, a Medīna opponent of Muḥammad, according to one statement a Naḍīrī, according to another, a member of the Ṭaiyiʾī family of Nabhān but the son of a Naḍīrī woman. In any case, he was an ardent champion of Judaism (cf. the expression saiyid al-aḥbār, Ibn His̲h̲ām, p. 659, 12). Aroused by the result of the battle of Badr, he went to Mecca where he used his considerable poetic gifts (in the Kitāb al-Ag̲h̲ānī he is called faḥl faṣīḥ) to incite the Ḳurais̲h̲ to fight against the victor. He then returned to Medīna, where he is said to have compromised the wives of the Muslims …

, opponent of Muḥammad at Medina, reckoned to belong to his mother’s clan al-Naḍīr, though his father was an Arab of the Nabhān section of Ṭayyiʾ. He presumably followed the Jewish custom of taking his religion from his mother, but it is doubtful if he was a scholar, as the words in a poem sayyid al-aḥbār (Ibn His̲h̲ām, 659, 12) would imply, if the poem were genuine. Aroused by the deaths of many leading Meccans at Badr, he went to Mecca and used his considerable poetic gifts (he is called faḥl faṣiḥ in K. al-Ag̲h̲ānī ) to incite Ḳurays̲h̲ to fight the Muslims. On hi…

, adversaire de Muḥammad à Médine. Rangé dans le clan des Banū l-Naḍīr auquel appartenait sa mère, bien que son père ait été un Arabe de la fraction des Nabhān (Ṭayyiʾ), il avait probablement, suivant la coutume juive, reçu la religion de sa mère, mais il est douteux qu’il ait été un docteur, comme le laisserait croire l’expression sayyid al-aḥbār qu’on trouve dans un poème (Ibn His̲h̲ām, 659, l. 12), à supposer que ce texte lui-même soit authentique. Irrité de la mort de nombreux Mekkois à Badr, il se rendit à La Mekke et mit en œuvre ses immenses dons poétiques (il est qualifié de faḥl faṣīḥ dans …

Abū Sharāḥīl (or Shuraḥbīl) (al-)Rammāḥ b. Abrad b. Thawbān (d. 149/766), known as Ibn Mayyāda, was a Bedouin poet. His tribe was the Murra, a branch of the Dhubyān (a subtribe of the Ghaṭafān). He lived in western Najd (in the north-central Arabian Peninsula), in or near a place called Ḥimā Ḍariyya, close to the Ḥijāz. His father was a shepherd, despite being a descendant of al-Ḥārith b. Ẓālim (d. 600 C.E.), the leader of the Ghaṭafān, and a grandson of Salmā, the daughter of the famous poet Kaʿb b. Zuhayr (…

Abū l-ʿAbbās ʿAbdallāh b. ʿAbbās b. ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib b. Hāshim b. ʿAbd Manāf al-Qurashī al-Hāshimī (d. c. 68/687–8), known usually as Ibn ʿAbbās, was a paternal cousin and a Companion of the Prophet. 1. The life of Ibn ʿAbbās. The making of a Companion—between history and myth The sources tell us much about Ibn ʿAbbās, both historical and mythical. Given the importance attributed to his contribution to religious science, the period of his birth and childhood is surrounded by an aura of legend and fantasy, like those of the prophet Muḥammad h…

, a subdivision of Ḳurays̲h̲ [ q.v.] whose pedigree is Taym b. Murra b. Kaʿb b. Luʾayy b. G̲h̲ālib b. Fihr. All of the important figures among the Taym before Islam and in its early days belonged to the genealogical line of ʿAmr b. Kaʿb b. Saʿd b. Taym. They included Abū Bakr [ q.v.], Ṭalḥa b. ʿUbayd Allāh [ q.v.] and Ṭalḥa’s paternal uncle, Maʿmar b. ʿUt̲h̲mān (cf. M. Lecker, Biographical notes on Abū ʿUbayda Maʿmar b. al-Muthannā , in SI, lxxxi [1995], 71-100, at 77-83, 96-7; Mālik b. Anas [ q.v.] was reportedly a mawlā of the Taym; on p. 263a of the entry about him…

