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[German Version] (Mar 26, 1794, Leipzig – May 24, 1872, Dresden), painter and illustrator associated with German Romanticism. From 1811 to 1815, he studied at the Vienna Academy. In 1818 he joined the circle of the Nazarenes (IV) in Rome, though he did not convert to Catholicism. From 1822 to 1827, he created frescoes illustrating Ariosto in the Casino Massimo. Ludwig I called him to the Munich Academy. Between 1831 and 1867, he created a cycle illustrating the Nibel…

[German Version] (Jul 23, 1777, Wolgast – Dec 2, 1810, Hamburg), painter and theoretician of German Romanticism. His first teacher was Gotthard Ludwig Theobul Kosegarten. In 1795 he was apprenticed to his brother’s firm in Hamburg and began drawing lessons. From 1799 to 1801 he studied at the Copenhagen Academy; from 1801 to 1804 he lived in Dresden, though he did not study at the academy there. In 1801 he submitted his Achill und Skamandros for the Weimarer Kunstfreunde prize, but it was rejected. Runge broke with Classicism and pioneered a new style of landscape art (see also Art and religion: III, 2.e). He became acquainted with H. Steffens and Ludwig Tieck; the latter introduced him to the work of J. Böhme. In 1802/1803 he conceived of a cycle of four “times of day”: representations the four times of day as a metaphor for human existence and the process of creation, drawing on allegory and Christian symbolism (engravings publ. …