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The English word “school” is rendered by multiple words in the languages of antiquity and denotes several concepts related to pedagogy, learning, and intellectual culture. A school may be:1.  a location where instruction takes place; 2.  a social group comprising teachers and students, engaged in practices whose aim is to inculcate various skills and knowledge; 3.  a tradition of thought characterized by a particular ideological system and/or methodologies, or; 4.  some combination of the above.In the Greek and Roman worlds, the aim of education was not only to acqui…

Zhamanakagrut‘iwn Samuēl Anets‘i ew sharunakoghner‘Samuēl Anets‘i and continuators - Chronicle from Adam to 1776’, ‘Chronicle of Samuēl Anets‘i and continuators’ Samuēl Anets‘i and his continuators Date: Initial Chronicle by Samuēl Anets‘i ended in 1163; continued to 1776 Original Language: Armenian DescriptionThe  Zhamanakagrut‘iwn Samuēl Anets‘i ew sharunakoghner (‘Chronicle of Samuēl Anets‘i and continuators’) is one of the most copied texts in medieval and early modern Armenian literature. The initial book by Samuēl Anets‘i, a native o…

Part of 1 Overview Articles - 1.1 The Canonical Histories of the Deuterocanonical Texts1.1.2.1 Introduction1There is no absolutely settled biblical canon in the eastern Orthodox tradition as there is in the Roman Catholic Church and among some Protestant groups.2 In the earliest period, Christians were heavily influenced by the Jewish Bible while at the same time freely citing books outside the Jewish Bible. Today, the Greek Orthodox Church generally accepts some deuterocanonical literature within its Bible though it also allows for…

Iader The Roman Empire in the Civil War 49–45 BC – 169, D2;   The development of the Roman provinces in the northern Balkan Peninsula (1st cent. BC to 4th cent. AD) – 185, A2 Ialysos The extent of Mycenaean culture in the Aegean area (17th to 11th cents. BC) – 27, E3;   Greece, the Aegean and western Asia Minor from the 12th to the 9th cents. – 35, F3;   Greece, the Aegean and western Asia Minor, late 9th – c. mid 6th cents. BC – 37, E4;   Anatolia, 10th–7th cents. BC – 39, C3;   The Persian Wars (c. 500–478/449 BC) – 89, F3;   The Delian League (478-404 BC) – 95, F3 Iamneia The six Syrian Wars (275/74 –168 BC…

Speakers of Iranian and Turkic languages have been in contact since pre-Islamic times, notably along the Inner Asian commercial corridors known collectively as the Silk Road.i. LINGUISTIC CONTACTS Geo-historical survey. Speakers of Iranian and Turkic languages have been in contact since pre-Islamic times, notably along the Inner Asian commercial corridors known collectively as the Silk Road. Manichaean literature is found in Old Turkic, Sogdian, Parthian, and Middle Persian, while Buddhist literature of Inner Asia is extant…

Iader Das Römische Reich im Bürgerkrieg 49–45 v. Chr. – 169, D2; Die Entwicklung der römischen Provinzen auf der nördlichen Balkanhalbinsel (1. Jh. v. Chr. bis 4. Jh. n. Chr.) – 185, A2 Ialysos Die Ausdehnung der mykenischen Kultur im Ägäisraum (17.–11. Jh. v. Chr.) – 27, E3; Griechenland, der Ägäisraum und das westliche Kleinasien vom 12.– 9. Jh. v. Chr. – 35, F3; Griechenland, der Ägäisraum und das westliche Kleinasien vom späten 9. bis ca. Mitte des 6. Jh. v. Chr. – 37, E4; Anatolien vom 10.–7. Jh. v. Chr. – 39, C3; Die Pers…

Introduction To understand the nature of Christian-Muslim interactions in the early Ottoman era, it is important first to understand the background and historical development of the Ottomans in Asia Minor and, more importantly, their advancement into the Balkans. The Ottomans were not only shaped by their Turkmen cultural milieu, which dominated Asia Minor in the 13th century, but also by their rapid expansion in the Balkans. These experiences determined the way in which the Ottomans interacted with Christians they encountered. The ultimate success …

, Anatolie, Asie Mineure. I. — Le nom. II. — Géographie physique. III. — Géographie historique de l’Anatolie turque. 1. La conquête de l’Anatolie par les Turcs, première phase, et l’État des Sald̲j̲ūḳides de Rūm. 2. La conquête de l’Anatolie, seconde phase, et les débuts de l’empire ottoman. 3. Les divisions politiques de l’Anatolie. 4. Le peuplement. 5. Le développement des communications. 6. L’économie. I. — LE NOM Anadolu (orthographe arabe Ānāṭūlῑ, du grec ʾAνατολή dans la prononciation byzantine), Anatolie, Asie Mineure, péninsule montagneuse s’étendant à l’e…

A. IntroductionThe capture of Constantinople (8.10.) by the knights of the Fourth Crusade in April 1204 was an epoch-making event in the history of the eastern Mediterranean in several respects. A new Latin Empire, the Imperium Romaniae, took the place of the Byzantine Empire on the Bosporus, occupying it for 57 years or two generations [14]. The maritime Republic of Venice consolidated and strengthened its position as a leading political and commercial power in the region. The encounter between Byzantine and Western traditions, especially in southern Greece and the Aegean…

