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Saints/Veneration of the Saints

(4,185 words)

Author(s): Bergunder, Michael | Köpf, Ulrich | Müller, Gerhard Ludwig | Ivanov, Vladimir | Barth, Hans-Martin | Et al.
[German Version] I. Religious Studies In comparative religious studies, veneration of saints generally refers to the posthumous cultic veneration of a holy person more or less identifiable as a historical individual; it is centered at the place that preserves the saint’s mortal remains, thought to have miraculous powers. Occasionally veneration of living individuals is subsumed under the same category, but this extension results in a dubious diminution of terminological precision, since to this day no one …

Ringeltaube, Wilhelm Tobias

(81 words)

Author(s): Bergunder, Michael
[German Version] (1770, Scheidelwitz [Szydlowice], Poland – went missing in 1816). Missionary of the London Missionary Society in South India. From 1806 to 1816, Ringeltaube worked mainly in Mayiladi in the far south of Travancore (now Kanniyakumari district), sometimes living like a sannyāsin in order to support the missionary work started there by an Indian Christian, Vedamanickam, among Nadars (Shanars) in the service of the London Missionary Society. Michael Bergunder Bibliography …

Jesus Christ

(19,624 words)

Author(s): Roloff, Jürgen | Pokorný, Petr | Köpf, Ulrich | Lathrop, Gordon W. | Krötke, Wolf | Et al.
[German Version] I. Name and Titles – II. Jesus Christ in the History of Christianity – III. Jesus Christ in Other Religions – IV. Jesus Christ in Jewish Perspective – V. Jesus Christ in Islamic Perspective – VI. Jesus Christ in Art I. Name and Titles 1. Jesus of Nazareth a. Terminology The appellation Jesus Christ signals a significant tension regarding the figure in question. Although generally understood as a double name, it originated as a fusion of two heterogeneous elements: the theophoric personal name Joshua/Jeshua (Heb. “the Lord helps”), common among contemporary Jews, in its Hellenized form ᾿Ιησοῦς/ Iēsoús and the honorific title Χριστός/ Christós (Gk: “the anointed one,” the messianic agent of salvation). It is therefore a shortened version of the as…

Personality Cult

(1,350 words)

Author(s): Bergunder, Michael | Graf, Friedrich Wilhelm | Wermke, Michael
[German Version] I. Religious Studies

Philaret

(225 words)

Author(s): Bergunder, Michael
[German Version] (Filaret; Vasily M. Drozdov; Dec 26, 1782, Kolomna – Nov 19, 1867, Moscow), metropolitan of Moscow and Kolomna, the most influential hierarch of the Russian Orthodox Church in the 19th century. His authority greatly exceeded that of the Holy Synod (Synod, Holy), from which he kept a critical distance throughout his life. In the 60 years of his activity, first as teacher in the spiritual academies in Moscow and St. Petersburg, but especially as hierarch, his main concern was to protect the church from increasing bureaucratization by the imperial state apparatus, and to strengthen Orthodoxy against the Western influences of Scholasticism, Pietism, and Freemasonry by reviving the tradition of the Old Believer fathers. Philaret supported reform of church education, and promoted the cultural work of parish priests in his metropolis. He supervised the translation of the Bible into Russian, and translated the Gospel of John himself. He is the author of an Orthodox catechism (III) that met the needs of the 19th centur…

Pentecostalism/Charismatic Movements

(5,310 words)

Author(s): Frenschkowski, Marco | Robins, Roger G. | Gerloff, Roswith | Bergunder, Michael
[German Version] I. Church History 1. On Jan 2, 1901, the Bethel Bible School in Topeka, Kansas, headed by C.F. Parham, experienced pneum…

Merit

(4,227 words)

Author(s): Bergunder, Michael | Avemarie, Friedrich | Heiligenthal, Roman | Huxel, Kirsten | Sattler, Dorothea
[German Version] I. Religious Studies – II. Judaism – III. New Testament – IV. History of Dogma – V. Dogmatics – VI. Ethics – VII. Ecumenics I. Religious Studies In European Christian theology the doctrine of merit (Lat. meritum) became a controversial subject, by which (at least on the Protestant side) it was thought possible to demonstrate with particular clarity the basic difference between Catholicism and Lutheranism (see IV below). Discussion in religious studies has shown that the use of such a theologically loaded conc…

Rhenius, Karl Theophil Ewald

(174 words)

Author(s): Bergunder, Michael
[German Version] (1790, Graudenz [Grudziądz, Poland] – 1838, Palayamkotta…

Transformation

(282 words)

Author(s): Bergunder, Michael
[German Version] Transformation, metamorphosis of a human being into an animal, a plant, a rock, or the like is a common motif in Greek and Latin mythology (II, 2, 3); it also appears in European fairy tales and legends (Tales and legends) as well as many non-European narrative forms. Religious notions also frequently include the motif of transformation and therefore have long attracted the attention of religious studies, which considered transformation a characteristic mark of a “primitive worldview,” in which there are no fixed boundaries between various objects in the ¶ world, so that anything can potentially be transformed into anything else. In this view, notions of transformation would be a constitutive feature of “primitive religions” (Traditional religions); only in “high religions” would they be spiritualized in accordance with the ongoing evolution of human consciousness (e.g. in religious experiences of rebirth). More recent study of religions has shown that these evolutionary religi…