, branche des Ḳurays̲h̲ [ q.v.] descendant de Taym b. Murra b. Kaʿb b. Luʾayy b. G̲h̲ālib b. Fihr. Tous les personnages importants des Taym, avant et au début de l’Islam, appartenaient à la lignée de ʿAmr b. Kaʿb b. Saʿd b. Taym. On y trouve Abū Bakr [ q.v.], Ṭalḥa b. ʿUbayd Allāh [ q.v.] et l’oncle de Ṭalḥa, Maʿmar b. ʿUt̲h̲mān (cf. M. Lecker, Biographical notes on Abū ʿUbayda Maʿmar b. al-Muthannā, dans SI, LXXXI [1995], 71-100, dans 77-83, 96-7; Mālik b. Anas [ q.v.] était, dit-on, un mawlā des Taym; p. 247b de l’article le concernant, lire Himyar au lieu de Ḥumayr; M. J. Kister, The massacre of th…

b. Nufayl, a so-called ḥanīf [ q.v.] and “seeker after true religion”, who lived in Mecca before Muḥammad’s mission (though some pronounced him a Companion of the Prophet). In a major battle before Islam Zayd reportedly led the Ḳurays̲h̲ [ q.v.] clan to which he belonged, the ʿAdī b. Kaʿb. The cycle of reports about him in Islamic historiography all but presents him as Muḥammad’s precursor. Some scholars even went as far as declaring him a prophet who received revelations, and a ¶ messenger sent to mankind. Precisely like Muḥammad before his call, Zayd is said to have practiced taḥannut̲h̲ [ q.…

Abū Muslim ʿAbd Allāh b. T̲h̲uwab , one of the eight Successors allegedly famous for their asceticism ( zuhd [ q.v.]). He was born of the tribe K̲h̲awlān in the Yaman. One report (Abū Nuʿaym, Ḥilya , ii, 125) has it that he only became a Muslim in Syria during the caliphate of Muʿāwiya, but other reports say that he had already been converted to Islam during the prophet’s lifetime while still in the Yaman. When al-Aswad b. Ḳays (cf. Ibn Ḥad̲j̲ar, Tahd̲h̲īb , xii, 236 and Abū Nuʿaym, Ḥilya, ii, 128; or: b. Kaʿb, cf. Ṭabarī, i, 1795) al-ʿAnsī D̲h̲u ’l-Ḥimār [ q.v.] summoned him to embrace his cause…

, a place near Medīna famous for the battle fought there between the related tribes of the Aws and Ḵh̲azrad̲j̲, some years before the Migration of Muḥammad and his adherents to that town. It belonged to the Jewish tribe of Ḳuraiẓa, and according to Samhūdī, was two miles east (to be more accurate south-east) of Medīna, above a cornfield called Ḳawrā. A few incidental mentions of the place in the traditions help to locate it more accurately. Muḥammad’s men, who slew Kaʿb b. Ashraf, went past the …

, ancienne tribu arabe d’origine obscure. Des généalogistes musulmans lui supposent une ascendance muḍarite en se fondant sur une parole attribuée au Prophète selon laquelle l’ancêtre de la tribu, ʿAmr b. Luḥayy [ q.v.], descendait de Ḳamaʿa (= ʿUmayr) b. Ḵh̲indif, donc de Muḍar (Ibn His̲h̲ām, Sīra, Caire 1355/1936, I, 78; al-Balād̲h̲urī, Ansāb, I, Caire 1959, 34; al-Fāsī, S̲h̲ifāʾ al-G̲h̲arām biak̲h̲bār al-balad al-ḥarām, Caire 1956, II, 44-5; Muṣʿab al-Zubayrī, Nasab Ḳurays̲h̲, Caire 1953, 7-8, 11; Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, al-Inbāh ʿalā ḳabāʾil al-ruwāh, Nad̲j̲af 1386/1966, 97-8;…

, an ancient Arab tribe of obscure origin. Muslim genealogists assuming a Muḍarī origin of K̲h̲uzāʿa based their argument on an utterance attributed to the Prophet according to which the ancestor of the tribe, ʿAmr b. Luḥayy [ q.v.] was a descendant of Ḳamaʿa (= ʿUmayr) b. K̲h̲indif, thus tracing their pedigree to Muḍar (Ibn His̲h̲ām, al-Sīra al-nabawiyya , ed. al-Saḳāʾ, al-Abyārī and S̲h̲alabī, Cairo 1355/1936, i, 78; al-Balād̲h̲urī, Ansāb al-as̲h̲rāf , ed. Muḥammad Ḥamīdullāh, Cairo 1959, i, 34; al-Fāsī, S̲h̲ifāʾ al-g̲h̲arām bi-ak̲h̲bār al-balad al-ḥarām …

b. Nufayl, fut ce qu’on nommait un ḥanīf [ q.v.], «cherchant la vraie religion»; il vécut à La Mecque avant la mission de Muḥammad (bien que certains le qualifient de Compagnon du Prophète). Dans une bataille importante ¶ livrée avant l’islam, il conduisait ʿAdī b. Kaʿb, le clan de Ḳurays̲h̲ dont il faisait partie. Le cycle des récits le concernant le présente pratiquement comme un précurseur de Muḥammad. Certains savants s’avancent même à voir en lui un prophète qui aurait reçu des révélations, un messager envoyé à l’humanité. Pré…

