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[German version] I. Greece After the massive Mycenaean fortified palaces had been abandoned, several centuries passed before larger fortifications were again built in Greece. During the Geometric Period fortification construction in the motherland remained modest. Simple structures were built that left few if any remains, and the ruins of Mycenaean fortifications sufficed for protection requirements. However, citadels (acropoleis), peninsulas, and other topographically suitable locations were fortif…

[German version] A Samnite federal sanctuary which may possibly be equated with Bovianum Vetus lay near the village of P. (in the province of Isernia). Numerous dedications of weapons dating from the late 5th cent. BC up to the Samnite Wars in the early 3rd suggest that a god, no longer identifiable, here received a tithe of the booty of war. Shortly after the mid 3rd cent., an Ionic temple replaced the first square, walled enclosure from the 4th cent; the temple was violently destroyed at the end…

[German version] The Faliscan settlement of N. lay on three steep-sided tufa plateaux, 9 km south of Cività Castellana. The three plateaux (Narce, Monte li Santi and Pizzo Piede) successively formed the centres of the settlement. Evidence has been found of late archaic temples on the Pizzo Piede and west of the Monte li Santi; a large flight of steps and a rock throne south of the Monte li Santi also belonged to a sanctuary. The rich necropoleis attest to the importance of the site from the 14th c…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Etrusci, Etruria At the northern town exit lies a large Etruscan grave tumulus (so-called Monte Calvario; diameter 53m; height 40 m) with chambers facing the four points of the compass. The south and west tombs have rectangular burial chambers, dromos and two dromos cells, the central burial chamber is missing in the east tomb, whilst the dromos cells are missing in the north tomb. All the tombs are built of limestone slabs corbelled to the ceili…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Umbri, Umbria | Etrusci, Etruria Etruscan city near Tarquinii, in the hills of tufa rock between Ricanale (in the north) and Biedano (in the south); now Blera (Bieda in the Middle Ages; in the province of Viterbo). Roman municipium of the tribus Arnensis, Augustales (CIL XI p. 507). Stopping-place on the via Clodia with the bridges della Rocca and del Diavolo. Necropolis of tumuli and burial mounds from the 7th cent. BC. Heyday in the 6th and 5th cents. BC. Ancient Bieda is situated on a narrow, high plateau with s…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Etrusci, Etruria Small settlement close to the coast on a hill above the mouth of the river Marangone between  Tarquinia and  Caere; the walled settlement was continuously settled from the late Bronze Age to 1st cent. BC. A few remnants of the buildings have been excavated or are visible in the terrain. Sprawling necropolises to the coast; shrines outside the town on the coast at Punta della Vipera and at the mouth of the Marangone. Since the 6th…