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(Ἀριστομένης). [English version] [1] Messenischer Freiheitsheld (2.H. 7. Jh. v. Chr.) Messenischer Freiheitsheld, der den Aipytiden zugeordnet wird. A. soll mit Unterstützung von Arkadern und Argivern einen langjährigen messenischen Aufstand gegen Sparta geleitet haben. Nach Paus. 4,14,6-24,3 zog er sich, als er nach ersten Erfolgen in der sog. Schlacht am “Großen Graben” durch den Verrat des arkad. Königs Aristokrates [1] geschlagen wurde, auf die nordmessenische Bergfestung Hira zurück, von wo aus er di…

(Λίχας). [English version] [1] Bote des Herakles Bote des Herakles [1]; er überbringt diesem das Gewand, das Deianeira aus Eifersucht auf Iole mit dem Blut des Kentauren Nessos bestrichen hat (Hes. cat. fr. 25,20-25 M-W; Soph. Trach.; Bakchyl. 16; zu möglichen Vorläufern und Varianten s. [1]). Der vermeintliche Liebeszauber verursacht den Tod des Herakles, der, von Qualen ergriffen, den unschuldigen L. gegen einen Felsen im Meer schmettert (Soph. Trach. 772ff.; Apollod. 2,7,7? Text korrupt). Spätere Qu…

(Κομανός). [English version] [1] griech. Grammatiker aus Naukratis, 2. Jh. v. Chr. K. aus Naukratis. Griech. Grammatiker aus dem 2. Jh.v.Chr., verfaßte ein exegetisches Werk über Homer (ein Hypómnēma?; polemisch dagegen Aristarchos [4] von Samothrake ‘Gegen K./Πρὸς Κομανόν, schol. Hom. Il. 1,97-99; 2,798a; 24,110b). Die Gleichsetzung mit dem homonymen alexandrinischen Politiker K. [2] ist problematisch, auch wenn der Grammatiker in schol. Hes. erg. 97 “Hauptmundschenk des Königs” genannt wird. Die etwa 20 Fr. lassen eine …

(Ἱέρων). [English version] [1] H.I. Tyrann von Syrakus um 500 v. Chr. aus Gela, Deinomenide, Bruder Gelons [1], geb. ca. 540/530 v.Chr. Heiratete zuerst eine Tochter des Nikokles von Syrakus (vor 485), danach des Anaxilaos von Rhegion (ca. 480), schließlich des Xenokrates, eines Bruders des Theron von Akragas (ca. 475). Er siegte mehrere Male beim Pferde- und Wagenrennen in Delphi (482, 478, 470) und Olympia (476, 472, 468) [1. 208ff.]. 485 von Gelon mit der Herrschaft über Gela betraut, folgte er diesem 47…

(Ἑρμίας). [English version] [1] Um 350 v. Chr. Tyrann über Atarneus und Assos Um 350 v.Chr. Nachfolger des Eubulos als Tyrann über Atarneus und Assos (Diog. Laert. 5,3), vielleicht Schüler Platons (Strab. 13,1,57; Theop. FGrH 115 F 250; aber dagegen Plat. epist. 6,322e). Neben anderen Philosophen holte er Aristoteles an den Hof und verheiratete ihn mit seiner Nichte Pythias. Nachdem die Perser 343/2 Ägypten zurückerobert hatten, hielt H. auch sein Gebiet für bedroht und nahm Kontakt mit Philippos II. auf (De…

(νομοφύλακες, “Gesetzeswächter”). [English version] I. Klassische Zeit N. sind in klass. Zeit Amtsträger mit der Aufgabe, den Gehorsam gegenüber den Gesetzen ( nómoi) durchzusetzen. In Athen soll der Areopag (Areios Pagos) bis zu den Reformen des Ephialtes [2] (462 v.Chr.) die Funktion der nomophylakía erfüllt haben ([Aristot.] Ath. pol. 3,6; [4,4]; 8,4; 25,2). Nach einer Version in einem Fr. des Philochoros (FGrH 328 F 64) setzte Ephialtes ein Kollegium von sieben n. ein, die auch einige rel. Aufgaben hatten, doch ist es wahrscheinlicher, daß das Amt dieser n. erst kurz vor 323 …