Al-Najāshī al-Ḥārithī (d. c.40/660 or 49/669) is the sobriquet of Qays b. ʿAmr, a renowned Yemeni poet who sided with the fourth Muslim caliph, ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib (r. 35–40/656–61), against the ruler of Syria and future caliph Muʿāwiya b. Abī Sufyān (r. 41–60/661–80). He was born into the al-Ḥārith b. Kaʿb b. ʿAmr tribe of Yemen from the Najrān region of southwest Arabia (Kaḥḥāla, 1:231). His nickname, najāshī, comes from the Ge’ez word for ‘king’ (used in early Islam for the Ethiopian ruler) because his mother was Ethiopian and also, apparently, because of his d…

The Najadāt were an early Khārijī subsect, named after its founder, Najda b. ʿĀmir (d. 73/692; Najdiyya and other variant spellings are recorded). Initially, he followed Nāfiʿ ibn al-Azraq (d. 65/684–5) in the Basran Khārijī rebellion of 65/684–5 against the Umayyad governor Masʿūd b. ʿAmr al-ʿAntakī (d. 65/684–5) and then against the Zubayrid general Muslim b. ʿUbays (d. 65/684–5), retreating with the Azāriqa into al-Ahwāz (Pers., Ahvāz), in southwestern Iran (al-Balādhurī, 7:174). There, howeve…

, the name of two tribal groups in northern Arabia: a branch of Ḵh̲uzāʿa [ q.v.] and a branch of the so-called Northern Arabian federation Ḳays ʿAylān [ q.v.], more precisely, the Hawāzin [ q.v.] 1. The lineage of the Salūl who were a branch of Ḵh̲uzāʿa was: Salūl b. Kaʿb b. ʿAmr b. Rabīʿa b. Ḥārit̲h̲a. The genealogists list, beside Salūl himself, ¶ the following descendants of his as eponyms of tribal groups (the term employed is baṭn ): Ḳumayr b. Ḥabs̲h̲iya (variants: Ḥabs̲h̲iyya, Ḥabas̲h̲iyya, Ḥubs̲h̲iyya), Ḥulayl b. Ḥabs̲h̲iya, including the desce…

, nom de deux groupes tribaux d’Arabie du Nord: une branche des Ḵh̲uzāʿa [ q.v.] et une branche de la fédération Nord-arabique dite des Ḳays ʿAylān [ q.v.], plus précisément, les Hawāzin [ q.v.]. 1. La généalogie des Salūl, branche des Ḵh̲uzāʿa, était: Salūl b. Kaʿb b. ʿAmr b. Rabīʿa b. Ḥārit̲h̲a. Les généalogistes citent, outre Salūl luimême, ses descendants dont les noms suivent, comme éponymes de groupes tribaux (le terme employé est baṭn): Ḳumayr b. Ḥabs̲h̲iya (var. Ḥabs̲h̲iyya, Ḥabas̲h̲iyya, Ḥubs̲h̲iyya), Ḥulayl b. Ḥabs̲h̲iya, notamment les descendants d’Abū G̲h…

, Ḵh̲ārid̲j̲ī leader in Baṣra, killed in 61 (680—681). He belonged to the Rabīʿa b. Hanẓala b. Mālik b. Zaidmanāt (called Rabīʿa al-Wusṭā, Naḳāʾiḍ, ed. Bevan, p. 185, 5 = 699, 11 Mufaḍḍalīyāt, ed. Lyall, p. 123, 12, 772, 8), a branch of the tribe of Tamīm which supplied so many leaders to the Ḵh̲ārid̲j̲ī movement. His father was called Ḥudair b. ʿAmr b. ʿ Abd b. Kaʿb and Udaiya was his mother’s or grandmother’s, name; she belonged to the tribe of Muḥārib b. Ḵh̲aṣafa (Ibn Duraid, Kitāb al-Is̲h̲tiḳāḳ, ed. Wustenfeld, p. 134; Ibn Ḳutaiba, Kitāb al-Maʿārif ed. Wüstenfeld, p. 209; Ṭabarī, Mubar…

, Abū ’l-Ḥasan ʿAlī b. Muḥammad b. ʿAlī al-Ḳuras̲h̲ī al-Basṭī , Muslim mathematician, jurist and scholar, born in Baza (Basṭa) in Spain, at the beginning of the 9th/15th century. He studied in his native town, following ʿAlī b. Mūsā’s courses in law, Ḳurʾān exegesis, belles-lettres and the science of the fixed shares in an estate ( farāʾiḍ [ q.v.]). Afterwards he settled in Granada, where Abū Isḥāḳ Ibrāhīm b. Futūḥ and the imām ʿAbd Allāh al-Saraḳusṭī were his teachers. The specialised teachings of the former were oriented…

