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[English version] (Νεόφρων) aus Sikyon. Tragiker, 2. H. 5. Jh. v.Chr., nach der Suda (TrGF I 15 T 1) Verf. von 120 Stücken, der als erster Pädagogen und die Folterung von Sklaven auf die Bühne gebracht haben soll. Nach der auf peripatetischer Trad. beruhenden Hypothesis zu Euripides' [1] ‘Medea soll das euripideische Drama von N. abhängig sein. Die erh. 24 Verse weisen deutliche Übereinstimmungen mit Euripides auf (bes. Medeas Monolog bei N., Fr. 2 mit Eur. Med. 1021ff., 1236ff.), die Priorität is…

[English version] (ἡ πάροδος, wörtl. “Einzug, Einzugslied des Chors”). In seiner Aufzählung der allen Tragödien gemeinsamen Bauteile definiert Aristoteles [6] in der ‘Poetik (12, 1452 b22f.) die p. als erste Chorpartie, wobei die Bedeutung “Einzugslied” bzw. “-vortrag” (vgl. Aristot. eth. Nic. 1123 a23f.) mitklingt. Bei der Strukturanalyse sollte man sich jedoch nicht an starre, schematische Abgrenzungen halten, sondern die Konstruktion und Entwicklung der dramatischen Handlung (σύστασις τῶν πραγμάτων, ebd.) beachten. In der att. Tragödie kann die p. das Stück eröffnen …

(Μνησίλοχος). [English version] [1] s. Mnasilochos s. Mnasilochos Zimmermann, Bernhard (Freiburg) [English version] [2] Schwiegervater des Euripides Schwiegervater des Euripides [1] aus dem Demos Phlya. Der Name der Tochter schwankt in der Überl. zw. Choirile und Melito. In der Hypothesis zu Aristophanes' ‘Thesmophoriazusen wird der kēdēstḗs (naher Verwandter) des Eupolis fälschlicherweise mit M. gleichgesetzt (auch in der Hs. R). Zimmermann, Bernhard (Freiburg) Bibliography U. v. Wilamowitz-Moellendorff, Euripides, Herakles I 1895, 7. [English version] [3] zweiter S…

[English version] (Μόρσιμος). Sohn des Philokles, Großneffe des Aischylos [1] (TrGF I 12 T 3), Mitte 5. Jh.v.Chr.; Augenarzt (TrGF I 29 T 2) und Tragiker, letzteres nach Aristophanes (Equ. 401, Pax 802, Ran. 151) von bes. schlechter Qualität. Zimmermann, Bernhard (Freiburg)

[English version] Abgeleitet von dem vorwiegend im Att. belegten Verb δρᾶν ist das Subst. τὸ δρᾶμα (“Handlung”, “Tat” im allg. Sinne) dem “Leid” (πάθος/ páthos) entgegengesetzt (Aischyl. Ag. 533); ferner kann es “Pflicht”, “Aufgabe” bedeuten (Plat. Tht. 150a, rep. 451cPlat. rep. 451c). Vorwiegend jedoch bedeutet D. als t.t. “Theaterstück” (Trag., Komödie, Satyrspiel) im Hinblick auf seine Aufführung (Aristoph. Ran. 920); als Stücktitel im Pl. erscheint D. in Aristophanes' Δράματα ἢ Νίοβος ( Drā́mata ē Níobos; fr. 289-298 PCG III2; fr. 299-304 PCG III2), bei Telekleides fr. 41…

[English version] (Θεὸς ἀπὸ μηχανῆς). Bereits im 4. Jh.v.Chr. sprichwörtlich gewordene kranartige Bühnenmaschine (μηχανή, γέρανος, κράδη), an der schwebend und die Luft durchquerend eine Gottheit plötzlich erscheinen und der Handlung neue Impulse verleihen oder sie zu Ende bringen konnte (vgl. Plat. Kleit. 407a; Krat. 425d; Antiphanes 189,13-16 PCG; Alexis 131,9 PCG; Men. Theophorumene fr. 5 Sandbach = 227 Körte; Cic. nat. deor. 1,53). Ihr Einsatz ist durch die Parodien des Aristophanes (Pax 174ff…

(ὁ πρόλογος/ ho prólogos, Lat. prologus, prologium). [German version] A. Concept In his list of the individual elements (μέρη/ mérē) of tragedy in the 'Poetics', Aristotle defines the prologue as a complete section of a tragedy preceding the chorus' párodos (Aristot. Poet. 13,1452b 22 f.) [9. 471 f.]. However, the term prólogos was already in use in the technical sense before Aristotle: in 'The Frogs', Aristophanes subtitles the prologue the 'first part of a tragedy' (Aristoph. Ran. 1120: τὸ πρῶτον τῆς τραγῳδίας μέρος/ tò prôton tês tragōidías méros), which, however, can have ref…

[German version] Derived from the verb δρᾶν ( drân), predominantly attested in Attic, the noun δρᾶμα ( drâma; ‘action’, ‘deed’ in a general sense) is the antonym of ‘what is experienced’ (πάθος/ páthos) (Aesch. Ag. 533); it can also mean ‘duty’, ‘task’ (Pl. Tht. 150a, Resp. 451c ). For the most part, though, drama is a technical term meaning ‘theatrical play’ (tragedy, comedy, satyr play) in the context of its performance (Aristoph. Ran. 920); it appears in the plural form in the title of Aristophanes' play Δράματα ἢ Νίοβος ( Drā́mata ē Níobos; fr. 289-298 PCG III2; fr. 299-304 PCG III2), in T…

