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[German Version] Patriarchalism, related to patriarchy, denotes the claim that men are fundamentally superior and should take the lead in family an…

[German Version] (May 30, 1766, Giessen – Apr 3, 1837, Heidelberg). Schwarz, son of Johann Georg Gottlieb Schwarz (1734–1788), professor of theology at Giessen, served as pastor in several churches in Upper Hesse. In 1804 he was appointed professor of Protestant theology and education at the University of Heidelberg. He turned down several offers, including a call to succeed F.D.E. Schleiermacher in 1834. He had a voice in the formulation of the union catechism for Baden (1821–1834). His Grundriß der kirchlich-protestantischen Dogmatik (1817) may be considered the first handbook of dogmatic theology for a union church (Unions, Church: I). He vigorously encouraged school development and after 1807 directed the Pädagogisch-Philologisches Institut at Heidelberg. His Erziehungslehre…

[German Version] I. Social History, Sociology, Social Ethics – II. Practical Theology I. Social History, Sociology, Social Ethics The concept of home (or home country, Ger. Heimat) stirs ambivalent emotions: Heimat stands for the longing for security and rest, but, misused as propaganda, also for ideological resistance to the new and the foreign. In contrast to the customary connotation of connections to origins and the imprint of tradition (cf. Education/Formation: II), E. Bloch understands home as an expre…

[German Version] I. Concept – II. New Testament – III. Practical Theology I. Concept The term “apostasy” – like faith a specific of the Judeo-Christian tradition – is rarely used today, although it has greater significance in Catholic sacramental practice and communion (Excommunication). Apostasy indicates the departure from the teaching and life of the faith community; heresy refers to the rejection of binding doctrine without renouncing the faith entirely. Idolatry, historically the veneration of other gods, can also refer to secular forms of …

[German Version] I. Religious Studies – II. Systematic Theology I. Religious Studies Doctrine is an oral or written system of traditions regarding the content of faith (Dogma, Revelation, Truth) and the implementations of faith (Rite and ritual). A doctrine assumes a community that defines itself thro…

[German Version] I. History – II. Practical Theology – III. Latin America, Asia, Africa I. History 1. Early Church. The verb κατήχειν/ …