, Abū l-Ḥasan ʿAlī b. Muḥammad b. ʿAlî al-Ḳuras̲h̲ī al-Basṭī, mathématicien, juriste et savant musulman, né à Baza(Basṭa), en Espagne, au début du IXe/XVe siècle. Il fit ses études dans sa ville natale, suivit les cours de ʿAlī b. Mūsā dans les domaines du droit, de l’exégèse ḳurʾānique, des belles-lettres, de la science des partages successoraux ( farāʾid). Il s’installa ensuite à Grenade où il eut pour maîtres Abū Isḥāḳ Ibrāhīm b. Futūḥ et l ’imām ʿAbd Allāh al-Saraḳusṭī; du premier, il reçut un enseignement spécialisé, à tendance philosophique, scientifique et philo…

, K̲h̲ārid̲j̲ī leader in Baṣra, killed in 61/680-1. He belonged to the Rabīʿa b. Ḥanẓala b. Mālik b. Zayd Manāt (called Rabīʿa al-Wusṭā, Naḳāʾiḍ , ed. Bevan, 185, 5 = 699, l. 11; Mufaḍḍaliyyāt , ed. Lyall, 123, l. 12, 772, l. 8), a branch of the tribe of Tamīm which supplied so many leaders to the K̲h̲ārid̲j̲ī movement. His father was called Ḥudayr b. ʿAmr b. ʿAbd b. Kaʿb and Udayya was his mother’s or grandmother’s name; she belonged to the tribe of Muḥārib b. K̲h̲aṣafa (Ibn Durayd, Kitāb al-Is̲h̲tiḳāḳ , ed. Wüstenfeld, 134; Ibn Ḳutayba, Kitāb al-Maʿārif , ed. Wüstenfel…

, Abū Muslim ʿAbd Allāh b. T̲h̲uwāb. l’un des huit «successeurs» prétendument célèbres pour leur ascétisme ( zuhd [ q.v.]). Il naquit dans la tribu de Ḵh̲awlān au Yémen et, d’après une donnée (Abū Nuʿaym, Ḥilya, II, 125), il ne se serait converti que sous le califat de Muʿawiya, en Syrie, tandis que d’autres disent qu’il avait embrassé l’Islam du vivant du Prophète, alors qu’il était encore au Yémen, Lorsque al-Aswad al-ʿAnsī [ q.v.] l’invita à se rallier à sa cause, Abū Muslim refusa et fut jeté dans un brasier d’où il sortit indemne; il fut alors autorisé à se rend…

, chef k̲h̲ārid̲j̲ite de Baṣra, tué en 61/680-1. Il appartenait à la branche Rabīʿa b. Ḥanẓala b. Mālik b. Zayd Manāt (dite) Rabfa al-Wusṭā, ( Naḳāʾiḍ, éd. Bevan, 185 = 699; Mufaḍḍaliyyāt, éd. Lyall, 123, 772) de la tribu des Tamīm, qui fournit tant de chefs au mouvement k̲h̲ārid̲j̲ite; son père s’appelait Ḥudayr b. ʿAmr b. ʿAbd b. Kaʿb, et Udayya est le nom de sa mère, ou de sa grand-mère, de la tribu des Muḥārib b. Ḵh̲aṣafa (Ibn Durayd, Is̲h̲tiḳāḳ, éd. Wüstenfeld, 134; Ibn Ḳutayba, Maʿārif, éd. Wüstenfeld, 209; al-Ṭabarī, al-Mubarrad, al-Balād̲h̲urī. voir Bibl.). Il est souvent désigné…

Abān b. ʿUthmān b. ʿAffān (d. between 101/719 and 105/723) was the son of the third Rightly Guided Caliph, ʿUthmān b. ʿAffān (r. 23–35/644–55), and an early author of maghāzī, accounts of the military campaigns of the Prophet. He is considered a member of the jīl al-tābiʿīn or Successors (of the Companions of the Prophet), the second generation of the early Muslim community. His mother, Umm ʿAmr, was not of Qurayshī origin; she was descended from the Daws, a subgroup of the Azd tribe, and sources portray her as a silly woman. When his fathe…

