Muḥammad Shīrīn Maghribī (d. 810/1408) was an influential Persian Ṣūfī scholar and poet from Tabriz. Maghribī was an active agent of the so-called school of Ibn ʿArabī (d. 638/1240); that is, he was deeply influenced by Ibn ʿArabī’s teachings and actively involved through the transmission of initiatory chains, oral teachings, and his works in prose and poetry, in perpetuating and spreading Ibn ʿArabī’s doctrines and spiritual influence amongst his contemporaries and in subsequent generations. Maghribī’s full name is Abū ʿAbdallāh Muḥammad b. ʿIzz al-Dīn ʿĀdil b. Yūsuf (Maghribī, al…

, l’Homme Parfait. 1. — Généralités sur cette notion. L’idée d’Homme parfait qui se présente dans la mystique musulmane ésotérique, n’est pas tirée directement du Ḳurʾān. On peut la rapprocher de conceptions gnostiques qui ont revêtu plusieurs formes: celle du πρῶτοΣ ἂνθρωποΣ, liée à l’Hermétisme (cf. Poimandres) et aux gnoses hellénistiques, pourrait être la source originale la plus pure; une autre origine s’offre dans le mythe mazdéen de Gayomart, l’Homme primordial. Ces deux courants confluent dans le Manichéisme avec la doctrine de l’Homme premier ( al-insān al-ḳadīm) qui, av…

, Abū Bakr Muḥammad b. ʿAlī, Muḥyi ’l-Dīn, al-Ḥātimī al-Ṭāʾī (as a descendant of Ḥātim al-Ṭāʾī [q. v.] ) al-Andalusī, a celebrated mystic of pantheistic doctrine, styled by his followers al-S̲h̲aik̲h̲ al-Akbar; in Spain he was also called Ibn Surāḳa but in the East generally Ibn ʿArabī, without the article, to distinguish him from the Ḳāḍī Abū Bakr Ibn al-ʿArabī [see next art.]. He was born 17th Ramaḍān 560 (28th July 1165) at Murcia. In 568 (1172-3) he removed to Seville which he made his home for nearly thirty years. There and also at Ceula he studied Ḥadīt̲h̲.…

, Muḥyi ’l-Dīn Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad b. ʿAlī b. Muḥammad b. al-ʿArabī al-Ḥātimī al-Ṭāʾī , known as al-S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ al-Akbar (560/1165-638/1240), was one of the greatest Ṣūfīs of Islam. He is usually referred to—incorrectly—as Ibn ʿArabī, without the article, to distinguish him from Ibn al-ʿArabī, Abū Bakr [ q.v.]; in Turkey he is often referred to as “Muḥyi ’l-Dīn ʿArabī”; whereas some sources ( e.g., al-Kutubī, Fawāt al-wafayāt , Cairo 1951, ii, 487) give his kunya as Abū Bakr, in autograph notes he refers to himself only as Abū ʿAbd Allāh. Life. He was born at …

, Muḥyī l-dīn Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad b. ʿAlī b. Muḥammad b. al-ʿArabī al-Ḥātimī al-Ṭāʾī, appelé al-S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ al-akbar (560-638/1165-1240), fut un des plus grands Ṣūfis de l’Islam (on a l’habitude de le désigner à tort sous le nom d’Ibn ʿArabī, sans l’article, pour le distinguer d’Ibn al-ʿArabī, Abū Bakr [ q.v.] et, en Turquie, on l’appelle souvent Muḥyī l-dīn ʿArabī); certaines sources (p. ex. al-Kutubī, Fawāt al-wafayāt, Caire 1951, II, 487) lui attribuent la kunya d’Abū Bakr, alors que lui-même, dans des notes autographes, se dénomme simplement Abū ʿAbd Allāh. Vie. Il naquit à Mur…

, Abū Bakr Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allāh al-Maʿāfirī , a traditionist belonging to Seville; b. 468/1076, d. 543/1148. In 485/1092 he travelled with his father to the East, and spent periods studying in Damascus and Bag̲h̲dād. In 489/1096 he performed the Pilgrimage, after which he returned to Bag̲h̲dād and studied under Abū Ḥāmid al-G̲h̲azālī and others. He then went with his father to Egypt and met traditionists in Cairo and Alexandria. After his father’s death in 493/1100 he returned to…

, Abū Bakr Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allāh, a Spanish traditionist, born at Seville 468 (1076), travelled in the east while still a boy with his father and studied under the most famous jurists of the day in Syria, Bag̲h̲dād, Mecca and Egypt, for example, al-Ṭurṭūs̲h̲ī and al-G̲h̲azālī [q. v.]. When his father died in 493 (1099) at Alexandria, he returned to Seville and there filled the office of chief Ḳāḍī. He was afterwards forced to migrate to Fās and continued his studies there till his death in 543 (1148)…

, Muḥammad b. Ziyād , Abū ʿAbd Allāh , philologian of the school of Kūfa, who is said to have been the son of a slave from Sind who became a mawlā of al-ʿAbbās b. Muḥammad b. ʿAlī al-Hās̲h̲imī. Born at Kūfa in 150/767, he was the pupil principally of al-Kisāʾī [ q.v.], of Abū Muʿāwiya al-Ḍarīr, of al-Ḳāsim b. Maʿn al-Masʿūdī (see Fihrist , Cairo, 103) and of al-Mufaḍḍal al-Ḍabbī [ q.v.], who had married his mother and whose Mufaḍḍaliyyāt he handed on; and he in his turn had many disciples, among them T̲h̲aʿlab [ q.v.], Ibrāhīm al-Ḥarbī and Ibn al-Sikkīt [ q.v.], besides Saʿīd b. Salm b. Ḳutayba, …

