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[German version] (Δαλισανδός; Dalisandós). Name of several towns that lay in Cilicia Tracheia, presumably near Sinabıç [1], near Belören in Lycaonia [2] or in eastern Pamphylia [3]. Hild, Friedrich (Vienna) Bibliography 1 Hild/Hellenkemper, s.v. Dalisandos 2 D. H. French, The site of Dalisandus, in: EA 4, 1984, 85-98 3 J. Darrouzès, Notitiae episcopatuum Ecclesiae Constantinopolitanae, 1981.

[German version] (Μοψουκρήνη/ Mopsoukrḗnē; Nampsucrone, Itin. Anton. 145,5; Mansucrinae, Itin. Burdig. 579,2). Road station between Tarsus and the Cilician Gates [1]. Hild, Friedrich (Vienna) Bibliography Hild/Hellenkemper, 359f.

[German version] (Κύδνος; Kýdnos). Aside from Pyramus and Sarus, the third large river of the Kilikia Pedias. In front of its estuary it formed the so-called Ῥῆγμα ( Rhêgma, ‘chasm’), a lagoon that served as the harbour of  Tarsus and originally flowed through Tarsus, before it was diverted, after a flood, by Justinian I eastward around the town (Procop. Aed. 5,5,17). After bathing in its cold waters (impressive waterfalls north of Tarsus) Alexander the Great fell gravely ill (Arr. Anab. 2,4,7). In the Middle Ages C. was c…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Sassanids | Byzantium | Christianity | Xenophon | Zenobia | | Alexander | Commerce | Ḫattusa | Hellenistic states | Asia Minor | Limes | Phoenicians, Poeni | Pilgrimage | Pompeius | Rome | Rome | Aegean Koine | Education / Culture (Ταρσός/ Tarsós, Ταρσοί/ Tarsoí, Latin Tarsus). City with river port in the west of Cilicia Pedias on the lower Cydnus, modern Tarsus in Turkey. T. was located on the route from Antiochia [1] through the Cilician Gates [1] to the western coast of Asia Minor, to Co…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Coloniae | Hellenistic states | Pompeius (Ὄλβα/ Ólba = Ὑρία/ Yría in Steph. Byz.?). Town in Cilicia Tracheia, 24 km north-northeast of Seleucia on the Calycadnus, modern Ura. In the 6th cent. BC, it was the capital of Pirindu (Meydancıkkale) until the the province of Cilicia was established in AD 72. O. was the centre of a temple state that stretched as far as the coast. The settlement around the temple of Zeus Olbios, situated 4 km to the west in Uzunca…

[German version] (Κοράσιον; Korásion). Harbour in the Cilicia Trachea. Together with  Korykos [2], to which it was connected through korasiodrómos (messenger service), C. reached great prosperity in late antiquity without becoming a polis or a diocese; today's Susanoğlu. Hild, Friedrich (Vienna) Bibliography H. Hellenkemper, F. Hild, Neue Forschungen zu Kilikien (Denkschriften der Österreichischen Akad. der Wissenschaften: Philosoph.-Hist. Klasse 186) 1986, 311f.

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Theatre | Zenobia (Ἀνεμούριον; Anemoúrion) Town (modern Anamur) in  Cilicia Tracheia (Scyl. 102), situated on the cape of the same name on the southernmost point of Asia Minor, at the shortest crossing point to Cyprus (Str. 14,5,3; 6,3; Stadiasmus maris magni 197; Plin. HN 5,130). In 197 BC, it was seized by Antiochus III (Liv. 33,20), and in AD 52 by the Isaurian Cietae (Tac. Ann. 12,55). From the 1st cent. BC, it replaced Nagidus as the centre of the coastal region to its east. As Canadian excavations since 1965 have shown, A…

