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Reuveni
(155 words)
[English Version] Reuveni,
David. Von ca.1525 bis 1538 trat R. mit erfundener Identität auf. Sein angenommener Name deutet auf eine Abstammungslinie von den zehn verlorenen Stämmen Israels hin; seine tatsächliche Herkunft bleibt unbekannt. Er hatte den Plan, seine »wilden Stämme« mit den Streitkräften der christl. Welt gegen die Türken zu vereinigen. In einem Zeitalter chiliastischer Endzeitstimmung (Eschatologie: VIII.,2.) gelang es dem Abenteurer, bei Papst Clemens VII. und König Johann III. von …
Sabbatai Zevi/Sabbatianismus
(422 words)
[English Version] . Die 1665 im Umfeld von S.Z. (23.7.1626 Smyrna – vermutlich 30.9.1676 Dulcigno, Albanien) hervorbrechende messianische Bewegung (Messias/Messianismus: III.,2.) hat sich im Vergleich zu allen anderen Bewegungen des ma. und modernen Judentums (: II., III.) am weitesten verbreitet. S.Z.s charismatische Persönlichkeit fand auch über die jüd. Welt hinaus ein großes Echo. – Nachdem sich S.Z. als Messias offenbart hatte (1648), verhängten rabb. Autoritäten über ihn den Bann. Erst die B…
Shabbetai Tzevi/Shabbetaianism
(386 words)
[German Version] The messianic movement (Messiah) that erupted in 1665 around Shabbetai Tzevi (Jul 23, 1626, Smyrna – presumably Sep 30, 1676, Dulcigno, Albania) was the most widespread such movement in medieval and modern Judaism. Shabbetai Tzevi’s charismatic personality sparked great interest even beyond the Jewish world. Having announced his messianic identity (1648), he was excommunicated by the rabbinic authorities. Only after meeting Nathan of Gaza did he re-assert his messianic identity. He returned to Smyrna (1665) on a wave of ¶ rumor and publicity. When he entered …
Source:
Religion Past and Present
Reuveni, David
(161 words)
[German Version] From c. 1525 until 1538, Reuveni made a name for himself with an invented identity. His adopted name suggested a lineage from the ten lost tribes of Israel; his actual origins remain unknown. He proposed to unite his “savage tribes” with the forces of the Christian world, against the Turks. In an age of chiliastic expectations (Eschatology: VIII, 2), this adventurer succeeded in meeting with Pope Clement VII and King JohnIII of Portugal. He was able to rally many Portuguese Marran…
Source:
Religion Past and Present
Frankist Movement
(295 words)
[German Version] The Frankist Movement was a Polish-Jewish mystical-messianic movement, which arose c. 1755, founded by the charismatic leader Jakob (Liebowicz) Frank (1726–1791). The movement lasted until the death of Jakob's daughter Eva Frank, 1816. Impressed by ideas from Shabbetai Tzevi, from the Dönmeh in Salonika and Polish Catholicism, Frank convinced members of his circle to convert to Catholicism while not relinquishing their secret adherence to nihilistic Jewish mysticism (III, 2). Frank saw himself ¶ as the last in a series of Jewish messiahs (III). He hope…
Source:
Religion Past and Present
Proselyten/Proselytismus
(1,512 words)
[English Version]
I. Antikes JudentumMit προση´λυτοι/prosē´lytoi, wörtl. »Hinzugekommene«, übers. die LXX das bibl.-hebr. גֵּר/ger (der im Land Israel ansässige und einen bes. Rechtsstatus genießende »Fremde« [: II.]). Gegen Ende der Epoche des Zweiten Tempels bez. der Begriff Proselyten (P.) dann hauptsächlich den zum Judentum Konvertierten (so etwa bei Flav.Jos.Apion. 2,28), der innerhalb der jüd. Gemeinschaft fast dieselben Rechte besaß wie ein Jude von Geburt. Im antiken Judentum werden folgende Beding…
Proselytes/Proselytism
(1,656 words)
[German Version]
I. Early Judaism The Septuagint uses προσήλυτοι/
prosḗ
lytoi, literally “those who have come over,” to translate Hebrew גֵּר/
gēr (“resident alien” [Stranger: II] in the land of Israel, enjoying a special legal status). Toward the end of the ¶ second temple period,
proselyte came to denote primarily a convert to Judaism (e.g. Jos.
Apion. II 28), with almost the same rights in the Jewish community as someone born a Jew. In early Judaism, three conditions for conversion (VIII) to Judaism were laid down: offering sacrifice (dropped af…
Source:
Religion Past and Present
Heresy
(7,453 words)
[German Version] I. Philosophy and Religious Studies – II. Christianity – III. Practical Theology – IV. Church Law – V. Judaism – VI. Islam
I. Philosophy and Religious Studies The word “heresy” derives from Gk αἵρεσις/
haíresis (“act of choice,” “decision”). In the Hellenistic period, when a plurality of philosophical schools had developed, the word was used to express the need of budding philosophers to choose between these schools. Hence it came to be used to denote both a philosophical school and the school's teaching; in…
Source:
Religion Past and Present