Phenomenology of Religion

(1,708 words)

Author(s): Michaels, Axel | Bergunder, Michael
[German Version] I. Religious Studies The phenomenology of religion is the study of manifestations of religious phenomena (Phenomenon, Phenomenology), or their comparative morphology. The prime task is the recording of elements constituting religion, for example sacred objects, sacred sites, sacred times, actions, holy scriptures or people and groups, and also forms of religiosity. But the phenomenology of religion was usually less interested in finding analogies and parallels than in “grasping the essence” ( Wesenserfassung, Lanczkows…

Spiritism

(479 words)

Author(s): Bergunder, Michael
[German Version] Spiritism (or spiritualism) denotes a movement whose adherents believe in the empirically demonst…

Secularization

(7,317 words)

Author(s): Bergunder, Michael | Lehmann, Hartmut | Graf, Friedrich Wilhelm | Mathisen, James A. | de Wall, Heinrich | Et al.
[German Version] I. Religious Studies In the 1960s, religious studies began to discuss the continuing decline of religious commitment in Europe intensively. In particular the writings of Bryan Wilson ( Religion in a Secular Society, 1966) and Peter L. Berger ( The Sacred Canopy, 1967), drawing on the ideas of M. Weber, É. Durkheim, and others led to formulation of a so-called theory of secularization, where secularization denotes a natural aspect of the process of modernization, in which the traditional religious legitimation of the world has increasingly lost…

Religions

(5,792 words)

Author(s): Bergunder, Michael
1. IntroductionTreatment of the concepts “religion” and “religions” must take into consideration the fact that the present-day use of these words differs profoundly from their use in the early modern period, having only begun to evolve in the second half of the 19th century. Researchers describe this new conception as a “momentous break” [28. vol. 4, 12] or a “monumental transition” [33. 58]. There is general consensus today regarding thi…
Date: 2021-08-02

Definitions

(1,252 words)

Author(s): Bergunder, Michael
The question of how the Pentecostal movement is to be adequately defined and delimited has remained unresolved and contested (Anderson et al. 2010). The debate may have ebbed away somewhat in recent years, but increasing scholarly attention to global Pentecostalism makes the problem even more virulent. Current academic research on global Pentecostalism tends to favour a broad and vague understanding of its subject matter. At first glance, such an all-inclusive definition seems to be attractive t…
Date: 2021-07-16

India

(1,074 words)

Author(s): Bergunder, Michael
In a country shaped by many different religious traditions, Indian Christianity accounts for about 2 percent of the population. Nevertheless, in South India, where nearly two thirds of India’s Christians live, Christianity represents a relatively strong minority. Here, the portion of Pentecostalism is also relatively high with a growing trend. Though reliable statistics are not available, pentecostal churches and ministr…
Date: 2021-07-16

Religionen

(5,347 words)

Author(s): Bergunder, Michael
01. AusgangslageDie Behandlung des Themas ›Religion‹ (= R.) und ›Religionen‹ (= Rn.) hat zu bedenken, dass sich der heutige Gebrauch des Begriffs grundsätzlich von dem in der Nz. unterscheidet und sich erst seit der zweiten Hälfte des 19. Jh.s durchgesetzt hat. In der Forschung wird von einer Neukonzeption ›in einer gravierenden Zäsur‹ [28. Bd. 4, 12] oder von einer ›monumentale[n] Transition‹ [33. 58] gesprochen. Über diese geschichtliche Konstellation besteht heute weitgehend Einigkeit. Deshalb wird im Folgenden gefragt, ob – und wenn ja, wie – sich chri…
Date: 2019-11-19

History

(1,259 words)

Author(s): Bergunder, Michael
Writing Pentecostal history is no easy task, because historiographical narratives are inevitably linked to how Pentecostalism is defined (see Definition). In most of academic discourse, Pentecostalism tends to be seen as either the final outcome of a series of revivals in the beginning of the twentieth century, or as a global discourse in today's world with possibly more recent origins. The latter definition is becoming increasingly popular, as it avoids some of the historiographical problems as…
Date: 2021-07-16

Ringeltaube

(75 words)

Author(s): Bergunder, Michael
[English Version] Ringeltaube, Wilhelm Tobias (1770 Scheidelwitz [Szydlowice], Polen – 1816 verschollen), Missionar der London Missionary Society (LMS) in Südindien. Von 1806 bis 1816 wirkte R. hauptsächlich in Mayiladi im äußersten Süden Travancores (heute Kanniyakumari Dt.), zeitweilig wie ein Saṃnyāsin lebend, um die dortige, von dem indischen Christen Vedamanickam initiierte Missionstätigkeit unter Nadars (Shanars) im Dienste der LMS zu unterstützen. Michael Bergunder …

Spiritismus

(474 words)