[German version] of Olynthus (TrGF 1, 118; FGrH 74), end of the 4th, beginning of the 3rd cent. BC; according to Diog. Laert. 2,110 teacher of  Antigonus [2] Gonatas, to whom he dedicated a work ‘On the Rule of Kings’ (Περὶ βασιλείας; Perì basileías). Writer of a history of the Diadochi period and of several successful tragedies. Zimmermann, Bernhard (Freiburg)

Zimmermann, Bernhard (Freiburg) [German version] A. Antiquity and Middle Ages (CT) The following article is only concerned with the performance of plays by the three main Greek tragedians and the various tendencies of their productions in modern times. It is not possible in this context to deal with adaptations, new arrangements or reworkings, nor with the reception of Greek tragedy as a whole in the history of European cultural and intellectual history. The seminal year marking a decisive change in the practice of performing dramatic plays in Athens was 386 BC, bec…

(Εὐριπίδης / Euripídēs) [German version] [1] Tragedian The Attic Tragedian. Zimmermann, Bernhard (Freiburg) [German version] A. Biography The most important evidence comes from the vita passed down to us in several MSS, the  Marmor Parium, the  Suda, Gell. NA 15,20 and the vita by  Satyrus. Only a few details of E.'s life can be considered certain: born between 485 and 480 BC on Salamis, son of a Mnesarchus or Mnesarchides. He took part in the Great Dionysia for the first time in 455, achieving his first victory in 441. During his lifet…

[German version] Derived from tó epírrhēma (τό ἐπίρρημα, ‘that which is said afterwards’), i.e. the speech following a lyric part. The succession of lyrical and spoken (or rather recited) parts is referred to as an epirrhematic composition. Aeschylus frequently used this form in semi-lyrical  amoibaia. In the Old Comedy, epirrhematic composition can be found in the  parabasis and in the epirrhematic agon. Zimmermann, Bernhard (Freiburg) Bibliography Th. Gelzer, Der epirrhematische Agon bei Aristophanes, 1960 B. Zimmermann, Unt. zur Form und dramatischen Technik der Ar…

[German version] (Πυθάγγελος; Pythángelos). Tragedian of the 5th cent. BC, mentioned only in Aristoph. Ran. 87. Zimmermann, Bernhard (Freiburg)

[German version] (Greek Σίνις/Sínis, robber). One of the scoundrels who are killed by Theseus in their own vicious manner ( e.g. Bacchyl. 18,19-22): S., a son of Poseidon with the cognomen Pityokámptēs ('spruce bender'), is a brigand on the Corinthian Isthmus who ties the arms and legs of travellers to spruce trees that he bent down before. When he lets the trees shoot up, the victims are torn apart. He dies in the same fashion following the principle of Talion Law. Zimmermann, Bernhard (Freiburg)

[German version] Longer rhesis in drama, in which other characters or the chorus are informed, either behind or off scene, of events that have taken place before or during the dramatic action and that could not represented on stage either because of the means or the conventions of Attic drama. These reports, furnished with all available rhetorical means, are usually presented by a main or a supporting figure (Eur. Heraclid. 389ff; Soph. El. 680ff.), but often by a nameless messenger specifically introduced for this purpose (ἄγγελοι/ ángeloi or ἔξαγγελοι/ éxangeloi, if the message co…

(Μνησίλοχος/ Mnēsílochos). [German version] [1] see Mnasilochus See Mnasilochus Zimmermann, Bernhard (Freiburg) [German version] [2] Father-in-law of Euripides Father-in-law of Euripides [1], of the deme of Phlya. In our sources, the daughter's name varies between Choerile and Melito. In the hypothesis to Aristophanes' ‘Thesmophoriazousai the kēdēstḗs (close relative) of Eupolis is incorrectly identified with M. (also in manuscript R). Zimmermann, Bernhard (Freiburg) Bibliography U. v. Wilamowitz-Moellendorff, Euripides, Herakles I 1895, 7. [German version] [3] Secon…

(ὑπόθεσις; hypóthesis). Introduction, summary. [German version] A. History of literature Three types can be distinguished in tragedy: 1. The hypothéseis of  Aristophanes [4] of Byzantium found in the Peripatetic tradition ( Dicaearchus fr. 78 Wehrli); they contain a brief summary, point to the treatment of the same material by another tragedian, name the setting, the identity of the chorus and the speaker of the prologue and give further information on the play's performance (dating, title of the author's other p…

[German version] (Πέρδιξ/ Pérdix , also called Talus or Calus), great-grandson of Erechtheus, nephew of  Daedalus [1], whose skill he surpassed - he is considered the inventor of, among other things, the saw and the compass (Ov. Met. 8,246ff.; Hyg. Fab. 39; Verg. G. 1,143) - and who therefore threw him to his death from the Acropolis  (Soph. fr. 323 TrGF; Hyg. Hab. 39). In Ov. Met. 8,251-253 P. is rescued by Athena, who turns him into a partridge ( perdix), which watches the burial of Daedalus's son Icarus [1], who also fell to his death, maliciously applauding with its wings ( ibid. 236ff.). Ac…

(αἱ διδασκαλίαι; hai didaskalíai). [German version] I. Greek Derived from the verb διδάσκειν, the singular didaskalía has the general meaning of ‘teaching’, ‘instruction’ (Pind. Pyth. 4,102; Xen. Cyr. 8,7,24) and in a special sense of ‘choral training’ (Pl. Grg. 501e); in the plural it is a technical term for lists of dramatic and choral productions with associated details: year of performance (archon), poet, title, festival, choregos, actors. The entries were made in the archive of the authority responsible for the production, such at least was the case in A…

