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[German version] In Tac. Germ. 46,4, the name of a fantastic people with a human face and a body the shape of an animal. An etymology that goes back to an animal name is therefore assumed; a Germanic equivalent with Greek ἐλλός, Armenian eln, Lithuanian élnis ‘deer (fawn)’ [1. 534-537] has been suggested. Whether this fantastic people bears witness to Scandinavian peoples or rather to seals with a face resembling that of a human remains to be seen [1. 537]. They should certainly not be linked with the Helisii, part of a tribe of Lugians (Tac. Germ. 43,2). Scherf, Johannes (Tübingen) Bibliogra…

[German version] (τελετή /teletḗ, pl. teletaí, < *tḷ1-et2 from teléō/télos < *tel-1 , 'to bring' [10. 232] in contrast to the common two-fold derivation of *kwel- and *tel-2 ; as a Greek foreign word in Lat. teleta, Apul. Met. 11,22 et alibi on the cult of Isis). In the religious realm, the term could refer to various types of events (cf. Hsch. s. v. τ.: festivals, sacrifices, mysteries), originally to religious acts in general (e.g. Batr. 303 [11. 97]; Aristoph. Pax 413). It is therefore used in connection with various Greek fest…

(Γοργοφόνη; Gorgophónē). [German version] [1] Epithet of Athena Epithet of Athena in the sense of ‘killer of Gorgo’ (Eur. Ion 1478; Orph. H. 32,8 Quandt after the passage in Euripides, although γοργοφόνος is transmitted in the vocative); the name can also be interpreted as ‘glowing terribly’ (cf.  Persephone). Scherf, Johannes (Tübingen) Bibliography 1 F. Bräuninger, s.v. Persephone, RE 19, 946-947. [German version] [2] One of the Danaids One of the Danaids ( Danaus, Danaids) natural sister of Hypermestra. Her husband is Proteus (Apollod. 2,16 Wagner), whose …

[German version] (μορίαι/ moríai). In Athens a term for the olive-trees that were sacred to Athena, the maintenance of which, by assigning special custodians, known as gnṓmones, was watched over by the Areopagus ( áreios págos ) (Lys. or. 7,25). The moriai and even their stumps, which were protected by fences ( sēkós), were sacred, and this may be connected with the high regenerative power of olive trees (cf. Hdt. 8,55). Even the Spartans are said, according to schol. Soph. OC 701, to have spared them when devastating Attica. Offences against the moriai were punished with death (Aristo…

[German version] Daughter of the noble Sabine Hersilius (Dion. Hal. Ant. Rom. 3,1). During the rape of the Sabine women, she is the only married woman who is abducted (Cass. Dio 56,5,5 is a reflection of this: H. teaches the Roman women tà gamiká, ‘what forms part of marriage’), she stays with her daughter, who was also abducted (Dion. Hal. Ant. Rom. 2,45; Macrob. Sat. 1,6,16), and marries, according to some sources, a certain Hostilius in Rome and so becomes the grandmother of King Tullus  Hostilius (Dion. Hal. Ant. Rom. 3,1; Plut. Romu…

(Πανδίων/ Pandíōn). [German version] [1] Attic King Mythical Attic king and eponymous hero of the Pandionis [2] phyle (with 11 demes [2. 370]). P. occupies the sixth place on the list of kings in Hellanicus [1 (FGrH 4, commentary, vol. 1, p. 449). this list was later expanded by duplications of P. and Cecrops, first detectable in the Marmor Parium (FGrH 239 A 1-17). Here, P. I occupies the fifth place, and P. II the eighth. Originally, the list probably only contained the kings Cecrops, P., Erechtheus and Aegeus, as only they were phyle heros while they were kings. P. is therefore one legendary …

(Ἱππομένης; Hippoménēs). [German version] [1] Victor in foot race against Atalante Boeotian from Onchestus, son of  Megareus (Hyg. Fab. 185) or Ares (schol. Theoc. 3,40) and Merope (Hyg. Fab. 185). The foot race between H. and  Atalante was already known to Hesiod (fr. 74 M.-W.). The most comprehensive account can be found in Ov. Met. 10,560-707 [1]: Upon his request, Venus gives him three apples which Atalante picks up during the race, causing her to lose. H. fails to perform the thanks-offering; Venus en…