Author(s): Bergunder, Michael
[English Version] . S. bez. eine Bewegung, deren Anhänger von einem möglichen und empirisch nachweisbaren Kontakt mit den Toten in der Geisterwelt ausgehen und die ihren Höhepunkt in der 2. Hälfte des 19.Jh. und am Beginn des 20.Jh. erreichte. Die Wurzeln des S. liegen im weiteren Umfeld des Mesmerismus (F.A. Mesmer, J. Kerner), insbes. in der mesmeristischen Versuchspraxis, die »Somnambulen« paranormale Fähigkeiten (wie z.B. Hellsehen, automatisches Schreiben) zuschrieb. Der S. gründet auf zwei parallelen Entwicklungen. In den USA war es der Mesmerist Andrew Jackson …

Säkularisation/Säkularisierung

(6,587 words)

Author(s): Bergunder, Michael | Lehmann, Hartmut | Graf, Friedrich Wilhelm | Mathisen, James A. | Wall, Heinrich de | Et al.
[English Version] I. Religionswissenschaftlich In den 60er Jahren des 20.Jh. begann in der Religionswiss. eine intensive Diskussion der kontinuierlichen Abnahme rel. Bindungen in eur. Ländern. Es waren dabei v.a. die Entwürfe von Bryan Wilson (Religion in Secular Society, 1966) und Peter L. Berger (The Sacred Canopy, 1967), die, anknüpfend an Konzepte von Max  Weber, É.  Durkheim u.a., zur Formulierung einer sog. Säkularisierungsthese führten. Säkularisierung (S.) beschreibt demnach einen selbstver…

Verdienst

(3,700 words)

Author(s): Bergunder, Michael | Avemarie, Friedrich | Heiligenthal, Roman | Huxel, Kirsten | Sattler, Dorothea
[English Version] I. ReligionsgeschichtlichIn der eur. christl. Theol. wurde die Lehre vom V. (lat. meritum) zu einem kontroverstheol. Thema, an dem man (zumindest auf prot. Seite) glaubte, den grundlegenden Unterschied zw. Katholizismus und Luthertum bes. deutlich festmachen zu können (s.u. IV.). Die religionswiss. Diskussion hat gezeigt, daß die Verwendung eines derart theol. aufgeladenen Begriffes als analytische Kategorie des Religionsvergleiches auf kaum zu lösende Probleme stößt. Von daher w…

Pfingstbewegung/Pfingstkirchen

(4,763 words)

Author(s): Frenschkowski, Marco | Robins, Roger G. | Gerloff, Roswith | Bergunder, Michael
[English Version] I. Kirchengeschichtlich 1. In der von Ch.F. Parham geleiteten Bethel Bible School (Topeka, KS) kam es am 1.1.1901 zu pneumatischen Erfahrungen, die als missionarische Zurüstung und »Geisttaufe« (nach Apg 2) erlebt wurden. 1906–1913 wurde die »Azusa Street Erweckung« (Los Angeles) unter Führung des schwarzen Sklavensohns und Pastors W.J. Seymour zur Geburtsstätte der modernen Pfingstbewegung (Pb.). In rascher Folge entstanden »Pentecostal Churches« (»Pfingstkirchen«, Pk.; s.u. II.,…

Religionsphänomenologie

(1,511 words)

Author(s): Michaels, Axel | Bergunder, Michael
[English Version] I. Religionswissenschaftlich R. ist die Erforschung der rel. Erscheinungsformen bzw. der vergleichenden Morphologie rel. Phänomene (Phänomenologie). Im Vordergrund steht die Aufnahme religionskonstituierender Elemente wie z.B. heiliger Gegenstände, Orte (heilige Stätten), heiliger Zeiten, Handlungen, heiliger Schriften oder Menschen und Gruppierungen sowie Formen von Religiosität. Dabei kam es der R. aber meist nicht auf die Feststellung von Analogien und Parallelen, sondern auch …

Personenkult

(1,162 words)

Author(s): Bergunder, Michael | Graf, Friedrich Wilhelm | Wermke, Michael
[English Version] I. Religionswissenschaftlich Der Begriff P. wurde wahrscheinlich populär, nachdem Nikita Chruschtschow im Februar 1956 in seiner berühmten »Geheimrede« auf dem XX. Parteitag der KPdSU einige Verfehlungen während der Stalinzeit (Sowjetunion) zugegeben und diese auf den »Personenkult« (russ. kul't licˇnosti) um J. Stalin zurückgeführt hatte. Seitdem markiert P. ein polit. Schlagwort, durch das eine Überbewertung der Rolle der Persönlichkeit in Politik, Gesellschaft oder Gesch. bez. …

Verwandlung

(251 words)

Author(s): Bergunder, Michael
[English Version] Verwandlung, religionswissenschaftlich. V. als die Veränderung eines Menschen in ein Tier, eine Pflanze, einen Felsen etc. ist in der griech.-lat. Mythologie (: II.,2. und 3.) ein häufig vorkommendes Motiv (Metamorphosen), findet sich in eur. Märchen und Sagen und ebenfalls in vielen außereur. Erzählformen. Auch rel. Vorstellungen enthalten oft Verwandlungsmotive und haben deshalb eine Zeitlang die bes. Aufmerksamkeit der Religionswiss. gefunden. V. wurde hier als kennzeichnendes …
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