, is disputed. The antithesis of “Hebrew” vs. “Greek” that dominated 20th-century Protestant …

Eternity

(2,738 words)

Author(s): Braun, Hanns-Jürgen | Jüngel, Eberhard
[German Version] I. Religious Studies – II. Philosophy/Philosophy of Religion – III. Dogmatics I. Religious Studies Religious studies deals with eternity in the context of a discussion of sacred time. Though sacred time is grounded in eternity, it begins at the moment of the creation of the world. With respect to the world's fate, both optimistic and pessimistic voices are to be heard. Both positions, whether reckoning with the demise of the world or with the perfecting o…

Perichoresis/Circumincession

(1,086 words)

Author(s): Jüngel, Eberhard
[German Version] (περιχώρησις/ perichṓrēsis), originally from choreography (περιχωρεῖν κύκλῳ/ perichōreín kýklō, “dance around one another”), denotes as a concept of reflection the reciprocal penetration, participation, and unification of values that are, and remain, different. Whereas for Anaxagoras (DK, frgm. B 59, 13f.) perichoresis still means the rotation that …

Justification

(10,434 words)

Author(s): Tietz, Christiane | Klaiber, Walter | Jüngel, Eberhard
[German Version] I. The Term – II. New Testament – III. History of Doctrine – IV. Dogmatics I. The Term The earliest meaning of justification (like Ger. Rechtfertigung) was “administration of justice,” “legal process,” “execution of sentence,” even “capital punishment” (Elert), but early on it could also stand for defense and acquittal. In modern times it has come to be used only in the sense of vindication or legitimation. Hebrew צְדָקָה/ ṣĕdāqāh and Greek δικαíωσις/ dikaíōsis emphasize the declaration of justness, Latin iustificatio the creation of justness. The Old and New Testament also use oth…

Evil

(4,189 words)

Author(s): Keller, Carl-A. | Miller, Patrick D. | Frankemölle, Hubert | Axt-Piscalar, Christine | Jüngel, Eberhard | Et al.
[German Version] I. History of Religions – II. Old Testament – III. New Testament – IV. Philosophy of Religion – V. Dogmatics – VI. Ethics – VII. Judaism I. History of Religions From the standpoint of the study of religion, evil – which is offensive, threatens order and existence, and is therefore feared and avoided – is an aspect of hidden power that is uncontrollable and unfathomable, to which human beings feel exposed and by which the…