[German version] (Ταυροκαθαψία/ Taurokathapsía: CIG 3212, Smyrna). From taúros ('bull') and katháptein ('hang on to'). A form of bull-fighting at the Eleutheria in Larisa [3] (IG IX 531; 535; 536), in which a rider swung himself on to the bull grabbing its horns and tried to throw it to the ground (as in Heliod. 10,28-30; cf. Anth. Pal. 9,543); a relief from Smyrna and coin images from Larisa have been preserved [1. 221-224]. In inscriptions, taurokathapsia is suggested for cities of the Greek East (Aphrodisias: CIG 2759b; Ancyra: CIG 4039; Sinope: CIG 4157); it is c…

[German version] (Κέκροψ; Kékrops). Indigenous (Apollod. 3,177) Attic first king, who was revered cultically on the acropolis of  Athens, where his grave also lay (Antiochus-Pherecydes FGrH 333 F 1). The Cecropion (building inscription Erechtheion IG I3 474,56. 56-63) is presumably identical with the structure at the south-west corner of the Erechtheion, which was taken into consideration during the construction of the temple, and can be dated before the  Persian Wars (Hecatompedon inscription IG I3 4B, 10-11). An inscription of the Augustan period names a priest of …

[German version] (Πανδάρεος, -εως; Pandáreos, -eōs). Son of Merops [5], from a city named Miletus (schol. V Hom. Od. 19,518); according to Paus. 10,30,2, from Cretan Miletus [3]. His descent from Hermes and Merope (schol. B Hom. Od. 19,518) probably derives from the motif of theft: P. steals the golden hound posted by Zeus to guard his sanctuary in Crete and takes him to Tantalus for safekeeping; through Hermes, Zeus demands the hound back and has Tantalus killed by being cast from Mt. Sipylus for de…

[German version] ('four-formed', also Quadrifrons, 'four-faced'). Sobriquet of Janus (Ianus) whose statue, which looked in four directions, is supposed to have been taken to Rome after the conquest of Falerii [1] in 241 BC (Serv. Aen. 7,607; Macrob. Sat. 1,9,13). Under Domitian it was moved to the Forum Transitorium (Mart. 10,28,5 f.); there is an illustration of the cult image on an as of Hadrian [1. 621 no. 21]. Varro uses quadrifrons as a cosmological symbol of the quattuor partes mundi ('the four directions of the world', fr. 234 Cardauns) [2. 63]. Scherf, Johannes (Tübingen) Biblio…

[German version] (also Lumphae: Prisc. Institutio de arte grammatica 2,36,22). Italian name for water goddesses. The name should be regarded as close, from the point of view of content and language, like Oscan diumpaís, to Greek nýmphai ( Nymphs) [1] to which it is partly used as a parallel: CIL V 3106 (Vicetia), Aug. Civ. 4,34; Paul. Fest. 107,17 L. As an equivalent of Greek nymphólēptos, ‘raging’, Latin lymphatus is created (Varro, Ling. 7,87; Paul. Fest. 107,17-20 L.). The cult worship of the lymphae attested by inscriptions - e.g. CIL III 6373 (Salonae), XI 1918 (Perusia) …

[German version] (Ἱππαλεκτρυών; Hippalektryṓn, ‘horse rooster’). Fantastic  monster, a combination of cock and horse. The earliest literary record is Aesch. Myrmidones fr. 134 Radt. The references in Aristophanes (Pax 1177; Av. 800; Ran. 932, as in Aesch. with the epithet xouthós, ‘golden, yellow’) are parodies of tragedies. In Hesychius and Photius s.v. and in the scholia to Aristophanes, the creature has a bird's head - this is the exact opposite of the archaeological findings (a cock's hindquarters with two cock's legs, front of a …