(Λεωνίδης). Vgl. auch Leonidas. [English version] [1] General Ptolemaios' I., um 300 v. Chr. General Ptolemaios' I., 310/309 v.Chr. stratēgós in Kilikia (Diod. 20,19,4). L. weihte wohl 309/308 einen Helm in Delos (IG XI 2, 161 B 77), und wurde 308 von Ptolemaios als Kommandant seines griech. Besitzes eingesetzt. 307/306 fungierte L. als stratēgós in Sikyon und Korinth; nach 301 kommandierte er zusammen mit Philokles (?) ptolem. Söldner in Pamphylien (SEG 17, 639; Aspendos). Es ist unklar, ob er mit Berve, Bd. 2, Nr. 470 zu identifizieren ist. Ameling, Walter (Jena) Bibliography R. Ba…

(μαχαιροφόροι). [English version] [1] Teil der ptolem. Königsgarde In ptolem. Zeit Teil der Königsgarde und bes. für Gendarmeriezwecke und zum Schutz hoher Zivilbeamter benutzt (später auch beim kōmárchēs oder dem práktōr laografías); es müssen nicht notwendig Ägypter gewesen sein (vgl. z.B. OGIS 737). In der Kaiserzeit ist der Begriff oft einfach als Synonym für “Soldat(en)” verwendet; es gab m. im Dienst des kaiserlichen Hausgutes, als Leibwächter bei Beamten, die mit Steuern und anderen Geldern umzugehen hatten. Zu ihrer Versorgung gab es eine eigene Steuer, das opsṓnion tu m…

(Ἡγησίστρατος). [English version] [1] Tyrann von Sigeion, um 530 v.Chr. Sohn des Peisistratos und der Argeierin Timonassa (Hdt. 5,94; Aristot. Ath. pol. 17,3). Von seinem Vater um 530 v.Chr. als Tyrann von Sigeion eingesetzt, verteidigte er die Stadt als “Kolonie” der Peisistratiden gegen die Mytilenäer (Hdt. a.O.). Tyrannis Beck, Hans (Köln) Bibliography Davies 11793,VI (B)  M. Stahl, Aristokraten und Tyrannen, 1987, 220f.  Traill, PAA 481600. [English version] [2] Seher im Heer des Mardonios, 5. Jh. v.Chr. H. aus Elis, Sohn des Tellias. Floh aus der spartanischen Gefa…

(Ἀσκληπιόδοτος). [English version] [1] Ptolemäischer Statthalter Kariens (nach 305 v.Chr.) Nach 305 v.Chr. ptolemaischer Gouverneur (?) Kariens. Ameling, Walter (Jena) Bibliography R. Bagnall, The administration of the Ptolemaic posessions outside Egypt, 1976, 90f. [English version] [2] Militärtheoretiker (1. Jh. v. Chr.) Verf. einer militärtheoretischen Schrift in 12 Kapiteln (Ἀσκληπιοδότου φιλοσόφου τακτικὰ κεφάλαια; tradiert im cod. Laur. LV-4 (F) und 11 weiteren, davon abhängigen Hss.) und wird mit einem von Seneca erwähnten Hörer …

(Κάστωρ). [English version] [1] einer der Dioskuren s. Dioskuroi Geus, Klaus (Bamberg) [English version] [2] K. von Rhodos griech. Historiker, 1. Jh. v. Chr. Griech. Gesch.-Schreiber der 1. H. des 1. Jh.v.Chr., dessen Vita in Suda s.v. mit der des gleichnamigen galatischen Dynasten verwechselt ist, Verf. von Chroniká in 6 B. von Belos (Baal) und Ninos (2123/2 v.Chr.) an bis zur Neuordnung Vorderasiens durch Pompeius (61/0 v.Chr.), mit Königs- und Beamtenlisten von Assyrien, Sikyon, Argos, Athen, Alba und Rom. Das Gerüst seines mehrsträngige…