[German version] (Θέσπις; Théspis) from Icarium [1] in the Attic deme of Icaria [1. 49], according to one tradition attested on the  Marmor Parium (43) the ‘inventor’ ( prôtos heuretḗs ) of tragedy (TrGF I 1 T 2), according to another (Suda θ 282 = T 1) the sixteenth or second tragedian after Epigenes [0] of Sicyon. Between 535/4 and 532/1, he is supposed to have presented the first tragedy at the great Dionysia in Athens (but cf. [3]) and is considered to be the inventor of theatrical masks (made of linen, T 1). By adding a prologue ( prólogos) and a  rhêsis , he transf…

[German version] (Θεὸς ἀπὸ μηχανῆς; theòs apò mēchanês). Crane-like stage machinery (μηχανή, γέρανος, κράδη; mēchanḗ, géranos, krádē) that became proverbial as early as the 4th cent. BC, by which a deity could suddenly appear hovering and traversing the air, and imbue the plot with fresh momentum or bring it to an end (cf. Pl. Cleit. 407a; Crat. 425d; Antiphanes 189,13-16 PCG; Alexis 131,9 PCG; Men. Theophorumene fr. 5 Sandbach = 227 Körte; Cic. Nat. D. 1,53). Its use in the parodies of Aristophanes (Pax 174ff.…

[German version] (ἡ χορηγία; hē chorēgía). Office of the choregos; from c. 500 BC a special form of   leitourgia in Athens. The choregia was imposed on prosperous citizens by the appropriate archon, and young notables were glad to use this kind of leiturgia in order to win political esteem (in 472 Pericles was choregos for Aeschylus' ‘Persians; cf. also Thuc. 6,16,3 on Alcibiades). The political significance of the choregia becomes especially clear in the dithyrambic agon, where it is not the poet but the choregos who is named in the inscription ( Didaskaliai). Towards the end o…

I. Greek [German version] A. Definition, origin, early forms The explanations for the term τραγῳδία ( tragōidía) are controversial; equally controversial is the reconstruction of the genesis of tragedy from cult rituals over pre-literary choral performances to the literary genre of the 5th cent. BC. The greatest problem is to reconcile Aristotle's [6] brief history of the genre in the Poetics (Aristot. Poet. 4,1449a 9-31) with anthropological and ethnological considerations. Aristotle thought the literary form evolved gradually from short myths (plots) a…

[German version] [1] Tragedian of the 4th cent. BC (Μάμερκος/ Mámerkos). Tragedian of the 4th cent. BC mentioned in Plut. Timoleon 31,1 (TrGF I 87). Zimmermann, Bernhard (Freiburg) [German version] [2] Praenomen Praenomen exclusively used by the Patrician gens of the Aemilii (also used there as a cognomen, but never for freedmen); shortened to Mam.; Greek Μάμερκος/ Mámerkos. First attested for the father of Aemilius [I 25], traced back to M., son of Numa Pompilius (Plut. Numa 8,18f.). The name also occurs in Oscan (Μαμερεκς/ Mamereks) and in Etruscan ( Mamarce, Mamerce, Mamurke, 7th-5t…

(Φαίνιππος; Phaínippos). [German version] [1] Attic landowner, around 320 BC The country estate of P., son of Callippus, is described in an Attic court speech around 320 BC (Ps.-Dem. Or. 42). In the antídosis proceedings the plaintiff demands that P. should be placed on the list of the three hundred richest Athenian citizens, who bore the heaviest burden of the financial cost of liturgies ( ibidem 42,3f.), instead of himself. P.’ property was unusual for two reasons: on the one hand, P. was the only heir of his father and, at the same time, of his grandfather on h…

(Ἰοφῶν; Iophôn) [German version] [1] Son of Peisistratus from his second marriage Son of  Peisistratus from his second marriage to the Argive Timonassa, the daughter of Gorgilus and widow of the  Cypselid Archinus of Ambracia. In contrast to his brother  Hegesistratus [1], only I.'s name has survived ([Aristot.] Ath. pol. 17,3; Plut. Cato maior 24,8; Hdt. 5,94f.). Patzek, Barbara (Wiesbaden) Bibliography L. de Libero, Die Archaische Tyrannis, 1996, 88 Traill, PAA 537360. [German version] [2] Athenian tragedian, 5th cent. BC Athenian tragedian (TrGF I 22), a son of  Sophocl…

(Φάνης; Phánēs). [German version] [1] Primordial god of the Orphic cosmogony In Greek, 'the one who illuminates, enlightens, appears; the one who is (makes something) obvious' (OF frr. 56; 61; 109); the light-like (Nonnus, Dion. 9,141) and golden-winged (OF frr. 54; 78; 87,2) primordial god of the Orphic cosmogony (OF fr. 78; 86; World, creation of the). This cosmogony, recorded by a certain Hieronymus and Hellanicus (OF fr. 54), must be distinguished from that in the Hieroì Lógoi, an Orphic poem in 14 rhapsodies (OF testimonia 174; 196). P. was not the original name of …

[German version] [1] Cretan port This item can be found on the following maps: Dark Ages | Colonization | Aegean Koine (Κόμμος; Kómmos). Port on the southern coast of Crete, situated near Matala and Phaestus. In the Minoan period K., which was founded around 2000 BC, probably served as the harbour for the palace of Phaestus, until its destruction around 1200 BC. After being deserted for c. 200 years, it was resettled around 1000 BC, presumably the result of Phoenician stimuli, and was increasingly Hellenized until the 4th cent. BC. Archaeological excavations (…

(Ἀγάθων; Agáthōn). [German version] [1] Attic tragedian Attic tragedian, c. 455- c. 401 BC, son of Tisamenus (Schol. Lucian. Rhetorum Praeceptor 11). According to Ath. 5,217b he achieved his first Lenaean victory in 416. The post-victory celebration of this win forms the historical background to Plato's Symposium. In 411 he is made fun of in the Thesmophoriazusae of Aristophanes, and in the same year he is defended in court by Antiphon [4]. Like Euripides, he left Athens before 405 (cf. Aristoph. Ran. 83-5, Ael. VH 13,4) and made his way to the court…