(Γηγενεῖς, ‘Earth Born ’). [German version] [1] Epithet of the Giants Epithet of the Aloads (Schol. Apoll. Rhod. 1,482),  Orion (Apollod. 1,25 Wagner), the Spartans (Eur. Bacch. 264), Argus [I 5] (Aesch. PV 567), and the  giants (Batr. 7; Soph. Trach. 1058f.; Eur. Phoen. 1131). As a noun = giants (Aristoph. Nub. 853; Lycoph. 1408; explained in Diod. Sic. 4,21,7). Scherf, Johannes (Tübingen) [German version] [2] Mythical people Mythical people living near Cyzicus, mentioned by Apoll. Rhod. (1,941-3; 989-91 with schola). Dei(l)ochus of Proconnesus called them ἐγχειρογάστορες ( Enche…

[German version] [1] Epithet of Athena (‘killer of Gorgo’). Epithet of Athena in Orph. H. 32,8 (but see  Gorgophone [1]). Scherf, Johannes (Tübingen) [German version] [2] Epithet of Perseus Epithet of Perseus (Eur. fr. 985 Nauck; Nonnus, Dion. 18,305; 30,269; 31,12; 47,506; 47,536). Scherf, Johannes (Tübingen) [German version] [3] Son of Electryon and Alcmene Son of  Electryon and Anaxo, Alcaeus' daughter, thus Perseus' grandson.  Alcmene is mentioned as his sister, his brothers' names are listed as Stratobates, Phylonomos, Celaeno, Amphimachus, Ly…

[German version] (Τήνερος; Tḗneros). Mythical seer ( Mántis : Pind.  Fr. 51d) in Thebes, son of Apollo and the ash-nymph Melia (Melia [1]; schol.  Lycoph. 1211), who gives birth to him in the Ismenion  (Pind. Fr. 52k), where his oracle also was (schol. Pind. Pyth. 11,5); brother of Ismenius (Paus. 9,10,6). Apollo bestows on him the gift of prophecy (schol.  Lycoph. 1211). The Tenerian Plain between Thebes and Lake Copais is named after T. (Str. 9,413; Paus. 9,26,1). Pindar's seventh p…

[German version] (Μεμνονίδες/ Memnonídes; Lat. Memnoniae aves).The legend of the birds of Memnon is closely associated with the grave of Memnon [1] on the river Aisepus. According to Paus. 10,31,6 Polygnotus had portrayed Memnon wearing a robe painted with birds in the picture of Hades on the Lesche of the Cnidians at Delphi. The extant versions probably date back to scholarly of Alexandrine poetry: according to Q. Smyrn. 2,642-655 it is the companions of Memnon who are turned into birds by Eos (simil…

[German version] (φαλλός/ phallós, Latin phallus; from a Proto-Indo-European root * bhel-, 'blow up', 'swell up'). As bearer of the beneficent power of procreation, the male member played an important role in religion and cult. Its connection with Dionysus is particularly close: Phallus processions can be found in the rural Dionysia (Aristoph. Ach. 241-276), where the phallus is personified as Phales, to whom the cultic song is addressed (Aristoph. Ach. 263; 276), and at the great Dionysia, where the membe…

[German version] (Ζεφυρίτις; Zephyrítis). Epithet of Arsinoe [II 3] II, the sister-wife of Ptolemaeus [3] II Philadelphus who was worshipped as Aphrodite Z. Her sanctuary, donated by the admiral of the fleet Callicrates [9] (Posidippus, Epigrammata 12 GA I. 3110-3119) was located on the cape of Zephyrion (from which the name Z. is derived) not far from Alexandria [1] (Str. 17,1,16; Posidippus, Epigrammata 13 GA 1, 3120-3125) according to Ath. 7,318d; Steph. Byz. s.v. Ζεφύριον), where she may have b…

(Ἵππη; Híppē). [German version] [1] Mistress of Theseus Mistress of  Theseus (Hes. fr. 147 M-W = Ath. 13,557a). Her identification with Hippolyte (= Antiope, according to Cleidemus FGrH 323 F 18 = Plut. Theseus 27,13a) is reasonable considering the identification of Antiope with Hippo (Callim. H. 3,239; 266); furthermore, the name H. appears in the form of Hippo (Clem. Al. Strom. 1,73,4-5 and [1st Prologue l. 21]). Scherf, Johannes (Tübingen) [German version] [2] Daughter of the centaur Chiron and of Chariclo Daughter of the centaur  Chiron (Hyg. Poet. Astr. 2,18) and of Ch…