(Λάμπων; Lámpōn). [German version] [1] Son of Pytheas of Aegina, 5th cent. BC Son of Pytheas of Aegina; after the victory at Plataeae (479 BC), he suggested to Pausanias that the body of Mardonius be defiled just like the latter had dishonoured the body of Leonidas [1] at Thermopylae (Hdt. 9,78f.). Stein-Hölkeskamp, Elke (Cologne) [German version] [2] Seer, co-founders of Thurii L. the Seer. He participated in the founding of Thurii (Diod. Sic. 12,10,3; schol. Aristoph. Nub. 332; Phot. s.v. Θουριομάντις; Plut. Mor. 812d). By interpreting an omen (σημείον /sēmeíon: one-horned ram) in…

[German version] A. Antecedents in the ancient Orient Court titles (CT) and court ranks in antiquity, used for the description and creation of personal proximity of members of courtly society to the  ruler or to the hierarchical rank classification of the upper class involved in administration, are a consequence of the emergence of territorial monarchies from the time of Alexander [4] the Great and the resulting organization of  courts as centres of political rule. The question of ancient Oriental antec…

(Κλεόβουλος; Kleóboulos). [German version] [1] Tyrant of Lindus, fl. 7th-6th cent. BC, poet Tyrant of Lindus (Rhodes), flourished in the 7th-6th cent. BC, considered to be one of the  seven wise men [1]. He composed ‘songs and riddles in about 3,000 verses’ (Diog. Laert. 1,89). Apart from 20 sayings (I6 p. 63, 1-12 DK), a short letter to Solon (Epist. p. 207 Hercher), a fragment of a scolion in a moralizing tone (SH 526). Preserved is only a funerary epigram in hexameter for king  Midas (Anth. Pal. 7,153 = GVI 1171a), quoted by Plato (Phaedr. …

(Greek κλῆρος/ klêros , Lat. sors). I. Political [German version] A. Greece The lot was used especially in democracies, but not only in such, as a means to distribute office among those who were equally eligible, rather than appointing the best candidate under the circumstances. For Athens, the Aristotelian Athenaion Politeia states that Solon introduced the selection of the archons by lot from a short list of pre-selected candidates ([Aristot.] Ath. pol. 8,1; but differing: Aristot. Pol. 2,1273b 35-1274a 3; 1274a 16-17; 3,1281b 25-34). In the…

(Πολυκράτης; Polycrátēs). [German version] [1] Tyrant of Samos, 540-522 BC Son of Aeaces [1], tyrant of Samos c. 540-522 BC, initially together with his brothers Pantagnostus and Syloson; he killed the former and expelled the latter (Hdt. 3,39). Aristotle calls major constructions comparable to the pyramids [6] 'the works of P.' (Aristot. Pol. 1313b 24); Herodotus pinpoints three buildings on Samos as the largest among those of the Greeks: the Temple of Hera, the harbour mole and the aqueduct of the architect Eu…

(Εὔφρων; Eúphrōn). [German version] [1] Sculptor from Paros, 5th cent. BC Sculptor from Paros who worked in Athens in the middle of the 5th cent. BC. Based on the evidence from extant sculpture pedestals, he created votive reliefs. The bearded head of a herm dedicated in Piraeus is extant. Neudecker, Richard (Rome) Bibliography Jeffery, 363, no. 29 C. Karouzos, En feuilletant les vieilles publications, in: BCH 70, 1946, 263-270 A. E. Raubitschek, Dedications from the Athenian Akropolis, 1949, no. 298, 304. [German version] [2] Pro-Spartan Theban, succesful in a democratic coup Afte…

(Ἱέραξ; Hiérax). [German version] [1] H. of Antiochia, strategos of Ptolemy VI after 146 BC H. of Antiochia, deserted Demetrius [7] I for Alexander [13] Balas (Diod. Sic. 33,3), and then deserted him in 146 BC for Ptolemy VI, whom he had proclaimed king by the Antiochenes (Diod. Sic. 32,9 c). He had a high position at the court and, as strategos (?) of Ptolemy VIII, he foiled the uprising of  Galestes, but then was eliminated by the king (Diod. Sic. 33,22; FGrH 87 F 4). PP 1/8,264; 2, 2163; 6, 17012. Ameling, Walter (Jena) [German version] [2] Commander in chief of Ptolemy IX in 88 BC Sent by Ptolemy…