(Τιμοκλῆς/ Timoklês). [German version] [1] Athenian author of comedies, 2nd half of the 4th cent. BC Important Athenian author of comedies in the 2nd half of the 4th cent. BC to whom the Suda [1 test. 1] attributes 20 plays (divided into two authors by the same name who in reality are identical). 28 titles have been transmitted (uncertain: Geōrgós, 'The Farmer') and altogether 42 fragments. Only one win is recorded on the Lenaean list of winners [1 test. 3], two places ahead of Menander [4]. T.' active period lasted from the 340s (allusion to the Halon…

(Ἁρμόδιος; Harmódios). [German version] [1] Harmodius of Athens Tyrantmurderer, 514 BC conspired with  Aristogiton [1] and others in order to mu…

(Λυσίστρατος; Lysístratos). [German version] [1] Tragedian from Chalcis, 1st cent. BC from Chalcis. Tragedian, after 85 BC he was victorious at the Amphiaraia ( Amphiaraus) and Romaia in Oropus. His works are not extant. …

Common Roman praenomen , abbreviated by the siglum P.; earliest evidence Poplio- (CIL I2 4, 2832a; c. 500 BC; Lapis Satricanus), thereafter Greek Πόπλιος ( Póplios). The name is etymologically linked to populus (‘army’ > ‘people’). A derivation from Etruscan must be rejected since the rare Etruscan word Puplie was inherited from an Italic language. The shift of poplico- to pūblico- (following pūbēs) was also adopted for the praenomen and its derivative Pūblīlius, the nomen gentile. Steinbauer, Dieter (Regensburg) …

(Σοφοκλῆς/ Sophoklês). [German version] [1] Attic tragedian, 5th cent. BC The 5th cent. BC Attic tragedian Zimmermann, Bernhard (Freiburg) [German version] A. Life Attischer Tragiker des 5. Jh. v. Chr. The most important records are the vita which has survived in several manuscripts and the Suda (σ 815); the complete testimonies have been collected in TrGF, vol. 4. S. was born in 497/6 BC as the son of Sophilus from the Attic deme of Colonus. In 480 he is said to have intoned the paean at the victory celebrations after the b…

(Μέλητος; Mélētos). [German version] [1] Athenian, c. 415 B.C. Athenian. In the year 415 BC he was denounced for having participated in the profanation of the mysteries and the mutilation of the Herms ( Herms, mutilation of the). He fled from Attica and was condemned to death …

(Φάνης). [English version] [1] Urgott der orphischen Kosmogonie Griech. “der Leuchtende, Erhellende, Erscheinende”; “derjenige, welcher (es) offenbar ist (macht)” (OF fr. 56; 61; 109). Lichthafter (Nonn. Dion. 9,141), goldgeflügelter (OF fr. 54; 78; 87,2) Urgott der orphischen Kosmogonie (OF fr. 78; 86; Weltschöpfung). Diese Kosmogonie, von einem Hieronymos und Hellanikos aufgezeichnet (OF fr. 54), ist zu scheiden von derjenigen in den Hieroí Lógoi, einem orph. Gedicht in 14 Rhapsodien (OF Testimonia 174; 196). Ph. ist nicht urspr. sein Name, wie das ältes…

(Λυσίστρατος). [English version] [1] Tragiker aus Chalkis, 1. Jh. v. Chr. aus Chalkis. Tragiker, siegte nach 85 v.Chr. an den Amphiaraia (Amphiaraos) und Romaia in Oropos. Schriften sind nicht erhalten. Zimmermann, Bernhard (Freiburg) [English version] [2] Bronzebildner aus Sikyon, 4. Jh. v. Chr. Bronzebildner aus Sikyon, Bruder und Mitarbeiter des Lysippos [2]. L. habe durch Gipsabgüsse von Lebenden die Porträtähnlichkeit verbessert, nach Tonmodellen gearbeitet und Gipsabgüsse von Statuen hergestellt. An Werken nennt die Überl. nur eine…

(Κλεοφῶν). [English version] [1] Athenischer Demagoge in der Zeit nach 411 v.Chr Athenischer Demagoge in der Zeit nach 411 v.Chr., Leiermacher, offenbar nicht sehr vermögend (Lys. 19,48). K. führte 410 die diobelía , eine Unterhaltszahlung an bedürftige Bürger, ein ([Aristot.] Ath. pol. 28,3). Nach Diodor (13,53,2) erwirkte er 410/409, nach [Aristot.] Ath. pol. 34,1 im J. 406/5 die Ablehnung von Friedensverhandlungen mit Sparta, doch könnten dies Dubletten seiner Maßnahmen 405/4 sein, als er im blockierte…

[English version] [1] Hafen auf Kreta Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Ägäische Koine | Dunkle Jahrhunderte | Kolonisation (Κόμμος). Hafenort an der Südküste Kretas, nahe Matala und Phaistos gelegen. In min. Zeit diente das um 2000 v.Chr. gegründete K. wohl bis zu seiner Zerstörung um 1200 v.Chr. als Hafen der Palastanlage von Phaistos. Nach ca. 200jähriger Verödung erfolgte um 1000 v.Chr. eine vermutlich auf phöniz. Impuls zurückgehende Neuansiedlung, die bis zum 4. Jh.v.Chr. zunehmend gräzisiert w…