[German version] Roman goddess (from * sēi, 'sow (seed)': [1. 285]; from seges: Plin. HN 18,8; cf. Isid. Orig. 17,2,7). Linked to a triad in Aug. Civ. 4,8 (= Varro Antiquitates rerum divinarum fr. 166 Cardauns) in the context of a  polemical account of the multiplicity of Roman gods: Seia is stated to be responsible for the grain in the ground, S. for the same on the culm and Tutilina for it when harvested. The images ( simulacra) of these deities could be seen in circo (Plin. HN. 18,8), possibly referring to reliefs on columns (Tert. De spectaculis 8,3; cf. Macrob. Sat. 1,16,8…

(Γανύκτωρ; Ganýktōr). Person in the  competition between Homer and Hesiod; information on his role and genealogical position varies: [German version] [1] Son of king Amphidamas [5] of Chalcis The son of king Amphidamas [5] of Chalcis (Certamen l. 63), as such perhaps the judge in the poetic competition (Vita Hesiodi l. 10). Scherf, Johannes (Tübingen) [German version] [2] Son of the Locrian Phegeus from Oenoë Son of the Locrian Phegeus of Oenoë, the brother of Amphiphanes. Together they killed Hesiod for seducing their sister Ctimene, who then gave birth to S…

[German version] (θαλλοφορία/ thallophoría, 'carrying of branches'). At the Panathenaea the act, performed by selected old men (Xen. Symp. 4,17,4), of presenting branches; the term thallophoria is not recorded, but thallophóros ('branch carrier': Hsch. s. v.) and the verb thallophoreîn (Eust. in Hom. Od. 1157,24) are, and these both became proverbial (Aristoph. Vesp. 542 f. with schol.; Suet. perì blasphēmiôn 8,10) in with the meaning 'useful only for carrying branches'. To this extent the modern terminology [1. 278; 2. 1215] is motivated by analogous…

(Λάιος; Láios). [German version] [1] Mythical Theban king Mythical Theban king, son of Labdacus, grandson of Polydorus [1] and great-grandson of Cadmus [1] (Hdt. 5,59); his mother's name is not mentioned. He lives four generations before the Trojan War (his great-great-grandson Tisamenus is a minor when the war begins: Paus. 9,5,13). He loses his father when he is one year old (Apollod. 3,40); Lycus, the brother of L.'s great-grandfather on his mother's side, Nycteus (Paus. 9,5,5), becomes his guardi…

[German version] M. was an epithet for Vulcanus documented on an inscription (CIL XI 5741 from Sentinum) and in literature (amongst others Plaut. Epid. 34, Ov. Met. 2,5 and Sil. 4,668). Besides erroneous constructs (Serv. Aen. 8,724: quod mulcatus pedes; Donat. in Ter. Hec. 1,1,8: quod mutilatus; Don. in Ter. Ad. 1,2,10: a mulctando), classical derivations of the name originate mostly from the destructive power of fire, which is meant by the verb mulcere (as in Serv. Aen. 8,724; Macrob. Sat. 6,5,2; Donat. in Ter. Hec. 1,1,8). The derivation a molliendo scilicet ferro in Fest. 129 L. points …

[German version] ('Health'). In contrast to the generally positive connotations of salus , v. as a term for health is neutral and is hence given qualifying epithets ( bona: Lucr. 3,102; incommoda: Liv. 5,31,9; cf. esp. Manil. 3,140f.) or can, according to context, be biased in diametrically opposed ways (positive: Liv. 4,25,3; negative: 8,12,2). The wish for good health was common (Sen. Ep. 10,4; Petron. Sat. 61), but as early as the Roman Republic appears to have transcended a purely private nature (as in Livius [I 7] Drusus…

