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[German version] Numidian prince, who in 206 BC rose violently to power as regent of the Massyli. M. sought support from Carthage, marrying a niece of Hannibal [4]. Late in 206, M. was defeated by the pretender Massinissa, his kinsman, on the latter's return from Spain, but his life was spared (Liv. 29,29,6-30,12). In 202, he - if he is to be identified with the Mesotylus mentioned by Appian (App. Lib. 33,141) - rebelled, and fought for Hannibal. He presumably fell at Zama.…

Name of a Roman plebeian family, documented with certainty only from the 1st cent. BC on (T. [I 2] might be unhistorical). Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) I. Republican Period [German version] [I 1] T., C. Son of an ill-reputed (Cic. Phil. 13,23; the same as in Hor. Sat. 1,4,114?) Roman equestrian. In 58 BC [1], T. worked as quaestor urbanus against P. Clodius' [I 4] switch to the plebs . As tribune of the people in 55, he introduced laws that gave M. Licinius [I 11] Crassus and Cn. Pompeius [I 3] provincial terms of five years and extended Caesar's office in Gallia to the same length as well (Plut. Pompeius 52,4; Cass. Dio 39,33,2; 39,34,3). There, he was Caesar's legate from 54 to 49. In the Civil War, T. led the long siege of Massalia in 49 (Caes. B Civ. 2,1-16). In 48 as …

[German version] [1] Sister of M. Porcius [I 7] Cato Sister of M. Porcius [I 7] Cato, married to L. Domitius [I 8] Ahenobarbus. She outlived her husband, who was killed in 48 BC, and died a highly respected woman before August 45; on the model of M. (Terentius?) Varro and a certain Ollius, Cicero dedicated an elogy to her (Att. 13,37,3; 48,2). Fündling, Jörg (Bonn) …

[German version] Rare Italian surname, known through the senator Q. L., friend of T. Pomponius Atticus. Varro depicts L., who owned herds of cattle and above all large stud farms in Epirus, as a horse expert (Varro, Rust. 2,7,1-16); L. was also famous for his witty and complicated humour (Varro, Rust. 2,5,1). His mention in Cic. Att. 7,5,3 is doubtful.…

Name of probably the most important Roman plebeian family. The similarity to the Etruscan name lecne and the links between the gens and Etruria in historical times (L. [I 7]) suggest an origin in that region [1. 108, n. 3]; the name may, however, also be of Latin origin ( Licinus). The spelling with a double ‘n’ occurs not only in the Greek form Λικίννιος ( Likínnios), but also in Latin inscriptions [1. 108, n. 1]. In the annalistic historical records dealing with the early Republic, members of the family appear among the earliest people's tribunes, reaching their polit…

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Roman family name derived from the praenomen Tullus; oldest traditional bearer of the name is the sixth king of Rome, Servius T. [I 4]; until the time of Cicero and his family, other bearers are only rarely recorded. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) …

[German version] Italian nomen gentile, recorded primarily in inscriptions (cf. [1. 274 f.]; AE 1986,262; 1996,532). The only prominent member was Q. T. Sabinus, son of a mint-master c. 88 BC (MRR 2,454), who served Cn. Pompeius [I 3] in Spain (Sall. Hist. 2,94 M.) and was a legate of Caesar in Gaul…

[German version] Italic nomen gentile. Known from L. R., aide of C. Verres in Sicily in 73-71 BC (Cic. Verr. 2,2,31). In 56 a people's tribune of the same name (his son?) acted in the interests of the  Senate against P. Clodius [I 4] (Cic. Fam. 1,7,2; Cic. Ad Q. Fr. 2,1,2; Cic. Planc. 77 with scholia Bobiensia 165 f. Stangl); probably the same R. conspired against Q. Cassius [I 16] Longinus in Spain in 48 and was executed (Bell. Alex. 53,3; 55,2). Fündling, Jörg (Bo…

Oscan praenomen ( Egnatius [I 3]). Attested as a Roman nomen gentile from the 2nd cent. BC. The most important holder is the seven-time consul M. [I 1]; the prominent Imperial-period Spanish bearer of the name, M. [II 3], is probably a descendant of family members of that Marius. I. Republican Period [German version] [I 1] M., C. Seven-time consul, victor over Jugurtha and over the Cimbri and Teutoni, opponent of Sulla The seven-time consul; victor over Jugurtha and over the Cimbri and Teutoni. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum)…

(also Mithradates; Μιθριδάτης/ Mithridátēs, Μιθραδάτης/ Mithradátēs ). The personal name Μιθραδάτης is Persian - coins [4. 10-17] attest to the original spelling. Inscriptions, (Syll.3 709 passim; 741,14,23; 742,4; 12) sporadically give Μιθριδάτης, even contemporary ones (Greek ILS 37,8, Latin ILS 38,28; 60,5; 9), which is the form found in most later documents (Syll.3 785,10) and manuscripts. The change α/ι is due to weakening of vow…