(Πολεμαῖος). [English version] [1] Makedonischer Heerführer um 300 v. Chr. (in den Hss. auch Ptolemaios und Polemon; richtig aber P., IG II2 469 und IK 28,2). Sohn eines P., Makedone, Neffe des Antigonos [1]. P. war verm. bereits unter Alexandros [4] d.Gr. Offizier im maked. Heer, evtl. sōmatophýlax (Hoftitel B.) des Philippos Arridaios [4] (Arr. succ. 1,38). Er ging 319 v. Chr. als Geisel d…

Häufiges röm. Praenomen mit der Sigle P.; ältester Beleg Poplio- (CIL I2 4, 2832a; ca. 500 v. Chr.; Lapis Satricanus), danach griech. Πόπλιος. Der Name gehört etym. zu populus (“Heer” > “Volk”). Die Herleitung aus dem Etr. muß abgelehnt werden, denn das seltene etr. Puplie wurde aus einer ital. Sprache übernommen. Die Umbildung von poplico- zu pūblico- (nach pūbēs) wurde auch auf das Praen. und sein Derivat, das Gent. Pūblīlius, übertragen. Steinbauer, Dieter (Regensburg) [English version] [1] Tragiker Griechisch schreibender Tragiker aus Rom, belegte ca. 85 v. Chr. an de…

Zimmermann, Bernhard (Freiburg i. Br.) RWG [English version] A. Antike und Mittelalter (RWG) Der folgende Beitrag widmet sich nur den Aufführungen der Stücke der drei griech. Tragiker und den unterschiedlichen Tendenzen der Inszenierungen in der Neuzeit. Bearbeitungen, Um- oder Neudichtungen und die Rezeption der griech. T. insgesamt in der europ. Kultur- und Geistesgeschichte können in diesem Zusammenhang nicht behandelt werden. Das Epochenjahr, das einen einschneidenden Wandel in der Aufführungspraxis von Dramen in Athen markiert, ist 386 v. Chr., als …

[English version] [1] aus Athen att. Tragiker, 5. Jh. v. Chr. der Tragiker. Zimmermann, Bernhard (Freiburg) [English version] A. Biographie Wichtigste Zeugnisse zur Biographie (zit. nach TrGF III) sind die Vita, das Marmor Parium und die Suda (s. v. Αἰσχύλος, αι 357 Adler): Geb. 525/4 v. Chr. in Eleusis (T 1,1; 8; 98,3), Sohn eines Euphorion (T 1,1 f.; 2,1; 162,1), aus dem Adelsgeschlecht der Eupatriden. An den Perserkriegen nahm er 490 bei Marathon (T 16) und 480 bei Salamis (T 14) teil. Auf Einladung des Tyrannen Hieron inszenierte er die 472 aufgeführten Persai nochmals in Syr…

(Μέλητος). [English version] [1] Athener, ca. 415 v.Chr. Athener. Im J. 415 v.Chr. als Beteiligter an der Mysterien-Profanation und Hermenverstümmelung denunziert (Hermokopidenfrevel), floh M. aus Attika und wurde in Abwesenheit zum Tode verurteilt (And. 1,12f.; 35; 63). Vielleicht identisch mit M., dem Urenkel des Alkmaioniden Megakles [4] (IG II2 1579,19). Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld) Bibliography PA 9825  Traill, PAA 639290. [English version] [2] Ankläger des Andokides, 400 v.Chr. Athener, erhielt mit Sokrates und anderen im J. 404 v.Chr. von den 30 Tyrannen ( triákonta …

(Φαίνιππος). [English version] [1] att. Gutsbesitzer, um 320 v. Chr. Das Landgut des Ph., Sohn des Kallippos, ist in einer attischen Gerichtsrede aus der Zeit um 320 v.Chr. beschrieben (Ps.-Demosth. or. 42). In dem antídosis -Verfahren verlangt der Kläger, daß Ph. an seiner Stelle auf die Liste der dreihundert reichsten Athener Bürger, die am stärksten mit Liturgien belastet wurden, gesetzt werden sollte (ebd. 42,3f.). Der Besitz des Ph. war aus zwei Gründen außergewöhnlich: Einerseits war Ph. der einzige Erbe seines Vaters und zugleich seines Großvaters müt…

Zimmermann, Bernhard (Freiburg i. Br.) RWG [English version] A. Antike und Mittelalter (RWG) Im Unterschied zur griech. Trag., bei der Wiederaufführungen seit 386 v. Chr. offiziell zugelassen waren, sind inschr. Wiederaufführungen “alter” K. erst seit 339 v. Chr. bezeugt. Wie es scheint, wurden jedoch nicht K. des 5. Jh., sondern Stücke zeitgenössischer Autoren oder von Dichtern der jüngsten Vergangenheit, also aus der Phase der Mittleren oder Neuen K., wieder aufgeführt. Die Alte K. des 5. Jh. mit der für s…

(Ἀγάθων). [English version] [1] att. Tragiker, 5. Jh. v. Chr. Attischer Tragiker, ca. 455-ca. 401 v. Chr., Sohn eines Tisamenos (Schol. Lukian. Rhetorum Praeceptor 11). Nach Athen. 5,217b errang er seinen ersten Sieg an den Lenäen 416. Der histor. Rahmen von Platons Symposion ist die Nachfeier dieses Sieges. 411 wird er in den Thesmophoriazusai des Aristophanes verspottet, in demselben Jahr von Antiphon [4] vor Gericht verteidigt. Vor 405 (vgl. Aristoph. Ran. 83-5, Ail. var. 13,4) verließ er wie Euripides Athen und begab sich an den Hof des Makedo…