[German version] (Τηλεβόαι; Tēlebóai). Mythical people in the west of Acarnania, on Leucas (Str. 7,321 f.) and the adjoining islands (Plin. HN 4,53). Their eponymous progenitor Teleboas is considered a son of Poseidon and the father of Pterelaus (Anaximand. FGrH 9 F 1) or as the latter's son of Pterelaus and the brother of Taph(i)us (Herodorus FGrH 31 F 15). His descriptive name means 'far-calling' (Eust. Od. 1396,3-4) or derives in a strange etymology from T.'s campaign against Electryon to steal his 'oxen' ( bóas) 'far' ( tḗle) from his homeland (schol. Apoll. Rhod. 1,747), to …

[German version] Personification of quiet, the religious worship of which is documented exclusively by the mention of a sanctuary of  Q. ( fanum Quietis) on the via Labicana  (Liv. 4,41,8). The inscription Quies Augustorum can be found on coins of Diocletianus and Maximianus after their abdication in AD 305; however, it must be seen in connection with the relief they felt at their withdrawal from official duties, rather than as in fact reflecting religious practice. Scherf, Johannes (Tübingen) Bibliography R. Vollkommer, s. v. Q., LIMC 7.1, 612; 7.2, 489.

[German version] (Πυανόψια; Pyanópsia). Attic festival in honour of Apollo, held on the 7th of the month Pyanopsiṓn (end of October). A thick pulse soup (Greek pýanos, ‘bean’ and hépsein, ‘to cook’, from which the festival's name is also derived) was cooked on the occasion, which was etiologically linked with Theseus' homecoming (Plut. Theseus 10; [2. 150-153]). A procession of boys hung the E iresiṓnē, olive branches bound with wool decoration and laden with first-fruit offerings, on the doors of houses and on the temple of Apollo (Schol. Aristoph. Equ. 72…

[German version] (Τόλμα/ Tólma, 'boldness, daring'). Notes on the ancient concept of T. as a deity, although scanty and late, are unquestionable [1. 1681]: Schol. Aesch. PV 12c Harington mentions an (unidentified) sanctuary to T. and Anaideia in Athens; in App. Lib. 21 Scipio (Cornelius [I 71]) prays to T. and Phobos; Anth. Pal. 9,29,1-4 (Antiphilus [3] of Byzantium) addresses T. as the fateful inventor of sea travel (ambivalent: Anth. Pal. 7,529,1). Claudianus [2] presents the corresponding Latin …

[German version] (Ζηνοποσειδών/ Zēnoposeidṓn). Ζηνο-/ Zēno- is the Doric form of Zeus, Z. is the interpretating Greek translation of Zeus Osogo(a) worshipped in the Carian city of Mylasa [2. nos. 319-327, 361-376; 4. 109-117] who, according to depictions on coins [3. vol. 2, 576-582], exhibited attributes and traits of Zeus (eagle, double axe) and Poseidon (crab, trident) [4. 117-126]; this is documented in the double name (with a humorous anecdote in Machon fr. 8 GA = Ath. 8,337c). The sanctuary which can be located close to (Ath. loc.cit.) or inside (Str. 14,2,23) the city (f…

[German version] (Ταράξιππος/ taráxippos, 'confuser of horses', from híppos and the aorist stem of taráttein). The monument in the form of a round altar, which was associated with T. (v.i.), stood on the (long) eastern side of the Hippodrome in Olympia, near the nýssa (turning post); the horses often shied there, which may have been due to preparing to round the turning post, but was explained by divine action. Paus. 6,20,15-18 offers several identifications for T. and his monument and himself considers an altar to Poseidon Hippios likel…

[German version] (Πρωτεσίλαος/ Prōtesílaos, Latin Protesilaus; approx. 'First Among the People', cf. Hom. Il. 2,702; [2. 938]; mythological interpretation of the name from his death before Troy in Eust. Hom. Il. 2,700 p. 325; in Hdt. 9,116 Πρωτεσίλεως). Son of Iphicles (Hom. Il. 2,704-707) or Actor (Hes. fr. 199,6 M.-W.); Astyoche (Eust. Il. 2,698 p. 323) and Diomedea (Hyg. Fab. 103) are named as his mother. Like his brother Podarces [1] (Hom. ibid.), he courted Helen (Helena I [1]) (Hes. fr. 199,5 M…

