Mašek, Miro (Hamburg RWG) [German version] A. Middle Ages (CT) Before the Gothic invasion, the provinces of Dalmatia and Pannonia were numbered among the more advanced parts of the Roman Empire. Evidence from this period includes numerous ancient monuments in the area now known as Croatia (C.). As a result of the split-up of the later Roman Empire, Southern Europe was divided into two linguistic domains: one Greek and one Latin; however, in the Adriatic towns that belonged to Byzantium, Greek was used par…

škoviera, Daniel [German version] A. Introduction (CT) With the exception of the castellum Gerulata (modern Rusovce), the territory of what is now Slovakia (S.) lay in terra barbarica. Military outposts ensured the Roman Empire of some influence in terms of exercising power (CIL III 13439: inscriptions in the castle rock at Trenčín: Victoriae Augustoru(m) exercitus, (q)ui Laugaricione sedit, mil(ites) l(egionis) II DCCCLV), but the intellectual culture of the pre-Slavic population was not influenced by contacts with the Roman province of Pannonia. škoviera, Daniel B. Culture a…

Oliveira, Francisco De [German version] A. Early History (CT) The Romans reached Hispania, already partially settled by Greeks, in 218 BC. Romanisation, marked by the wars of the generals Viriatus (147-139 BC) and Sertorius (80-72 BC), determined the present form of settlements and transportation routes. The administrative units point to a cultural and linguistic differentiation of the western peninsula. The fall of the Western Roman empire accelerated the segregation and separate development of Latin in Hispania, which had meanwhile been reunited by the Visigoths in …

Lošek, Fritz I. Middle Ages to the 18th Cent. (CT) [German version] A. The Name Austria (CT) The form ostarrichi, which underlies the modern German name, is first found in a document of Otto III addressed to the diocese of Freising and dated 1 November 996. It describes a small territory around Neuhofen/Ybbs in western Lower Austria. In the following decades, Latin equivalents such as terra ( marchia, plaga, regio) orientalis are encountered. The form Austria (A.), which underlies the modern term in English and the Romance languages, first occurs in a document drawn up …

Niehoff, Johannes (Freiburg) I. General (CT) [German version] A. Chronology and Delineation (CT) 'Greece' (G.) can be understood in a dual sense: on the one hand, the term is used to refer to the modern Greek state since its foundation (1830); however, 'G.' can also – without immediate reference to questions of statehood - describe the territories of the former Byzantine empire in which the Greek-speaking culture found expression after 1204 or 1453, whether in the context of the Ottoman Empire (OE) or within…

Heesakkers, C. L. Tournoy, G. I. The Low Countries to 1575 (CT) [German version] A. The Territory and Academic Landscape (CT) The territory of the present-day Benelux states only began to form a certain geographical, political and cultural unit under the Dukes of Burgundy in the 14th cent. Philip the Bold, son of the French king and since 1363 Duke of Burgundy, married the heiress of Flanders in 1369. His grandson Philip the …

Buschendorf, Christa I. The Colonial Period until the New Republic (1607-1820) (CT) A. The Colonial Period (1607-1763) (CT) [German version] 1. History and Social Development (CT) The history of the English continental colonies took place quite differently in the three main regions: the South Atlantic to the south, New England to the north, and the Mid-Atlantic region. Buschendorf, Christa [German version] 1.1 The South (CT) The settlement of the South, beginning with the foundation of Jamestown (1607), was first and foremost an economic undertaking, initiat…