(Ἁρμόδιος). [English version] [1] H. aus Athen Tyrannentöter, 514 v.Chr. verschwor sich mit Aristogeiton [1] und anderen, um die Tyrannen Hippias [1] und Hipparchos [1] bei den Panathenäen 514 v.Chr. zu ermorden. Es gelang ihnen jedoch nur, Hipparchos zu töten. H. fand bei dem Attentat den Tod (Hdt. 5,55-58; Thuk. 1,20; 6,54-59; Aristot. Ath. pol. 18). Für Thukydides war die Verschwörung ausschließlich persönlich motiviert: H. und seine Schwester hätten Demütigungen hinnehmen müssen, nachdem H. die homoe…

(Ἰοφῶν) [English version] [1] Sohn des Peisistratos aus zweiter Ehe Sohn des Peisistratos aus zweiter Ehe mit der Argiverin Timonassa, Tochter des Gorgilos und Witwe des Kypseliden Archinos von Ambrakia. Von I. ist im Gegensatz zu seinem Bruder Hegesistratos [1] nur der Name überliefert ([Aristot.] Ath. pol. 17,3; Plut. Cato maior 24,8; Hdt. 5,94f.). Patzek, Barbara (Wiesbaden) Bibliography L. de Libero, Die Archaische Tyrannis, 1996, 88  Traill, PAA 537360. [English version] [2] att. Tragiker, 5. Jh. v. Chr. Tragiker aus Athen (TrGF I 22), Sohn des Sophokles; verfaßte 50…

(Πολεμαῖος/ Polemaîos). [German version] [1] Macedonian commander, c. 300 BC (also called Ptolemaeus and Polemon in MSS, but correctly P ., IG II2 469 and IK 28,2). Son of one P., Macedonian, nephew of Antigonus [1]. P. was probably already an officer in the Macedonian army under Alexander [4] the Great, possibly sōmatophýlax (Court titles B) of Philippus Arridaeus [4] (Arr. Succ. 1,38). In 319, he went to Eumenes [1] as a hostage of Antigonus (Plut. Eumenes 10); in 314 he was sent as general to Cappadocia and to secure the Hellespont (Diod. Sic.…

(Σθένελος/ Sthénelos). [German version] [1] Son of Actor Son of Actor, takes part in Heracles' [1] campaign against the Amazons, during which he is killed on the Paphlagonian coast. There S. appears in full armour to the passing Argonauts, who, prompted by Mopsus, sacrifice to him (Apoll. Rhod. 2,911-927 with schol.; Promathidas FGrH 430 F 4-5; Val. Fl. 5,87-100). Eiben, Susanne (Kiel) [German version] [2] Son of Androgeos Son of Androgeos, grandson of Minos. S. and his brother Alcaeus are taken hostage together by Heracles [1] on Paros because they were respons…

[German version] A. Function, architecture, development Derived from the ancient local name of the underground Christian burial complex S. Sebastiano ( coemeterium catacumbas from Greek katà kýmbas, ‘near the hollows’) by the via Appia near Rome, the underground  necropoleis, rediscovered in Rome since the 16th cent., were also called catacombs instead of coemeterium or crypta. As differentiated from smaller, private   hypogaea , catacombs in modern research are understood to be larger community cemeteries using suitable geological l…

(Αἰσχύλος; Aischúlos). [German version] [1] of Athens Tragedian, 5th cent. BC Tragedian. Zimmermann, Bernhard (Freiburg) [German version] A. Biography The most important sources of A.'s biography (cited according to TrGF III) are the Vita, the Marmor Parium, and the Suda (s. v. Αἰσχύλος [Aischýlos], αι 357 Adler): born in 525/4 BC in Eleusis (T 1,1; 8; 98,3), son of Euphorion (T 1,1 f.; 2,1; 162,1), from the aristocratic family of the Eupatridae. He fought in the Persian Wars in 490 at Marathon (T 16) and in 480 a…

(Κλεοφῶν; Kleophôn). [German version] [1] Athenian demagogue in the period after 411 BC Athenian demagogue in the period after 411 BC, lyre-maker, apparently not very wealthy (Lys. 19.48). In 410 C. introduced the   diobelía , a maintenance payment to needy citizens ([Aristot.] Ath. Pol. 28,3). According to Diodorus (13,53,2) he brought about in 410/409, according to [Aristot.] Ath. Pol. 34,1 in 406/5, the rejection of peace negotiations with Sparta, though these could have been duplicates of his measures in…

(Σωσίστρατος/ Sōsístratos). [German version] [1] Oligarch in Syracuse, second half of the 4th cent. BC From c. 330 BC leader with Heraclides of the Oligarchy of the Six Hundred in Syracusae. Although he was suspected by Agathocles [2] of aspirations to tyranny, his successes in the war of Croton with the Bruttii confirmed his position in Syracuse (Diod. 19,3,3-5). After a military failure against Rhegium he was banished from Syracuse c. 322 (Diod. 19,4,3), but he and his followers were able to return under Acestoridas; after Agathocles seized power in 316/5, howe…

(Θρασυκλῆς/ Thrasyklês). [German version] [1] Representative of Athens in the Peace of Nicias, 2nd half of the 5th cent. BC Athenian, who in 421/0 BC requested the proxenía for a resident of the Peloponnese (IG I3 80,7) and belonged to those who swore an oath on the truce and the alliance between Sparta and Athens in the so-called Peace of Nicias [1] in 421 (Thuc. 5,19,2; 24,1). In 412/1, T. was strategos along with Strombichides in the campaign to Asia Minor (Thuc. 8,15,1; 17,3; 19,2). Peloponnesian War Kinzl, Konrad (Peterborough) Bibliography Traill, PAA 517180 Develin 157; 141. …

(Καρκίνος; Karkínos). [German version] [1] Cancer, the crab that was turned into a sign of the zodiac for biting Heracles in the foot at the behest of Hera while fighting the Hydra (Eratosth. Katasterismoi 11). The Alexandrian month of Karkinon (Καρκινών) was named after it. Walde, Christine (Basle) [German version] [2] Epic poet C. of Naupactus, epic poet of the archaic period. In Paus. 10,38,11 C. is named, with reference to Charon of Lampsacus, as the author of the Ναυπάκτια ἔπη ( Naupáktia épē), evidently a history of this town, lying at the entrance to the Corinthian Gulf…