1. DesignationsOttoman or Ottoman Turkish is a Western Oghuz (SW Turkic) language, which developed in Anatolia over a period of several centuries. The designation derives from the term Osma:nlị̈ǰa, used by the Ottomans themselves in the late period of the Empire. This term stems from the name of the founder of the dynasty, Osma:n Ġa:zi:. In earlier periods it was simply called Türki: or Türkčä, especially in the introductory parts of early literary works, where the authors explain why they compose their texts in the local language. Examples from the 16th c. include: Bu biz-ụ̈m Türki: d…

a Persian name, most notably of the founder of the Achaemenid empire, Cyrus the Great. A version of this article is available in print Volume VI, Fascicle 5, pp. 515-526 CYRUS i. The Name Cyrus (Latin form of Gr. Kûros, later also Kóros < OPers. Kuruš [spelled ku-u-ru-u-š], reflected in Elam. Ku-raš, Bab. Ku(r)-raš/-ra-áš, Aram. kwrš, Heb. Kōreš, and Eg. kwrš; see Iranisches Personennamenbuch I/2, pp. 23-24 no. 39; cf. NPers. Kūreš) is a Persian name, most notably of the founder of the Achaemenid empire, Cyrus the Great (see iii, below) and of the second so…

[English Version] I. Geschichte 1.  AltkirchlichK. gibt es, seit Christen die Notwendigkeit erkannten, die infolge der schnellen Expansion aufkommenden Unsicherheiten, Probleme und Streitfragen der Gemeindedisziplin durch Rückgriff auf eine anerkannte Autorität allg. zu regeln. Nach dem Tod der frühen Autoritätsträger (z.B. Gemeindegründer) entwickelte sich die apostolische Tradition zur entscheidenden Norm der Gemeindedisziplin. Auf sie beriefen sich auch die seit ca.100 n.Chr. entstehenden Kirchen…

[German version] I. Name Strabo was the first to refer to the peninsula of Asia Minor (AM) west of the  Taurus (Str. 2,5,24; 12,1,3; cf. Plin. HN 5,27f.; Ptol. 5,2) as a single unit by the name of Asia in the narrower sense, as opposed to the continent of Asia. The term of Asia minor in this sense is first used in Oros. 1,2,26 (early 5th cent. AD). Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart) [German version] II. Geography AM is the westernmost part of the Asian continent between 36° and 42° northern latitude, and 26° and 44° eastern longitude, stretching from the Aegean to the Euphrates ( c. 1,200 km), and fro…

Part of 1 Overview Articles - 1.1 The Canonical Histories of the Deuterocanonical Texts1.1.1.1 IntroductionThe questions of which books are included in a given Bible and of which sequence they follow mark, without a doubt, the most extensive macro variants in the textual histories of the Jewish and Christian Bibles.1 It is therefore more than appropriate that the first (I.1.1.2.1; I.1.1.2.2) and second volumes of THB (1.1) interact not only with the textual but also the canonical histories of the Jewish Bible and the Christian Old Testament in its various versions. In THB 1, I have des…

, a Turkish dynasty of mediaeval Islam which, at the peak of its power during the 5th-6th/11th-12th centuries, ruled over, either directly or through vassal princes, a wide area of Western Asia from Transoxania, Farg̲h̲āna, the Semirečye and K̲h̲wārazm in the east to Anatolia, Syria and the Ḥid̲j̲āz in the west. From the core of what became the Great Sald̲j̲ūḳ empire, subordinate lines of the Sald̲j̲ūḳ family maintained themselves in regions like Kirmān (till towards the end of the 6th/12th century), Syria (till the opening years of…

, dynastie turque de l’Islam médiéval qui, au sommet de son pouvoir pendant les Ve-VIe/XIe-XIIe siècles, régnait, soit directement soit par des princes vassaux, sur une vaste région de l’Asie de l’Ouest s’étendant de la Transoxanie, du Farg̲h̲āna, du Semirecye et du Ḵh̲wārazm à l’Est jusqu’à l’Anatolie, la Syrie et le Ḥid̲j̲āz à l’Ouest. Du noyau de ce qui allait être l’empire des Grands Sald̲j̲ūḳs, des lignées subordonnées de la famille des Sald̲j̲ūḳs se maintinrent dans des régions comme le Kirmān (jusque vers la fin du VIe/XIIe siècle), la Syrie (jusqu’au début du VIe/XIIe siècle) et…

Zimmermann, Michel Keywords: Middle Ages | International law | Legal history | Mots clefs: Moyen Age | Droit international | Histoire du droit | ABSTRACT For the majority of internationalists of the second half of the XIXth century and at the beginning of the XXth century, there is no doubt that the law of nations did not exist in the Middle Ages and that it made its appearance only after the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, writes Michel Zimmermann. On the contrary, for the great French writers of the first half of the XIXth century, it was contestable that a very developed international l…

Über die in Band 8 verzeichneten hinaus wurden folgende Abkürzungen verwendet: Dept. Department FU Freie Universität Hist. Historic(al), History HU Humboldt-Universität i.R. im Ruhestand Klass. Klassische luth. lutheran OLG Oberlandesgericht OR Oberrat PH Pädagogische Hochschule reg. regierte SFB Sonderforschungsbereich stellv. stellvertretend(er) TH Technische Hochschule TU Technische Universität Univ. Universität, University, Universidad… Abdullaev, Evgeniy (geb. 19.4.1971 Tashkent); 1993–1997 Research Fellow, Institute of Strategic and Interre…