(Σόλοι; Sóloi). [German version] [1] City on the northern coast of Cyprus This item can be found on the following maps: Theatre | Kypros | Diadochi and Epigoni | Education / Culture City on the northern coast of Cyprus at modern Karavostasi with a harbour which was also usable in winter (Scyl. 103; Str. 14,6,3). According to Plut. Solon 26,2 named after Solon [1], who advised the king Philocyprus of Aepeia to relocate his unfavourably situated city to the plain. But according to Str. loc. cit. S. was founded by Phalerus and Ac…

(Πύλαι Κιλίκιαι; Pýlai Kilíkiai). [German version] [1] Narrow passage through the Taurus Narrow passage through the  Taurus at a height of 1,050 m, these day deeply buried underneath the motorway, modern Gülek Boğazı, through which passed the road from Tyana/Cappadocia to Tarsus/Cilicia (Str. 12,2,7); this pass played an important role i.a. in Xenophon's Anabasis (Xen. An. 1,4,4; 401 BC), during Alexander the Great's campaign (cf. Arr. Anab. 2,4,3; 333 BC), and in the fight of Septimius Severus against Pescennius Niger (Cass. Dio 74,7,1; AD193/4)…

[German version] [1] (Σάρος/ Sáros). River in Cilicia Pedias, modern Seyhan, rising on the Taurus in Cappadocian Cataonia and flowing through Comana [1], past Adana and ultimately into the sea to the west of Magarsa (this branch has dried up); it is for this reason often conflated with the Pyramus [1]. In the early Byzantine Period, the S. was still navigable as far as Adana (Procop. Aed. 5,5,8 f.; cf. also Xen. An. 1,4,1; Liv. 33,41,7; Str.  12,2,3; Ptol. 5,8,4). Hild, Friedrich (Vienna) Bibliography W. Ruge, RE 2 A, 34  Hild/Hellenkemper, 28, 398 f. [German version] [2] Rex Gothorum, AD…

(Πύραμος/ Pýramos). [German version] [1] Easternmost of the three rivers in Cilicia Pedias Easternmost of the three rivers in Cilicia Pedias (Cydnus, Sarus [1]; Cilices, Cilicia), mentioned as early as Scyl. 102, modern Ceyhan. Rising in Cataonia in Cappadocia, in Antiquity its mouth, on a now defunct branch, lay to the west of Magarsa near the ancient mouth of the Sarus. Because of this the two rivers were occasionally conflated. Today the mouth has shifted far to the east because of alluvial deposits (this…

(Διοκαισάρεια; Diokaisáreia). [German version] [1] Temple settlement Temple settlement around the Zeus sanctuary of Olba in Cilicia Tracheia, which became an independent town under Tiberius and later a diocese (suffragan of Seleucia on the Calycadnus). Archaeological finds: generous extension of the settlement with city walls, colonnade street, aqueduct, theatre, temple of Tyche; during the early Byzantine period the temple of Zeus was converted into a three-aisled colonnaded basilica. Hild, Friedrich (Vienna) Bibliography Hild/Hellenkemper, s.v. D. [German version] [2] …

(Μανδάνη; Mandánē). [German version] [1] Daughter of the Medean king Astyages According to Hdt. 1,107, Xen. Cyr. 1,2,1 and Iust. 1,4,4, daughter of the Medean king Astyages, wife of the Persian Cambyses [1] and mother of Cyrus [2]. It seems that the dynastic link thus transmitted was meant to lend retrospective legitimation to the claims of Cyrus to the Medean (and, if M.'s mother was the Lydian princess Aryenis (Hdt. 1,74), also the Lydian) throne. Wiesehöfer, Josef (Kiel) [German version] [2] Daughter of Darius [1] I and sister of Xerxes I According to the court story surviving in …

(Λάμος/ Lámos). [German version] [1] Son of Poseidon, king of the Laestrygones Son of Poseidon, old king of the Laestrygones and constructor of their stronghold at Telepylus (Hom. Od. 10,81ff.; Ov. Met. 14,233). On account of the identity of Telepylus and Formiae, Hor. Carm. 3,17 imagines his friend Aelius Lamia from Formiae to be L.'s offspring. Walde, Christine (Basle) [German version] [2] Eponym of the Thessalian town Lamia (also Lamius). Son of Hercules and Omphale, eponym of the Thessalian town Lamia (Diod. Sic. 4,31). He persecutes his half-brother Bargasu…