I. Cartography [German version] A. Definition In the following, ‘maps’ are defined as graphic representations with the purpose of easing the understanding of spatial-geographical concepts. The extent to which Greeks and Roman produced and used maps has been the subject of controversy in recent times, not least, because it touches on the wider question of how far we can safely assume that our own cultural attitudes and expectations were shared by classical antiquity. Talbert, Richard (Chapel Hill, NC) [German version] B. The concept of maps It is obvious that antiquity had no con…

(Πύρρα/ Pýrrha). [German version] [1] Daughter of Epimetheus In Greek mythology daughter of Epimetheus (brother of Prometheus) and Pandora and wife of  Deucalion. She and her husband were the only people to survive the flood sent over the earth by Zeus to punish the people of the Bronze Age; on the advice of Prometheus they built a boat on which they sailed around for nine days and nine nights. Deucalion and P. created a new race of people (Pind. Ol. 9,43-56; Ov. Met. 1,318-415), by - on the instruction…

(Μόσχος). [English version] [1] aus Elis, Schüler des Phaidon M. aus Elis, zusammen mit Anchipylos Schüler (oder Enkelschüler) des Phaidon aus Elis und Lehrer des Asklepiades [3] aus Phleius und des Menedemos [5] aus Eretria. Einer ant. Klatschgesch. zufolge sollen sich M. und Anchipylos ihr Leben lang nur von Wasser und Feigen ernährt haben (Diog. Laert. 2,126; Athen. 2,44c). M. ist vermutlich mit der Person gleichen Namens identisch, nach der ein Dialog Stilpons benannt war (Diog. Laert. 2,120). Döring, Klaus (Bamberg) Bibliography SSR III E. [English version] [2] M. aus Lampsak…

(Κλειτός, Κλεῖτος, Κλῖτος, “der Berühmte”). [English version] [1] Neffe des Sehers Melampus Neffe des berühmten Sehers Melampus, Sohn des Mantios, Vater des Koiranos. Er wird wegen seiner Schönheit von Eos entrückt (Hom. Od. 15,249f.; Pherekydes FGrH 3 F 115a). Michel, Raphael (Basel) [English version] [2] Großneffe von K. [1] Großneffe von K. [1], Sohn des Polyidos und der Eurydameia. Er und sein Bruder Euchenor ziehen mit den Epigonen (Epigonoi [2]) gegen Theben und schließen sich danach Agamemnon an (Pherekydes ebd.). Michel, Raphael (Basel) [English version] [3] Sohn des Pei…

(Καρκίνος). [English version] [1] verstirnter Krebs Zum Tierkreiszeichen verstirnter Krebs, der Herakles auf Geheiß der Hera in den Fuß beißt, als er mit der Hydra kämpft (Eratosth. Katasterismoi 11). Danach der alexandrinische Monatsname Karkinon (Καρκινών). Walde, Christine (Basel) [English version] [2] Epiker aus Naupaktos, archa. Zeit K. aus Naupaktos, ep. Dichter der archa. Zeit. Bei Paus. 10,38,11 wird mit Verweis auf Charon von Lampsakos K. als Verf. der Ναυπάκτια ἔπη ( Naupáktia épē) genannt, offenbar einer Gesch. dieses am Eingang in den Korinthischen Golf …

(Μελίτων). [English version] [1] Verf. einer Schrift ›Über die Geschlechter in Athen‹ M. aus Athen (?). Nach fr. 1 (= Harpokr. s.v. κάθετος) Verf. einer Schrift Perí tōn Athḗnēsi génōn (‘Über die Geschlechter in Athen). Datier. unsicher, jedenfalls vor Harpokration [2], der im 1. oder 2. Jh.n.Chr. lebte. Meister, Klaus (Berlin) Bibliography PA 9842  Traill, PAA 639945. [English version] [2] Tragiker, 1. Jh. Griech. Tragiker des 1. Jh.n.Chr. (TrGF I 182); als Titel ist ‘Niobe bezeugt. Zimmermann, Bernhard (Freiburg) [English version] [3] M. von Sardeis Bf. von Sardeis, 2. Jh. Von de…

(Τιμόστρατος/ Timóstratos). [German version] [1] Tragic poet, 4th cent. BC Greek tragedian, successful at the Lenaea in c. 350 BC (TrGF I 83). Zimmermann, Bernhard (Freiburg) [German version] [2] Athenian comedy writer, beginning of the 2nd cent. BC Athenian comedian, who came sixth at the Dionysia in 188 BC with his Λυτρούμενος ( Lytroúmenos, 'The ransomed [prisoner]') [1. test. 1] and fourth in 183 with his Φιλοικεῖος ( Philoikeîos, 'He who loves his relatives') [1. test. 2]; a third place in c. 177 with an Ἀντευεργετῶν ( Anteuergetṓn, 'He who repays good deeds') is uncertain [1…

(Μελίτων; Melítōn). [German version] [1] Author of a text called "On the Clans in Athens" M. from Athens (?). According to fr. 1 (= Harpocr. s.v. κάθετος) author of a text called Perì tôn Athḗnēsi génōn (‘On the Clans in Athens). Date uncertain, in any case before Harpocratio [2], who lived in the first or second century A.D. Meister, Klaus (Berlin) Bibliography PA 9842 Traill, PAA 639945. [German version] [2] Tragedian, 1st cent. Greek author of tragedies (TrGF I 182); there is evidence of a work called ‘Niobe. Zimmermann, Bernhard (Freiburg) [German version] [3] M. of Sardes Bishop of…