[German version] Proper name derived from praeco ('herald'). Known because of P., the mistress of P. Cornelius [I 15] Cethegus c. 75 BC. By giving her impressive gifts L. Licinius [I 26] Lucullus secured Cethegus’ support and with it the province of Cilicia (Plut. Lucullus 6,2-4). …

Name of a Plebeian family (connection with the Campanian city of Pompeii is unclear). The family acquired political significance with P. [I 1]; he is the origin of the Rufi branch. With P. [I 8] a related branch attained consulship and with his son Cn. P. [I 3] Magnus supplied the most significant member of the gens. Both lineages continue until the early Imperial period (family trees: [1; 2; 3]). I. Republican Period [German version] [I 1] P., Q. Consul 141 BC A homo novus and popular orator (Cic. Brut. 96), he became consul in 141 BC, despite resistance from the nobility a…

[German version] [1] Brother of T. [2], 1st cent. BC Brother of T. [2], senator, excluded from the Senate and exiled by Caesar; an appeal for clemency on his behalf was the signal for the murder of the dict…

Roman nomen gentile, attested from the 1st cent. BC evident mainly in Gallia Cisalpina (frequently confused with Verginius in MSS). The spelling …

[German version] Roman cognomen, very rarely also a surname [1. 289]. Probably a diminutive of the forename Lucius [1. 177, 461]. The form Luciolus is also attested [2. 128]. The combination of Lucius and L. appears in about 200 BC in the family of the Licinians: Licinius [I 23-29] (the commander with a proverbially luxurious lifestyle [I 26]). The epithet L. then passes from there by adoption to M. Terentius Varro ( cos. 73) [2. 39]. Fündling, Jörg (Bonn) Bibliography 1 Schulze 2 Kajanto, Cognomina.

Name of a Roman plebeian family. Bearers of the name, recorded from the 3rd cent. BC, not of urban Roman origin, emerged as business people from the 2nd cent. (ILLRP 723b; 747; 1025) and received Roman citizenship perhaps only after the Social War [3]. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) I. Republican period [German version] [I 1] L., L. Proscribed in 82 BC Read his name on one of Sulla's lists of proscribed persons in 82 BC and was thereupon immediately killed on leaving the Forum (Oros. 5,21,4f.). Fündling, Jörg (Bonn) [German version] [I 2] L., L. Pompey's legate against the pirates in 67 BC Pompey's legate against the pirates in 67 BC, commanded the Aegean Sea and the western coast of Asia Minor as far as Rhodes (App. Mithr. 436). In 65, L. conquered, together with Q. Caecilius [I 29] Metellus Nepos, Damascus (Jos. Ant. Iud. 14,29f.; Jos. BI 1,127). He is presumably the L. to whom Nepos wrote from Spain in 56 (Cic. Fam. 5,3,2); identification with a juror L.L., recorded at the end of 51, is less plausible (Cic. Fam. …

(also Sitius). Italian personal name, originally Campanian [1. 232]. [German version] [1] S., P. Son of a citizen of Nuceria [1] who in 91-88 BC was loyal to Rome (Cic. Sull. 58), an entrepreneur with an estate in Campania, engaged in the grain trade with the Mauretanian kings, until the Civil War a friend of Cicero. In 63 S. recruited troops in Spain, probably for Catilina; when the conspiracy failed he fled with them to northern Africa in order to avoid prosecution. P. Cornelius [I 89] Sulla financed this undertaking by selling S.' land. A later judgment banished S. from Rome [2]; in 51 he appears as a potential supplier of panthers for games (Venatio; Cic. Fam. 8,2,2; 8,4,5 et passim). In 46 S. joined Caesar's side together with Bocchus [2] II of Mauretania, invaded Numidia with his private army and took Cirta, the capital of Iubas [1] I (Cass. Dio 43,3,1-4; Bell. Afr. 25,2 f.); after a victory over Saburra he took possession of the country (Cass. Dio 43,4,6; 8,4), for which Caesar gave him Cirta together with the land around it, where S. settled his soldiers like regular veterans (App. Civ. 4,233; Plin. HN 5,22; [3. 65-77]). In the spring of 44 he was killed by Arabion, the son of Massinissa (App. Civ. 4,234), and…

Name of a Roman plebeian family, in the late Republic also often spelt Plotius, with no clear difference in use (cf. Claudius/Clodius). The earliest epigraphic evidence comes from Praeneste (among it the maker of the Ficoronian Cista, Novios Plautios, CIL I2 561), while the family in Rome achieved political eminence after 367 BC (Münzer therefore considers them to have migrated from Praeneste [1. 42; 44f.; 412]), providing seven consuls between 358 and 318; their migration may explain their interest in integrating Latini (cf. P. [I 5]…

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