(Διονυσόδωρος; Dionysódōros). [German version] [1] Taxiarch to Theramenes c. 400 BC Taxiarch to Theramenes, betrayed to the Thirty by Agoratus (Lys. or. 13,30; 39-42). The latter was taken to court in 399/98 BC by D.'s brother and brother-in-law, Dionysius, the speaker of the 13th oration written by Lysias. Strothmann, Meret (Bochum) [German version] [2] Theban and Olympic winner, envoy and participant in the battle of Issus Theban and Olympic winner. Sent as an ambassador to  Darius [3] and taken prisoner together with other Greek ambassadors by Parmenion in …

(Κάστωρ; Kástōr). [German version] [1] see Dioscuri see  Dioscuri Geus, Klaus (Bamberg) [German version] [2] C. of Rhodos Greek historian, 1st cent. BC Greek historiographer of the first half of the 1st cent. BC, whose vita in Suda s.v. is confused with that of the homonymous Galatian dynast, author of Chronicle in six books from Belus ( Baal) and  Ninus (2123/2 BC) on until the restructuring of the Near East by Pompey (61/0 BC), with lists of kings and officials from Assyria, Sicyon, Argus, Athens, Alba and Rome. The structure of his many-stra…

(Πέλοψ; Pélops). [German version] [1] Son of Tantalus Son of Tantalus (Cypria fragment 13 EpGF; in Hyg. Fab. 82 from his liaison with Dione), husband of Hippodamia [1], father of Atreus, Thyestes, Pittheus and other children (Pind. O. 1,88f. with schol.). P.'s original homeland was Asia Minor (cf. Pind. Ol. 1,24; Hdt. 7,8).  P.'s father Tantalus chops him into pieces, cooks him and serves him up to the gods. Demeter is the only one who fails to notice the horrendous deed and eats part of his shoulder (A…

(Μανία; Manía). [German version] [1] Greek personification of madness Greek personification of madness. Cultic worship as Maníai (plural!) in the place of that name near Megalopolis. According to Paus. 8,34,1-3, Orestes went mad there (identification with Erinyes/Eumenides? Erinys). In the singular M. is found only in Quint. Smyrn. 5,451ff. for the rage of Ajax [1]. M. appears with an annotation of the name on a Lower Italian vase by Asteas depicting Hercules's infanticide ( Lyssa, Oestrus). Käppel, Lutz (Kiel) [German version] [2] Name of the Roman goddess Larunda Another name for…

(Καλλικλῆς; Kalliklês). [German version] [1] Collocutor in Plato's Gorgias Collocutor in Plato's ‘ Gorgias; taking it as his premise that nature ranks above the law, he advocates the right of the stronger (Pl. Grg. 483 c-d). This is the lesson of the  Gorgias (Gorg. Encomium Helenae 6), understood by Aristotle (Aristot. Soph. el. 12,173a 8-16) as the conflict between truth and the opinion of the majority. C. is, however, no Sophist: on the contrary, he distances himself from them (Pl. Grg. 520a). From his So…

(Ἐπιγένης; Epigénēs). [German version] [0] Of Sicyon, Greek tragedian, 6th cent. BC E. of  Sicyon. According to the Suda s. v.  Thespis (θ 282 = TrGF I 1 T 1), the first tragedian (6th cent. BC). The audience supposedly reacted to the lack of Dionysiac content in his plays with the proverbial exclamation οὐδὲν πρὸς τὸν Διόνυσον ( oudèn pròs tòn Diónyson, ‘But this has nothing to do with  Dionysus!’; TrGF I 1 T 18,3). Perhaps E.'s activity may be related to the τραγικοὶ χοροί ( tragikoì choroí, ‘tragic choruses’) attested for Sicyon in Hdt. 5,67 [2. 21-23].  Tragedy I Zimmermann, Bernhard (Fr…