( aflād̲j̲ al-dawāsir ), a district in southern Nad̲j̲d athwart the great cuesta of Ṭuwayḳ, roughly bounded by Wādī Birk (N), the plain of al-Bayāḍ (E), Wādī al-Maḳran (S), and the sands of al-Daḥy (W). The most populous oasis and present capital is Laylā (46° 44′ 35″ E, 22° 16′ 45″ N). The district contains a remarkable group of spring-fed pools called ʿUyūn al-Sayḥ and the extensive remains of a system of channels which once irrigated a more prosperous land. The pools, the largest of which is nearly a kilometre long, are the most noteworthy fea…

a large tribal group, now inhabiting in the main the areas of Ḏh̲amār and Radāʿ in the modern Yemen Arab Republic. The traditional genealogy, given by e.g. Ibn Durayd, Is̲h̲tiḳāḳ , ed. ¶ Wüstenfeld, 237 ff., and by Yāḳūt, Beirut 1374-6/1955-7, v, 89, is from Mālik b. Udad b. Zayd b. Yas̲h̲d̲j̲ub b. ʿArïb b. Zayd b. Kahlān b. Sabaʾ b. Yas̲h̲d̲j̲ub b. Yaʿrub b. Ḳaḥtān. The numerous component ḳabāʾil of Mad̲h̲ḥid̲j̲ are listed in full by al-Malik al-As̲h̲raf ʿUmar, Ṭurfat al-aṣḥāb fī maʿrifat al-ansāb , ed. K. V. Zetterstéen, Damascus 1949, 9; those most frequ…

, abū ʿabd allāh or abū yaḥyā or abū muḥammad or abū ʿabd rabbihi , a Companion of the Prophet. Tradition is not unanimous about his origin. Some reports state that his father was captured in a raid launched by the Rabīʿa in the Sawād, sent to Mecca and sold as a slave to Sibāʿ b. ʿAbd al-ʿUẓzā al-K̲h̲uzāʿī, a confederate ( ḥalīf ) of the Banū Zuhra; Sibāʿ (who was later killed by Ḥamza in the battle of Uḥud) gave him as a gift to his daughter Umm Anmār who freed him. In a tradition attributed to ʿAlī he is said to have been the first of the Nabaṭ to embrace Islam. Other tradition…

Abū ʿAwn ʿAbd al-Malik b. Yazīd al-Khurāsānī al-Jurjānī al-Azdī (d. c. 168/784–5) is called al-ʿAtakī by some (al-Azdī, 125–6, 140, 252). In other sources he is regarded as a mawlā of Hunāʾa, a different sub-tribe of al-Azd (al-Kindī, 101, where the word “Hunāʾa” is garbled and the editor has corrected the name according to Yāqūt, 4:123; Ibn ʿAsākir, 37:180; al-Qalqashandī, 1:173, where Mawlā Banī Asad” should be read Azd, not Asad). Apart from her name, nothing is known of his wife, Umm al-Haytham ( Akhbār al-dawla al-ʿabbāsiyya, 224), or of his son (?) al-Haytham, but his two …

, groupe tribal important qui, de nos jours, occupe principalement les régions de Ḏh̲amār et de Radāʿ dans la République arabe du Yémen. Sa généalogie traditionnelle, donnée notamment par Ibn Durayd ( Is̲h̲tiḳāḳ, éd. Wüstenfeld, 237 sqq.) et par Yāḳūt (Beyrouth 1374-6/1955-7, V, 89), le fait descendre de Mālik b. Udad b. Zayd b. Yas̲h̲d̲j̲ub b. ʿArīb b. Zayd b. Kahlān b. Sabaʾ b. Yas̲h̲d̲j̲ub b. Yaʿrub b. Ḳaḥṭān; les nombreuses ḳabāʾil qui le composent sont énumérées en totalité par al-Malik al-As̲h̲raf ʿUmar, Ṭurfat al-aṣḥāb fī maʿrifat al-ansāb (éd. K. V. Zetterstéen, Damas 1949…

Ṭalḥa b. ʿUbaydallāh, a prominent early Companion of Muḥammad, is considered to have been among the first eight converts to Islam and one of the ten mubashshara to whom the Prophet promised Paradise. He belonged to the Banū ʿAmr b. Kaʿb, the leading clan of the Taym b. Murra of the Quraysh, and was a second-degree cousin of Abū Bakr, with whom he was already closely associated before the advent of Islam. Abū Bakr, who was some twenty years his elder, may have trained him in the caravan trade in Syria, a business he later pursued successfully. By his own account, he first learned of the adve…