(Μύρμηξ; Mýrmēx). [German version] [1] Father of the eponymous heroine of the Attican deme of Melite According to Philochorus FGrH 328 F 27 and Hes. fr. 225 M.-W. (= Harpocr. 202,7 Dindorf) he was the father of the eponymous heroine of the Attican deme of Melite. The legend of the Athenians' futile war against the máchimoi mýrmēkes (‘embattled ants’; Eubulus, Glaucus PCG V fr. 20) who guarded the gold dust on Mt. Hymettus, is likewise set in Attica and probably related to this myth. It became proverbial (Pl. Plt. 450b; Harpocr. 308,6 Dindorf). Scherf, Johannes (Tübingen) [German version] [2]…

(Ἱππόνοος; Hippónoos). [German version] [1] Name of Bellerophontes According to schol. Hom. Il. 6,155 Dindorf, the old name of  Bellerophontes; schol. Hom. Il. 6,155 Erbse offers the name of Leophontes (Λεωφόντης). Scherf, Johannes (Tübingen) [German version] [2] Son of Adrastus Son of Adrastus [1] who deliberately threw himself on the pyre with him (Hyg. Fab. 242). The same motif can be found in the story about Capaneus' and Evadne's fate. Scherf, Johannes (Tübingen) [German version] [3] Father of Capaneus With Astynome, H. fathered  Capaneus (Apollod. 3,63 Wagner; Hyg. F…

[German version] (Προμήθεια/ Promḗtheia). Attic festival of unknown date in honour of Prometheus, at which there were torch races from his altar in the Academy through the Kerameikos to an unrecorded finish (Paus. 1,30,2; Schol. Aristoph. Ran. 135). A torch race modelled on that of the P. was introduced or reorganised at the Hephaistia (Hephaestus II) in 421/20 BC (IG I3 82,32-35). Each phyle entered a team and a gymnasiarch (Isaeus 7,36) for the music agon of the men's and boys' choirs (IG II2 1138; Ps.-Xen. Ath. Pol. 3,4); their performance costs are given as 12 minai (Lys. 21,3). Scherf, J…

(Γανύκτωρ). Gestalt aus dem Wettkampf Homers und Hesiods; seine Rolle und genealogische Einordnung werden verschieden angegeben: [English version] [1] Sohn des Königs Amphidamas von Chalkis Sohn des Königs Amphidamas [5] von Chalkis (Certamen Z. 63), als solcher vielleicht auch Schiedsrichter im Dichterwettstreit (Vita Hesiodi Z. 10). Scherf, Johannes (Tübingen) [English version] [2] Sohn des Lokrers Phegeus aus Oinoë Sohn des Lokrers Phegeus aus Oinoë, Bruder des Amphiphanes. Mit diesem zusammen tötet er Hesiod wegen der Verführung ihrer Schwester Kti…

[English version] (μορίαι). In Athen die Bezeichnung für die der Athena heiligen Olivenbäume, über deren Erhaltung der Areopag ( áreios págos ) durch Aussendung von gnṓmones, speziellen Aufsehern, wachte (Lys. or. 7,25). Die m. und sogar ihr Stumpf, der durch eine Umfriedung ( sēkós) geschützt wurde, waren unverletzlich, was mit der hohen regenerativen Kraft des Olivenbaumes (vgl. Hdt. 8,55) zusammenhängen mag. Auch die Spartaner sollen sie nach schol. Soph. Oid. K. 701 bei der Verwüstung Attikas geschont haben. Vergehen gegen die m. wurden mit dem Tode bestraft (Aristot. At…

[English version] (Πανδάρεος, -εως). Sohn des Merops [5], aus einer Stadt Milet (schol. V Hom. Od. 19,518), nach Paus. 10,30,2 dem kretischen Miletos [3]. Seine Abkunft von Hermes und Merope (schol. B Hom. Od. 19,518) gründet wohl auf dem Diebstahlmotiv: P. stiehlt den von Zeus als Wächter über seinen Kultbezirk in Kreta eingesetzten goldenen Hund und bringt ihn Tantalos zur Verwahrung; Zeus fordert durch Hermes den Hund zurück und läßt Tantalos, der dessen Besitz leugnet, vom Sipylosgebirge ersch…