(Σεραπίων; Serapíōn). [German version] [1] S. of Antioch Mathematical geographer, 1st cent. BC Mathematical geographer to whom Plin. HN 1,2 referred to as gnomonicus ('measurer of shadows'). In 59 BC, Cicero (who was his contemporary) received S.'s geographical treatise from Atticus as the newest source for his planned Geographica but was hardly able to understand the content (Cic. Att. 2,4,1). In the treatise, Cicero encountered S.'s fierce criticism of Eratosthenes [2] (ibid. 2,6,1). S. estimated the circumference of the sun to be 18 times t…

(Τίμαρχος/ Tímarchos). [German version] [1] Athenian from Sphettus, politician, 4th cent. BC Son of Arizelus from the demos of Sphettus, Athenian politician in the 4th cent. BC who held several offices from 361/0 on (member of the council and of the financial office, legate). The speech of Aeschines [2] (who was about the same age as T.) of 345 in which he defended against a parapresbeías graphḗ filed by T. was directed against T., who was a follower of Demosthenes [2] and an adherent of pronounced anti-Macedonian politics. The accusatio…

(Ἡφαιστίων; Hēphaistíōn). [German version] [1] Commander under Alexander the Great, 4th cent. BC H. of Pella, friend and probably lover of  Alexander [4]. Their relationship was soon likened to that of  Patroclus and  Achilles [1] and correspondingly embellished. It is doubtful whether he was a childhood friend of Alexander (Curt. 3,12,16), as he was not banished by  Philippus II in 337 BC. The wreath offered to Patroclus at Troy and the scene described in the vulgate version ( Alexander historians) of the c…

(Ἀριστόβουλος; Aristóboulos). [German version] [1] Judas A. I., High Priest 104-103 BC Judas A. I, son and successor of John  Hyrcanus, High Priest in 104-103 BC, had his mother and brother incarcerated or killed to secure his rule. This and his philhellenic leanings determined his negative image in Jewish tradition. The claim of Josephus that he took on the title of king is thrown into doubt by (rare) coins with the Hebrew legend: ‘Judas the High Priest and the Council of Elders of the Jews’. During his ca…

(Ἡρῴδης; Hērṓidēs). [German version] [1] H. I.; Herod the Great. Born in c. 73 BC, son of  Antipater [4] and the Arabian woman Cyprus. In 47 appointed strategos of Galilaea, he came into conflict with the Sanhedrin of Jerusalem because of the execution on his own authority of persons involved in a revolt. The Roman governor of Syria Sex.  Iulius [I 11] Caesar made him the strategos of Coilesyria and Samaria. In 43 he proved himself to be indispensable to one of the murderers of Caesar, C.  Cassius [I 10], in the exploitation of the land, likewise in 41 after …

[German version] [1] Nomos, nomoi (ὁ νόμος/ ho nómos, pl. οἱ νόμοι/ hoi nómoi). Siewert, Peter (Vienna) [German version] A. General In Greek, nómos (pl. nómoi) refers to customary conduct or a behavioural norm observed by members of a community; depending on the context it can be translated with ‘custom’, ‘habit’, ‘practice’, ‘rule’, ‘order’, ‘institution’, ‘constitution’, ‘law’ etc. (cf. [1. 20-54; 2. 14-19]). The size of the communities where a nómos applied could vary considerably: from married couples and families to cult and settlement communities, from cit…

(Σκόπας/ Skópas). [German version] [1] Sculptor from Paros, mid 4th cent. BC Sculptor from Paros, active in the mid 4th cent. BC, working mostly in marble and very occasionally in bronze. In the opinion of the ancient world, S. was one of the most important masters of Greek sculpture. Written records ascribe to him approximately 25-30 individual works and major projects, which should probably be allotted to several sculptors with the same name of different generations. The extant pediment sculptures from th…

(Μόνιμος/ Mónimos). [German version] [1] From Syracuse, pupil of Diogenes M. from Syracuse, slave of a Corinthian banker, heard Xeniades, a rich citizen of Corinth, extol the virtue of Diogenes [14] of Sinope, who lived with him. In order to be able to leave his master and follow Diogenes, M. made out that he was insane; he was dismissed and so became Diogenes' pupil. He also stayed with Crates [4] for a long time and imitated his way of life (Diog. Laert. 6,82). M. must have been famous, as he appears in…