(ou Tamīm bt. Murr, lorsqu’il s’agit de la tribu ou ḳabīlā), est une très grande tribu «du Nord» qui vécut dans le Centre et l’Est de l’Arabie avant l’Islam et à ses débuts. Son nasab est: Tamīm b. Murr b. Udd b. Ṭābik̲h̲a b. Ilyās b. Muḍar b. Nizār b. Maʿadd b. ʿAdnān. 1. Sources. La production littéraire sous forme de monographies, concernant Tamīm, est aujourd’hui perdue. Abū l-Yaḳẓān (m. 190/806), mawlā des Tamīm, par exemple, compila une monographie intitulée Ak̲h̲bār Tamīm et également un K. Ḥilf Tamīm baʿḍihā baʿḍan; Ibn al-Kalbī écrivit K. ʿAdī b. Zayd [ q.v.] al-ʿIbādī et Ḥilf Kalb w…

(or Tamīm bt. Murr, when the tribe or ḳabīla is referred to), a very large “Northern” tribe which before Islam and in its early days lived in central and eastern Arabia. Its nasab is: Tamīm b. Murr b. Udd b. Ṭābik̲h̲a b. Ilyās b. Muḍar b. Nizār b. Maʿadd b. ʿAdnān. 1. Source material. The literary output about the Tamīm in the form of monographs is now lost. For example, Abu ’l-Yaḳẓān (d. 190/806), a mawlā of the Tamīm, compiled a monograph Ak̲h̲bār Tamīm , and also a K. Ḥilf Tamīm baʿḍihā baʿḍan ; Ibn al-Kalbī wrote K. ʿAdī b. Zayd [ q.v.] al-ʿIbādī and Ḥilf Kalb wa-Tamīm ; and Abū ʿUbayda [ q.v.] compile…

, al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAlī b. Ibrāhīm al-Kāg̲h̲adī, dit (al-) Ḏj̲uʿal «le Scarabée», théologien muʿtazilite et juriste ḥanafite influent, qui mourut à Bag̲h̲dād le 2 d̲h̲ū l-ḥid̲j̲d̲j̲a 369/19 juin 980; il était né à Baṣra à une date incertaine (293/905-6 d’après al-Ḵh̲aṭīb, Taʾrīk̲h̲ Bag̲h̲dād, VIII, 73, suivant al-Tanūk̲h̲ī et Hilāl al-Ṣābiʾ; 308/920-1 selon le Fihrist, 174; 289/902 d’après al-Ṣafadī; cf. Kaḥḥāla, IV, 27, n. l). Le surnom de Ḏj̲uʿal n’est pas employé dans les sources muʿtazilites ou ḥanafites. Il quitta Baṣra dans sa jeunesse, peut-être devant le danger const…

, (“great one of the Magians”) a Zoroastrian dynasty which the Arabs found in the region of Dunbāwand (Damāwand [ q.v.]) to the north of Ray. The origins of the Maṣmug̲h̲āns. The dynasty seems to have been an old, though not particularly celebrated, one, as is shown by the legends recorded by Ibn al-Faḳīh, 275-7, and in al-Bīrūnī, Āt̲h̲ār , 227. The title of maṣmug̲h̲ān is said to have been conferred by Farīdūn upon Armāʾīl, Bēwarāsp’s former cook (Zohāk), who had been able to save half the young men destined to perish as food for the t…

, a famous battle (37/657), or rather a series of duels and skirmishes between the ʿIrāḳīs under the caliph ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib [ q.v.] and the Syrians under the governor of Syria Muʿāwiya [ q.v.]. The battle was a major factor in shaping the regional and political identity of both the ʿIrāḳī S̲h̲īʿīs and the Syrian Umayyads (cf. Muk̲h̲taṣar Taʾrīk̲h̲ Dimas̲h̲ḳ li- Ibn ʿAsākir , ed. al-Naḥḥās et alii, Damascus 1404/1984 ff., xxiii, 46: naḥnu ahlu ’l-S̲h̲ām , naḥnu aṣḥāb Ṣiffīn cf. P. Crone, Slaves on horses. The evolution of the Islamic polity, Cambridge 1980, 203, n. 30). The political a…

(a.), a genre of early Islamic literature: Sīra means “way of going”; “way of acting”, “conduct”, “way of life” (in these meanings it is almost synonymous with sunna [ q.v.]); also “memorable action” and “record of such an action”. In ḥadīt̲h̲ collections and books on Islamic law, the plural siyar is also used for “rules of war and of dealings with non-Muslims” (which are sometimes headed elsewhere under d̲j̲ihād ). Furthermore sīra means “epistle”, “pamphlet”, “manifesto”, and last but not least: “biography”, “the life and times of…”. Ibn al-Muḳaffaʿ (102-39/720-56 [ q.v.]) translate…