(Σαρπηδών/ Sarpēdṓn). [German version] [1] Son of Zeus and Laodameia [1]. Son of Zeus and Laodameia [1]. In the Trojan War, S. and his cousin Glaucus [4] command the Lycians (Lycii), the strongest and remotest allies of the Trojans (Hom. Il. 2,876-877; the name S. is also of Lycian origin [1]). Zeus' son S. wins a duel with Zeus' grandson Tlepolemus (ibid. 5,628-662) and plays a decisive part in storming the defensive wall around the Greek camp (ibid. 12,290-471). Here his rousing speech to Glaucus (ibid. …

(Σελεύκεια/ Seleúkeia, Latin Seleucia). [German version] [1] S. on the Tigris This item can be found on the following maps: Diadochi and Epigoni | Hellenistic states | India, trade with (Σελεύκεια ἡ ἐπὶ τῷ Τίγρει/ Seleúkeia hē epì tôi Tígrei: Str. 16,738; 743; 750 et passim; Latin Seleucia Magna: Plin. HN 6,43, cuneiform Selukuja [1], modern Tall Umar). On the right bank of the Tigris, c. 60 km north-east of Babylon and 35 km south of Baghdad, at the mouth of the Nahr Malkā (connecting canal between the Tigris and Euphrates) and thus very favourably located …

(Ἀφροδισίας; Aphrodisías). [German version] [1] City in  Caria This item can be found on the following maps: Theatre | Byzantium | Asia Minor | Marble | Rome | Education / Culture City in  Caria, 38 km south of the Maeander, in the left side valley of the Morsylos (present-day Dandalaz çayı); the modern Geyre. Traces of neolithic and early Bronze Age settlement on the acropolis; old name of Νινόη (Steph. Byz. s. v. Ninoe) preserved in the local cult ( Zeus Nineudios). A. was for a long time overshadowed by the neighbouring co…

[German version] [1] Pylae Gadeirides The Straits of Gibralter (Πύλαι Γαδειρίδες; Pýlai Gadeirídes). The Straits of Gibraltar; the sound (saddle depth 286 m), which is about 60 km long and at its narrowest point 13 km wide, lies between the southern tip of the Spanish Peninsula and the continent of Africa, and between the Mediterranean (Mare nostrum) in the east and Oceanus in the west. The ancient names for the straits are based on Gades (Plin. HN 3,3; 5; 74; 4,93: Gaditanum fretum; Plut. Sertorius 8,1: Γαδειραῖος πορθμός/ Gadeiraîos porthmós), on the temple of Heracles in Gades ('…

(Ἀγχιάλη; Anchiálē). [German version] [1] Cretan nymph Cretan nymph, mother of the Idaan  Daktyloi Tities and Cyllenus (birth myth in Apoll. Rhod. 1,1129-31) and, as lover of Apollo, mother of Oaxes also, the founder of the Cretan city of Oaxus (Serv. ecl. 1,65). Graf, Fritz (Columbus, OH) [German version] [2] (Anchialos) City on the western coast of Pontus This item can be found on the following maps: Byzantium | Christianity | Moesi, Moesia (Anchialus; Ἀγχίαλος; Anchíalos) City on the western coast of Pontus, present-day Pomorije, founded by and dependent on  Apollon…

(Ζεφύριον/ Zephýrion). Name used especially in the eastern Mediterranean region for foothills and the cities near them that are exposed to the west wind (Zephyrus). Kaletsch, Hans (Regensburg) [German version] [1] Cape on the north eastern coast of Crete Cape on the north-eastern coast of Crete (Ptol. 3,17,5), probably modern Cape Agios Ioannis at the north-eastern end of the Gulf of Mirabello. Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) [German version] [2] Cape on the south western coast of Cyprus (or Ζεφυρία/ Zephyría). Cape on the south-western coast of Cyprus. According to Ptol. 5…