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Part of 5 Samuel–Kings - 5.3 Ancient Hebrew TextsThere is no surviving witness of a complete (proto-)Masoretic text of Samuel–Kings earlier than the first vocalized masoretic manuscripts (Codex Cairo, 895 c.e.; Aleppo Codex, ca. 915 c.e.; and Codex Leningradensis or Firkovitch b19a, 1008 c.e.). Only some small fragments among the Dead Sea Scrolls are to be assessed as close to mt or as “semi-masoretic” (5.3.1): 1QSam (1Q7)1 and 4QKgs (4Q54).2 The fragments of 5QKgs (5Q2) are too small and too poorly preserved to allow for a characterization with any certainty.3In addition to the …

Part of 5 Samuel–Kings 5.2.1 Witnesses 1) The Hebrew text of the books of Kings is preserved in the medieval Masoretic manuscripts (3–5.3). The most authoritative Masoretic codices containing the books of Kings are mta,1mtc,2 and mtl.3 In Qumran Cave 4, several fragments have been found (5.3.1.8), while smaller fragments were discovered elsewhere (5.3.1.9–12).4 2) The Old Greek or lxx translation (5.5), which is the earliest non-Hebrew witness,5 is attested to in the Codices Vaticanus (= lxxb),6 Sinaiticus (= lxxs),7 Alexandrinus (= lxxa),8 Coislin 1 (= lxxm),9 Venetus (= lxxv),10 i…

Part of 5 Samuel–Kings - 5.3 Ancient Hebrew TextsThe discovery of 4QSama,b,c (4Q51–53) revolutionized the textual history of the Bible and continues to fascinate scholars because many of their features remain enigmatic.1 This is especially the case for 4QSama, which attests to the largest portions of the text.2 On the one hand, the strong similarities of these texts to Old Greek (5.4) prove that the Greek version is a careful translation of its Hebrew Vorlage, which attests a different text type from proto-mt (5.3.2). This fact is borne out by their agreements with the Old Latin (vl; 3–5.2…

Part of 2 Modern Printed Editions of the Jewish Bible and its Christian Versions - 2.1 Printed Editions of the Jewish Bible in Judaism and Christianity - 2.1.2 Standard Editions - 2.1.2.8 Twentieth and Twenty-First Century Critical Editions - 2.1.2.8.5 Other EditionsThe two publications of the Hebrew Old Testament Text Project (HOTTP) present a selection of variant readings compared to Codex Leningradensis (MTL), but without a complete biblical text. As such, they provide a critical apparatus that may be combined with the text of MTL to create a critical edition of the He…