(Aflād̲j̲ al-Dawāsir), district du Nad̲j̲d méridional, en travers de la grande «cuesta» de Ṭuwayḳ, grossièrement délimité par le Wādī Birk (N.) la plaine d’al-Bayāḍ (E.), le Wādī al-Maḳran (S.) et les sables d’al-Daḥy (O.). L’oasis la plus peuplée, capitale actuelle, est Laylā (46° 44’ 35" E., 22° 16’ 45" N.). Le district contient un groupe remarquable de ¶ bassins, alimentés par des sources, appelés ʿUyūn al-Sayḥ, et les restes étendus d’un système de canaux qui irriguaient jadis une contrée plus prospère. Les bassins, dont le plus vaste a presque un…

, a Zoroastrian dynasty whom the Arabs found in the region of Dunbāwand (Damāwand) to the north of Raiy. The origins of the Maṣmug̲h̲āns. The dynasty seems to have been an old though not particularly celebrated one as is shown by the legends recorded by Ibn al-Faḳīh, p. 275—277, and in al-Bīrūnī, p. 227. The title of maṣmug̲h̲ān is said to have been conferred by Farīdūn upon Armāʾīl, Bēwarāsp’s former cook (Zohāk), who had been able to save half the young men destined to perish as food for the tyrant’s serpents. A…

, célèbre bataille (37/657), s’étant déroulée plutôt sous la forme d’une série de duels et d’escarmouches entre lesʿIrakiens partisans du calife ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib [ q.v.] et les Syriens aux ordres du gouverneur de Syrie Muʿāwiya [ q.v.]. Cette bataille représenta un facteur essentiel dans la création d’une identité régionale et politique tant des ʿIrāḳiens s̲h̲īʿites que des Syriens umayyades (cf. Muk̲h̲taṣar Taʾrīk̲h̲ Dimas̲h̲k li-Ibn ʿAsākir, éd. al-Naḥḥās et al., Damas 1404/1984 sqq., XXIII, 46; naḥnu ahl al-S̲h̲ām, naḥnu aṣḥāb Ṣiffīn; cf. P. Crone, Slaves on horses. The evol…

(also mag̲h̲āzī ’l-nabī , mag̲h̲āzī rasūl allāh ), a term which, from the time of the work on the subject ascribed to al-Wāḳidī (d. 207/823), if not earlier, has signified in particular the expeditions and raids organised by the Prophet Muḥammad in the Medinan period. The first such sortie is reported by al-Waḳidī to have involved a party of thirty men led by Ḥamza b. ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib, which in 1/623 briefly intercepted a Ḳurashī caravan heading for Mecca from Syria on the coastal route (other accounts differ). The last was an expedition i…

, al-ḥusayn b. ʿalī b. ibrāhīm al-kāg̲h̲adī , called (al)-d̲j̲uʿal, “Dungbeetle”, influential Muʿtazilī theologian and Ḥanafī jurist, died 2 D̲h̲u ’l-Ḥid̲j̲d̲j̲a 369/19 June 980 in Bag̲h̲dād. He was born in Baṣra, at an uncertain date (293/905-6 according to Taʾrīk̲h̲ Bag̲h̲dād , viii, 73, ll. 20 ff, following ʿAlī b. al-Muḥassin al-Tanūk̲h̲ī and Hilāl al-Ṣābiʾ; 308/920-1 according to the Fihrist , ed. Flügel, 174, pu.; 289/902 according to Safadī, cf. Kaḥḥāla, Muʿd̲j̲am al-muʾallifīn , iv, 27, n. 1). The nickname D̲j̲uʿal is not used in Muʿtazilī or Ḥanafī sources. He left Baṣra a…

Abū l-Ḥusayn Muslim b. al-Ḥajjāj b. Muslim b. Ward b. Kushādh al-Qushayrī al-Naysābūrī (d. 261/875), was a prominent collector and evaluator of Prophetic traditions (ḥadīth). Muslim is famous for his al-Musnad al-ṣaḥīḥ, a compilation of sound Prophetic traditions that Sunnī Muslims rank as the third most authoritative source of legal norms, after the Qurʾān and Muḥammad b. Ismāʿīl al-Bukhārī’s (d. 256/870) ḥadīth collection titled al-Jāmiʿ al-ṣaḥīḥ. Born in Nīshāpūr, in northeastern Iran, sometime between 201/816–7 and 206/821–2, Muslim may have been, through…

(également Mag̲h̲āzī l-Nabī, M. Rasūl Allāh) terme qui, depuis l’époque de l’ouvrage sur ce sujet attribué à al-Wāḳidī (m. 207/823 [ q.v.]), sinon plus tôt, désigne en particulier les expéditions et les raids organisés par le Prophète pendant la période médinoise. La première sortie de ce genre aurait, selon al-Wāḳidī, compris 30 hommes commandés par Ḥamza b. ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib qui, en 1/623, interceptèrent brièvement une caravane ḳurays̲h̲ite venant de Syrie et se dirigeant vers La Mekke par la route côtière (d’autres relations sont dif…