(Κλεομένης; Kleoménēs). [German version] [1] Athenian, rejected the Spartan terms of peace in 404 BC Athenian who rejected the Spartan terms of peace in the popular assembly in 404 BC (Plut. Lysandros 14). Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum) [German version] [2] Member of a Spartan court of arbitration concerning Salamis at the end of the 7th cent. BC Spartan, member of a Spartan court of arbitration that allegedly awarded the island of  Salamis to the Athenians at the end of the 7th cent. BC (Plut. Solon 10). Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum) [German version] [3] C. I. Spartan king, probably …

(κώμη; kṓmē, plural κῶμαι; kômai). [German version] A. Greece in the 5th and 4th cents. BC With the meaning ‘village’, kome signified in the Greek world a small community. Thucydides regarded life in scattered, unfortified kômai as the older and more primitive form of communal living in a political unit (Thuc. 1,5,1; on Sparta: 1,10,1; on the Aetolians: 3,94,4). Under the Aristotelian model of pólis formation, families first group together in a kṓmē, and then the kômai group together in a pólis (Aristot. Pol. 1,1252b 15-28; cf. 3,1280b 40-1281a 1). Scattered living in a kome is typical f…

(Παγκράτης/ Pankrátēs). [German version] [1] Musician, archaic style Musician; according to Aristoxenus [1] an enthusiast of the archaic style ( trópos) of Pindar and Simonides (Plut. De Musica 1137f). Harmon, Roger (Basle) [German version] [2] Poet, 3rd-2nd cent. BC Hellenistic poet (3rd-2nd cent. BC), author of the didactic poem Θαλάσσια ἔργα ( Maritime works), of which three fragments, dealing with the pilotfish, the wrasse and the salp and their 'common' names, are preserved by Athenaeus (who always refers to him as Arkás). Identification with the homonymous author of a Bokchorē…

(Ζωίλος/ Zōílos). [German version] [1] Greek Sophist from Amphipolis, 4th cent. BC Greek Sophist from Amphipolis, 4th cent. BC; active in the area of historiography [1], rhetoric [3] and philology; pupil of Polycrates [3], teacher of Anaximenes [2] from Lampsacus and Demosthenes [2]. However, Z. owes his fame to his criticism of Homerus [1] in his work Κατὰ τῆς Ὁμήρου ποιήσεως/ Katà tês Homērou poiḗseōs ('Against Homer's verse'; 9 books; fragments in [2]) which earned him the epithet Ὁμηρομάστιξ ( Homēromástix, 'Scourge of Homer'). Motivated by the Cynic approach, Z. endeav…

(Χαιρέας; Chairéas). [German version] [1] Strategos at Cyzicus, 410 BC Son of Archestratus (Lycomide?) of Athens. In 411/10 BC co- strategos in Samos, sent to Athens on the  Paralus, but was able to return (Thuc. 8,74,1-3; 86,3). In 410 strategos at Cyzicus (Diod. Sic. 13,49,6; 50,7; 51,3). PA 15093. Kinzl, Konrad (Peterborough) Bibliography Davies, 9238 Fraser/Matthews, GPN 2, 1994, 469, no. 3 A. W. Gomme et al., Historical Commentary on Thucydides, 5, 1981, 266-268. [German version] [2] Nauarch of Ptolemy IX, 1st cent. BC Nauarch of Ptolemy IX; perhaps strategos of Cyprus; 88 BC…

(Ἀθηνίων; Athēníōn). [German version] [1] Peripatetic rhetorician in Athens Peripatetic rhetorician in Athens (different from  Aristion [1. 341-343]), only known from the polemic party of  Posidonius (FGrH 87 fr. 36). Sent from Athens to  Mithridates VI in 88 BC, taken up by him among his φίλοι ( phíloi, friends), he won the support of the people with Mithridates' support and had as στρατηγὸς ἐπὶ τὰ ὅπλα ( strategòs epì tà hópla) a decisive influence on Athenian politics (‘tyrant’). A failed raid on Delos seems to have ended his political career. Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart) Bibliogra…