, Muḥammad b. Ziyād, Abū ʿAbd Allāh, philologue de l’école de Kūfa, qui serait le fils d’un esclave originaire du Sind devenu mawlā d’al-ʿAbbās b. Muḥammad b. ʿAlī al-Hās̲h̲imī. Né à Kūfa en 150/767, il fut notamment l’élève d’al-Kisāʾī [ q.v.], d’Abū Muʿāwiya al-Ḍarīr, d’al-Ḳāsim b. Maʿn al-Masʿūdī (voir Fihrist, Caire, 103) et ¶ d’al-Mufaḍḍal al-Ḍabbī [ q.v.] qui avait épousé sa mère et dont il transmit les Mufaḍḍaliyyāt, et eut à son tour de nombreux disciples parmi lesquels on compte T̲h̲aʿlab [ q.v.], Ibrāhīm al-Ḥarbī et Ibn al-Sikkīt [ q.v.], outre Saʿīd b. Salm b. Ḳutayba dont…

, Abū Bakr Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allāh al-Maʿāfirī, traditionniste originaire de Séville, né en 468/1076, mort en 543/1148; en 485/1092, il accomplit avec son père un voyage en Orient et fit à diverses périodes des études à Damas et à Bag̲h̲dād. En 489/1096, il fit le pèlerinage et revint à Bag̲h̲dād où il étudia sous la direction d’Abū Ḥāmid al-G̲h̲azālī et d’autres; il se rendit ensuite avec son père en Égypte où il entra en contact avec des traditionnistes au Caire et à Alexandrie. Après la mort de son p…

[see ibn al-ʿarabī ].

Abū ʿAbdallāh Muḥammad b. Ziyād Ibn al-Aʿrābī(150–231/767–846), was a prominent philologist of the Kufan school. He was born in Kufa and died in Sāmarrāʾ. His father, a slave from Sind, became a mawlā (freedman) of al-ʿAbbās b. Muḥammad al-Hāshimī (d. 186/802), the younger brother of the first two ʿAbbāsid caliphs and a prominent figure in his own right. His mother was later married to al-Mufaḍḍal b. Muḥammad al-Ḍabbī (d. c. 170/786), who became Ibn al-Aʿrābī’s most important teacher. He transmitted the famous anthology al-Mufaḍḍaliyyāt, written by his stepfather, and many dīwāns (se…

Abū Bakr Muḥammad b. ʿAbdallāh b. Muḥammad b. ʿAbdallāh b. Aḥmad b. Muḥammad b. ʿAbdallāh al-Maʿāfirī al-Ishbīlī, known as Ibn al-ʿArabī (b. 22 Shaʿbān 468/31 March 1076, d. 543/1148) was an outstanding Andalusī scholar during the Almoravid period, who served as qāḍī (judge) in Seville (Ishbīliya), his hometown and the Almoravids’ capital on the Iberian Peninsula. His disciple and biographer Ibn Bashkuwāl (d. 578/1183) describes him, extravagantly, as the foremost (wisest) imām, the exalted ḥāfiẓ (one who knows the Qurʾān by heart), the seal of the ʿulamāʾ of al-Andalus, the last…

[Voir Ibn al-ʿArabī ].

[see ibn al-ʿarabī ].

[Voir Ibn al-ʿArabī ].

Muḥammad Nūr al-Dīn al-ʿArabī (1813–87) was a Turkish saint who left a lasting impression on the Balkans and Macedonia. Originally from Egypt, where he went by the name of Muḥammad ʿArab Khūja (later, in Albanian, Muhamet Arab Hoxha), he spent his early years in the study of the great mystic Ibn ʿArabī (d. 638/1240) of Andalusian origin; he was later influenced by the mystical connections between the Hesychastic meditations of Balkan Orthodox Christianity and Ṣūfism, especially the movement associa…

Shams al-Dīn Abū l-Ṭāhir Ismāʿīl b. ʿAbdallāh Ibn Sawdakīn al-Nūrī (d. 646/1248) was a Muslim scholar and mystic. He was born in Egypt in 578/1182 or 579/1183. Ibn al-Ṣābūnī (d. 680/1282), a Damascene scholar of ḥadīth and author of the biographical work Takmilat ikmāl al-akmāl (“Completion of the completeness of the perfect ones”), states that the name al-Nūrī goes back to the Zangid ruler Nūr al-Dīn Zangī (r. 589–607/1193–1211; the Zangids ruled Jazīra and Syria from 521/1127 to 649/1251; Nūr al-Dīn belonged to the main line, ruling in …

Ibn Masarra (d. 319/931) is the first Muslim mystic in al-Andalus known to us from his writings. Information concerning his life is scanty, and, although two of his works have come down to us, scholars continue to disagree as to the exact nature of his teachings. Muḥammad b. ʿAbdallāh b. Masarra al-Jabalī was born in Córdoba in 269/883. He had studied various religious sciences (including ḥadīth) under his father and several other Andalusī scholars before embarking on a voyage to the East, as was the custom at the time among Andalusī intellectuals (his father…

, Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allāh b. Masarra al-Ḏj̲abalī, philosophe et mystique andalou, naquit à Cordoue en 269/883 et mourut en 319/931 dans un ermitage où il s’était depuis longtemps retiré sur la Sierra aux environs de cette ville. Il vécut à une époque où l’Espagne musulmane subissait une véritable inquisition de la part des fuḳahāʾ mālikites. Son père ʿAbd Allāh, peut-être descendant de Chrétiens, professait le Muʿtazilisme et devait, pour l’enseigner, prendre de nombreuses précautions. Le jeune Muḥammad devint son disciple et reçut de lui un enseign…