(Λάιος). [English version] [1] myth. thebanischer König Mythischer thebanischer König, Sohn des Labdakos, Enkel des Polydoros und Urenkel des Kadmos (Hdt. 5,59); der Name seiner Mutter wird nicht genannt. Er lebt vier Generationen vor dem Troianischen Krieg (sein Ururenkel Tisamenos bei Ausbruch des Krieges minderjährig: Paus. 9,5,13). Im Alter von einem Jahr verliert er den Vater (Apollod. 3,40), die Vormundschaft übernimmt Lykos, der Bruder von L.' Urgroßvater mütterlicherseits, Nykteus (Paus. 9,5,5)…

(Μύρμηξ). [English version] [1] Vater der eponymen Heroine des att. Demos Melite Nach Philochoros FGrH 328 F 27 und Hes. fr. 225 M.-W. (= Harpokr. 202,7 Dindorf) Vater der eponymen Heroine des attischen Demos Melite. Hierher gehört wohl die ebenfalls in Attika lokalisierte Sage von dem vergeblichen Krieg der Athener gegen die am Hymettos Goldstaub hütenden máchimoi mýrmēkes (“wehrhaften Ameisen”; Eubulos, Glaukos PCG V fr. 20), der sprichwörtlich wurde (Plat. polit. 450b; Harpokr. 308,6 Dindorf). Scherf, Johannes (Tübingen) [English version] [2] att. Mädchen Bei Serv. Aen. 4,4…

(Πανδίων). [English version] [1] att. König Mythischer attischer König und eponymer Heros der Phyle Pandionis [2] (mit 11 Demen [2. 370]), an 6. Stelle der auf Hellanikos [1] zurückgehenden Königsliste (FGrH 4, Komm. Bd. 1, p. 449), die später durch die Doppelungen des P. und des Kekrops, zuerst faßbar im Marmor Parium (FGrH 239 A 1-17), erweitert wurde. Hier nimmt P. I nun die 5., P. II die 8. Stelle ein. Urspr. dürfte die Liste wohl nur die Könige Kekrops, P., Erechtheus und Aigeus geboten haben, da nur sie als Könige auch gleichzeitig Phylenheroen waren. Es handelt sich also um eine, späte…

[English version] Tochter des vornehmen Sabiners Hersilius (Dion. Hal. ant. 3,1). Beim Raub der Sabinerinnen wird sie als einzige verheiratete Frau entführt (ein Reflex hiervon ist Cass. Dio 56,5,5: H. habe die Römerinnen tá gamiká, “was zur Ehe gehört”, gelehrt), bleibt mit ihrer ebenfalls entführten Tochter zusammen (Dion. Hal. ant. 2,45; Macr. Sat. 1,6,16) und heiratet in Rom nach manchen Quellen einen Hostilius und wird so Großmutter des Königs Tullus Hostilius (Dion. Hal. ant. 3,1; Plut. Romulus 18,29a); öfter findet man si…

[English version] (Πρωτεσίλαος, lat. Protesilaus; etwa “Erster im Volke”, vgl. Hom. Il. 2,702; [2. 938]; myth. Ausdeutung durch seinen Tod vor Troia bei Eust. Hom. Il. 2,700 p. 325; bei Hdt. 9,116 Πρωτεσίλεως). Sohn des Iphikles (Hom. Il. 2,704-707) oder des Aktor (Hes. fr. 199,6 M.-W.); als Mutter werden Astyoche (Eust. Il. 2,698 p. 323) oder Diomedeia (Hyg. fab. 103) genannt; wie sein Bruder Podarkes [1] (Hom. ebd.) Freier der Helene [1] (Hes. fr. 199,5 M.-W.). Anführer des Kontingents der Phthiot…