(Πρώταρχος/ Prṓtarchos). [German version] [1] Comic poet from Thespiae, 1st cent. BC Comic poet from Thespiae, victorious on one occasion in the 1st cent. BC at the Soteria of Acraephia, and son or father of the epic poet Protogenes; otherwise, nothing is known of him. Nesselrath, Heinz-Günther (Göttingen) Bibliography PCG VII, 1989, 583. [German version] [2] Epicurean from Bargilia, 2nd cent. BC P. of Bargilia. Teacher of Demetrius [21] Lacon (Str. 14,20; 2nd cent. BC), perhaps in Miletus. It is unlikely that he was the head of the Epicurean 'Garden' ( kḗpos ). Dorandi, Tiziano (Paris) Bi…

(Φιλοκράτης; Philokrátēs). [German version] [1] Athenian politician (beginning of the 4th cent. BC) Athenian who advised the Athenians at the negotiations in 392/1 BC to reject a peace treaty with Sparta (Dem. Or. 23,116f.). As stratēgós, P. in the summer of 390 BC commanded ten ships that were sent to Cyprus to help Evagoras [1] but were captured by the Spartan Nauarch Teleutias (Xen. Hell. 4,8,24). Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld) Bibliography P. Funke, Homónoia und Arché, 1980, 95; 144f.; 150. [German version] [2] Athenian rhetor and envoy, 4th cent. BC Son of Pythodorus from the de…

(Δημαίνετος; Dēmaínetos). [German version] [1] Epithet of Asclepius in Elis Epithet of  Asclepius in Elis, from the name of the cult founder (Paus. 6,21,4). Bloch, René (Berne) [German version] [2] From Parrhasia, allegedly transformed into a wolf D. from Parrhasia, a town in Arcadia. He is said to have been transformed into a wolf after he ate the flesh of a boy whom the Arcadians had sacrificed to Jupiter Lycaeus. After 10 years he became human again and was victorious in boxing at Olympia (Scopas FGrH 413 F 1; Varro in Aug. Civ. 18,17). In Paus. 6,8,2 he is called Damarchos. Bloch, René (Ber…

(Σωσιγένης; Sōsigénēs). [German version] [1] S. of Caunus is attested as oikonómos of Ptolemaeus [1] I in Lycia (SEG 27,929, Limyra) in 288/7 BC. Ameling, Walter (Jena) [German version] [2] Comedy writer, 2nd cent. BC Comedy writer, only attested epigraphically as a participant of the Attic Dionysiac agon in 157 BC, where he took sixth place with the play Λυτρούμενος ( Lytroúmenos, 'The ransomed man'). Nesselrath, Heinz-Günther (Göttingen) Bibliography 1 PCG VII, 1989, 603. [German version] [3] Astronomer, computed the Julian calendar for Caesar Astronomer charged by Caesar w…

(Ἑρμοκράτης; Hermokrátēs). [German version] [1] Syracusan statesman, 424 BC Syracusan statesman and general. Became prominent for the first time at the peace conference of Gela in 424 BC and successfully invited the Sicilian Greeks with the slogan ‘Sicily to the Siceliots’ to settle the internal disputes (Thuc. 4,58-64). In 415 he recommended the formation of a coalition against Athens reaching beyond Sicily (Thuc. 6,32,3-34). Initially chosen as one of three authorized strategoi, but soon, like his colleagues, deposed because of his lack of success (Thuc. 6,73,1; …

(Κλεομένης). [English version] [1] Athener, lehnte 404 v. Chr. die spartan. Friedensbedingungen ab Athener, der 404 v.Chr. in der Volksversammlung die spartan. Friedensbedingungen ablehnte (Plut. Lysandros 14). Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum) [English version] [2] Mitglied im spartan. Schiedsgericht E. 7. Jh. v. Chr. über die Insel Salamis Spartiat, Mitglied eines spartan. Schiedsgerichts, das Ende des 7. Jh.v.Chr. den Athenern die Insel Salamis zugesprochen haben soll (Plut. Solon 10). Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum) [English version] [3] K. I. Spartan. König wohl ab …

