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[German version] I. Ancient Orient Adult men in the ancient Orient are mostly represented wearing beards, but they can also be depicted like gods and demons as beardless without having any different meaning. Beards consisted of a long or short full beard with or without a shaved lip part. The short beard finishes half-rounded or pointed below, the long beard is straight or half-rounded; the wavy strands of hair falling onto the chest mostly end in curls that form decorative rows in the layered types.…

[German version] I. Ancient Orient In the Ancient Orient differences existed between male and female hairstyles as well as human and divine hairstyles. Ancient Oriental hairstyles were usually based on long hair. With the exception of goddesses who were portrayed en face with long curls, braided hairstyles were usually worn up to the 1st millennium. Men preferred knots and women braided crown styles. The form and size of knots and braided crowns were used to differentiate between gods and humans. Shaved heads as a special style were fr…

[German version] I. Ancient Near East and Egypt Ancient Near Eastern official dress (OD) included robes with accessories, headgear, sandals (from the mid-3rd cent. BC) or shoes (from the mid-2nd cent. BC), hairstyles and beards of various shapes. Robes, as a whole or in parts, had legal significance (the imprint of the hem could replace the seal (Seals I. D), and were thus the most important element of OD. Basic forms for men and women were skirts and cloaks, which were wrapped around the body. Differen…