[English version] Bei Tac. Germ. 46,4 Name eines Fabelvolkes mit menschlichem Antlitz und tiergestaltigem Körper. Eine Etym., die auf einen Tiernamen zurückgeht, liegt somit nahe; vorgeschlagen wurde eine german. Entsprechung zu griech. ἐλλός, armen. eln, litau. élnis “Hirsch(kalb)” [1. 534-537]. Ob dieses Fabelvolk von skandinavischen Völkern oder eher von Seehunden mit ihrem menschenähnlichen Antlitz kündet, sei dahingestellt [1. 537]. Sicher nicht in Verbindung sind sie zu bringen mit den Helisii, einem Stammesteil der Lugier (Tac. Germ. 43,2). Scherf, Johannes (Tüb…

[English version] (Προμήθεια). Att. Fest unbekannten Datums zu Ehren des Prometheus, an welchem Fackelläufe stattfanden, die von dessen Altar in der Akademie (Akademeia) über den Kerameikos zu einem uns nicht überlieferten Ziel führten (Paus. 1,30,2; Schol. Aristoph. Ran. 135). Nach dem Vorbild der P. wurde an den Hephaistia (Hephaistos II.) der Fackellauf 421/20 v. Chr. eingeführt oder neu geregelt (IG I3 82,32-35). Jede Phyle stellte eine Mannschaft und einen Gymnasiarchen (Isaios 7,36) für den musischen Agon der Männer- und Knabenchöre (IG II2 1138; Ps.-Xen. Ath. pol. 3,4…

[English version] [1] Beiname der Athena (“Gorgotöter/in”). Beiname der Athena in Orph. h. 32,8 (siehe jedoch Gorgophone [1]). Scherf, Johannes (Tübingen) [English version] [2] Beiname des Perseus Beiname des Perseus (Eur. fr. 985 Nauck; Nonn. Dion. 18,305; 30,269; 31,12; 47,506; 47,536). Scherf, Johannes (Tübingen) [English version] [3] Sohn des Elektryon, Bruder der Alkmene Sohn des Elektryon und der Alkaiostochter Anaxo, somit Enkel des Perseus. Als seine Schwester wird Alkmene genannt, als seine Brüder Stratobates, Phylonomos, Kelainos, Amphim…

(Ἱππομένης). [English version] [1] Sieger des Wettlaufs mit Atalante Boioter aus Onchestos, Sohn des Megareus (Hyg. fab. 185) oder des Ares (schol. Theokr. 3,40) und einer Merope (Hyg. fab. 185). Vom Wettlauf des H. mit Atalante wußte schon Hesiod (fr. 74 M.-W.). Am ausführlichsten ist die Darstellung bei Ov. met. 10,560-707 [1]: Auf seine Bitte hin überläßt ihm Venus drei Äpfel, die Atalante während des Wettlaufs jeweils aufhebt und deshalb unterliegt. H. versäumt das Dankopfer; auf Veranlassung der Ven…

[English version] (φαλλός, lat. phallus; von einer idg. Wurzel * bhel-, “aufblasen”, “aufschwellen”). Das männliche Glied spielte als Träger der segenspendenden Zeugungskraft eine große Rolle in Rel. und Kult. Bes. eng ist seine Verknüpfung mit Dionysos: Ph.-Prozessionen finden sich an den ländlichen Dionysien (Aristoph. Ach. 241-276), wo der Ph. als Phales, dem das Kultlied gesungen wird, eigene Kontur erfährt (Aristoph. Ach. 263; 276), und an den großen Dionysien, wo zu der Prozession auch die Mitglieder des attischen Seebundes eigene phalloí entsandten [9. 592]. Wahrhaf…

(Γοργοφόνη). [English version] [1] Beiname der Athena Beiname der Athena in der Bed. “Gorgotöterin” (Eur. Ion 1478; Orph. h. 32,8 Quandt nach der Euripides-Stelle, doch ist γοργοφόνος im Vokativ überliefert); der Name kann auch als “furchtbar leuchtend” interpretiert werden (vgl. Persephone). Scherf, Johannes (Tübingen) Bibliography 1 F. Bräuninger, s.v. Persephone, RE 19, 946-947. [English version] [2] eine Danaide Eine der Danaiden, leibliche Schwester der Hypermestra. Als Gatten erhält sie Proteus (Apollod. 2,16 Wagner), als dessen Gattin auch eine…