(Λάμπων). [English version] [1] Sohn des Pytheas aus Aigina, 5. Jh. v. Chr. Sohn des Pytheas aus Aigina, schlug nach dem Sieg bei Plataiai (479 v.Chr.) dem Pausanias vor, den Leichnam des Mardonios so zu schänden, wie dieser bei den Thermopylen den toten Leonidas [1] entehrt hatte (Hdt. 9,78f.). Stein-Hölkeskamp, Elke (Köln) [English version] [2] Seher, Mitbegründer von Thurioi L. der Seher. An der Gründung von Thurioi beteiligt (Diod. 12,10,3; schol. Aristoph. Nub. 332; Phot. s.v. Θουριομάντις; Plut. mor. 812d). Durch Deutung eines Vorzeichens ( sēmeíon: einhörniger Widder) 444…

(Παγκράτης). [English version] [1] Musiker, archaischer Stil Musiker, gemäß Aristoxenos [1] Nacheiferer des archa. Stils ( trópos) von Pindar und Simonides (Plut. de musica 1137f). Harmon, Roger (Basel) [English version] [2] Dichter, 3./2. Jh. v. Chr. Hell. Dichter (3./2. Jh.v.Chr.), Verf. des Lehrgedichts Θαλάσσια ἔργα (‘Meereswerke), von dem drei Fr. über den Lotsenfisch, den Lippfisch und die Salpe und ihre “volkstümlichen” Namen durch Athenaios überliefert sind (der sie immer als Arkás bezeichnet). Sehr unsicher ist die Gleichsetzung mit dem gleichnamigen Verf. einer Bok…

[English version] [1] Iudas A. I., Hoherpriester 104-103 v. Chr. Iudas A. I., Sohn und Nachfolger des Iohannes Hyrkanos, Hohepriester 104-103 v. Chr., ließ zur Sicherung seiner Herrschaft seine Mutter und seine Brüder einkerkern bzw. töten. Dies und seine philhell. Neigungen bestimmen sein negatives Bild in der jüd. Überlieferung. Die Behauptung des Iosephos, er habe den Königstitel angenommen, wird durch (seltene) Münzen mit der hebr. Legende: ›Iudas der Hohepriester und der Ältestenrat der Juden‹ in Fra…

(Πολυκράτης). [English version] [1] Tyrann von Samos 540-522 v. Chr. Sohn des Aiakes [1], Tyrann von Samos gegen 540 bis 522 v. Chr., anfangs mit den Brüdern Pantagnostos und Syloson; den ersten tötete, den zweiten vertrieb er (Hdt. 3,39). Den Pyramiden vergleichbare Großbauten nennt Aristoteles [6] ‘die Werke des P.’ (Aristot. pol. 1313b 24); Herodot hebt in Samos drei Bauten als die größten unter denen der Griechen hervor: Heratempel, Hafenmole und die Wasserleitung des Architekten Eupalinos (Hdt. 3,60)…

(Πρώταρχος). [English version] [1] Komödiendichter aus Thespiai, 1. Jh. v. Chr. Komödiendichter aus Thespiai, der im 1. Jh. v. Chr. einmal an den Soteria von Akraiphia siegte und Sohn oder Vater des Ependichters Protogenes war; sonst ist nichts bekannt. Nesselrath, Heinz-Günther (Göttingen) Bibliography PCG VII, 1989, 583. [English version] [2] Epikureer aus Bargilia, 2. Jh. v. Chr. P. aus Bargilia. Lehrer des Demetrios [21] Lakon (Strab. 14,20; 2. Jh. v. Chr.), vielleicht in Milet. Daß er epikureisches Schuloberhaupt des “Gartens” ( kḗpos ) war, ist unwahrscheinlich. Dorandi, …

(Διονυσόδωρος). [English version] [1] Taxiarch des Theramenes um 400 v. Chr. Taxiarch des Theramenes, wurde von Agoratos an die Dreißig verraten (Lys. or. 13,30; 39-42). Diesen verklagte 399/98 v.Chr. der Bruder und Schwager des D., Dionysios, der Sprecher der 13. Rede des Lysias. Strothmann, Meret (Bochum) [English version] [2] Thebaner und olympischer Sieger, Gesandter und Teilnehmer an Schlacht von Issos Thebaner und olympischer Sieger. Als Gesandter zu Dareios [3] geschickt und mit anderen griech. Gesandten nach der Schlacht von Issos von Parmenion i…