, a S̲h̲īʿī Arab dynasty of Ḥawīza [q. v.] in Ḵh̲ūzistān. The town of Ḥawīza (or Ḥuwaiza; Ibn Battūta, ii. 93: ) was situated in E. Long. 31° 25′, Lat. 48° 5′ on the old course of the Kark̲h̲a [q. v.] where the latter turned west. The founder of the dynasty, Saiyid Muḥammad b. Falāḥ, according to the genealogists, was a descendant in the fourteenth generation from the seventh imam Mūsā al-Kāẓim. S. Muḥammad was born at Wāsiṭ and studied at Ḥilla with S̲h̲aik̲h̲ Aḥmad b. Fahd, known for his leanings to mysticism. The ixth (xvth) century is important in the history of the S̲h̲īʿī g̲h̲ulāt (the rising…

(a.), l’un des genres de la littérature islamique primitive, signifie «manière d’aller», «manière d’agir», «conduite» (dans ces acceptions, quasi-synonyme de sunna [ q.v.]); également «action mémorable» et «récit d’une telle action». Dans les recueils de ḥadīt̲h̲ et les ouvrages juridiques, le pluriel siyar désigne aussi les «règles de guerre et de comportement envers les non-Musulmans» (parfois traitées ailleurs sous d̲j̲ihād). En outre, sīra signifie «épītre», «pamphlet», «manifeste», et surtout «biographie», «vie et époque de...». Ibn al-Muḳaffaʿ (102-39/720-56 [ q.v.]…

(Latin Emesa, French and English Homs, Turkish Humus), town in Syria (36° E. and 34° 20′ N.) 500 m above sea level on the eastern bank of the Orontes (Nahr al-ʿĀṣī), in the centre of a vast cultivated plain which is bounded in the east by the desert and in the west by volcanic mountains. Situated at the entrance to a depression between the mountains of Lebanon and the D̲j̲abal Anṣāriyya, Ḥimṣ benefits from the climatic influences of the sea which come …

, one of the two cities ( miṣr [ q.v.]), along with Baṣra [ q.v.], founded in ʿIrāḳ by early Islam A permanent military establishment of the Arabs in Mesopotamia, Kūfa retained the whole of the ʿIrāḳī Sawād [ q.v.] under its control. It participated actively in the Islamic expansion into Iranian territory, and, throughout the 1st/7th century, was a hotbed of intense political ferment. It was there also, as at Baṣra, that there took place for three centuries the gestation of Arabo-Islamic civilisation and culture. Then Kūfa experience…

, a S̲h̲īʿī Arab dynasty of the town of Ḥawīza [ q.v.] or Ḥuwayza in K̲h̲ūzistān (ʿArabistān). The founder of the dynasty, Sayyid Muḥammad b. Falāḥ, claimed to be a descendant of the Seventh Imām Mūsā al-Kāẓim [ q.v.]. He was born at Wāsiṭ and studied with S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ Aḥmad b. Fahd at Ḥilla. The 9th/15th century was an important phase in the history of S̲h̲īʿī g̲h̲ulāt extremism. But it was also characterised by a rising tendency towards folk Islam, propelled by regional forces in an increasingly fragmented power structure. In his environ…

, dynastie arabe s̲h̲īʿite de la ville de Ḥawīza [ q.v.] ou Ḥuwayza, au Ḵh̲ūzistān (ʿArabistān). Le fondateur de la dynastie, Sayyid Muḥammad b. Falāḥ, prétendait descendre du VIIe Imām, Mūsā al-Kāẓim [ q.v.]. Né à Wāsiṭ, il fit ses études sous la direction du s̲h̲ayk̲h̲ Aḥmad b. Fahd à Ḥilla. Le IXe/XVe siècle fut une phase importante de l’histoire du S̲h̲īʿisme extrémiste ( g̲h̲ulāt), mais il fut également caractérisé par une tendance croissante vers un Islam populaire, véhiculé par des forces régionales dans une structure du pouvoir de plus en plus fragme…

(a.), pl. ṣaʿālīk , brigand, brigand-poet and mercenary in time of need. The ṣaʿālīk owe their place in history mainly to their poetic talents which were without equal at the time of the Ḏj̲āhiliyya and until the end of the Umayyad régime. It is not at all easy to unravel the problem posed by the existence of this group, on account of the ¶ absence of contemporary documents. On the other hand, later authors, in copying ancient texts, have replaced the original terms with those in use in their own time: the ṣaʿālīk mentioned by al-Balād̲h̲urī ( Futūḥ , 310-11) become d̲h̲uʿʿār …