(Κλειτός, Κλεῖτος, Κλῖτος; Kleitós, Kleîtos, Klîtos, ‘The Famous One’). [German version] [1] Nephew of the seer Melampus Nephew of the famous seer  Melampus, son of Mantius, father of Coeranus. He was abducted by Eos because of his beauty (Hom. Od. 15,249f.; Pherecydes FGrH 3 F 115a). Michel, Raphael (Basle) [German version] [2] Great nephew of C. [1] Great nephew of C. [1], son of Polyidus and Eurydameia. He and his brother Euchenor marched with the Epigones ( Epigoni [2]) against Thebes and then joined Agamemnon (Pherecydes ibid.). Michel, Raphael (Basle) [German version] [3] Son of…

[German version] I. Definition Psalmody (Greek ψαλμῳδία/ psalmōidía; Latin psalmodia) is the singing of psalms; in medieval Latin, it is a technical term for a particular psalm tone (a recitation formula). In music, psalmody is used more generally as a collective term for all musical genres whose texts are largely taken from the Psalter (Psalms). Its significance is even greater if one considers that the psalms are seen as the most important model in the development of liturgical poetry. Zimmermann, Bernhard (Freiburg) [German version] II. Jewish culture In the temple, psalms were…

(Μόσχος; Mόschos). [German version] [1] From Elis, pupil of Phaidon M. from Elis, with Anchipylus a pupil (or pupil of a pupil) of Phaedon of Elis and teacher of Asclepiades [3] of Phleius and Menedemus [5] of Eretria. According to an ancient piece of gossip M. and Anchipylus are supposed to have subsisted only on water and figs their whole lives (Diog. Laert. 2,126; Athen. 2,44c). M. is presumably identical with the homonymous person whose name is the title of a dialogue by Stilpon (Diog. Laert. 2,120). Döring, Klaus (Bamberg) Bibliography SSR III E. [German version] [2] M. from Lampsacus…

(Σιληνός; Silēnós). [German version] [1] S. from Caleacte Greek historian, 2nd cent. BC Greek historian, like Sosylus in the retinue of Hannibal [4], 'as long as fate allowed it' (FGrH 175 T 2 in Nep. Hann. 13,3). Author of an 'official' history of Hannibal (F 1-2) and of Sikeliká in 4 books (F 3-9). S. was used by Coelius [I 1] Antipater (F 2); perhaps Polybius's criticism (3,47,6-48,12) of 'a number of' Hannibal historians concerning Hannibal's crossing the Alps is aimed at S., in whose work dreams, omens etc. play an important role (F 2). …

(Μοσχίων/ Moschíōn). [German version] [1] Tragedian, 3rd cent. BC Athenian tragedian, probably 2nd half of 3rd cent. BC, known almost solely through quotations by Stobaeus. Titles attested include ‘Telephos and two historical dramas: ‘Themistokles, at the heart of which was probably the naval battle at Salamis, following on from Aeschylus' ‘Persians, with the distinction that M. made Themistocles the protagonist; and ‘The Pheraeans, probably dealing with the death of Alexander [15] of Pherae. A lengthy f…

(Θεσσαλός/ Thessalós). [German version] [1] Eponym of the Greek territory of Thessaly Eponym of the Greek territory of Thessaly (Thessalians, Thessalia; Plin. HN 4,28), son of Haemon [1] (Rhianus FGrH 265 F 30), of the Heraclid Aeatus (Charax FGrH 103 F 6) or of Iason [1] and Medea (Diod. Sic. 4,54 f.). Binder, Carsten (Kiel) [German version] [2] Of Athens, son of Peisistratus [4] Athenian, son of Peisistratus [4]. Not named in Herodotus, T. first appears in Thucydides (1,20,2; 6,55,1) as a childless full brother of Hippias [1] and Hipparchus [1] from t…

(Φρύνιχος/ Phrýnichos). [German version] [1] P. from Athens Tragedian, around 500 BC Tragedian. According to Suda φ 762 (TrGF I 3 T 1) he achieved his first victory in 511/508 BC and died on Sicily (T 6). He is said to have been the first person to bring female roles to the stage and to have 'invented' the trochaic tetrameter (T 1), which probably means that he introduced the metre into the tragic genre. He was famous on account of the quality ('sweetness') of his sung parts (Aristoph. Vesp. 219), whose len…

(Ἐπιγένης; Epigénēs). [German version] [0] Of Sicyon, Greek tragedian, 6th cent. BC E. of  Sicyon. According to the Suda s. v.  Thespis (θ 282 = TrGF I 1 T 1), the first tragedian (6th cent. BC). The audience supposedly reacted to the lack of Dionysiac content in his plays with the proverbial exclamation οὐδὲν πρὸς τὸν Διόνυσον ( oudèn pròs tòn Diónyson, ‘But this has nothing to do with  Dionysus!’; TrGF I 1 T 18,3). Perhaps E.'s activity may be related to the τραγικοὶ χοροί ( tragikoì choroí, ‘tragic choruses’) attested for Sicyon in Hdt. 5,67 [2. 21-23].  Tragedy I Zimmermann, Bernhard (Fr…

(Σεραπίων; Serapíōn). [German version] [1] S. of Antioch Mathematical geographer, 1st cent. BC Mathematical geographer to whom Plin. HN 1,2 referred to as gnomonicus ('measurer of shadows'). In 59 BC, Cicero (who was his contemporary) received S.'s geographical treatise from Atticus as the newest source for his planned Geographica but was hardly able to understand the content (Cic. Att. 2,4,1). In the treatise, Cicero encountered S.'s fierce criticism of Eratosthenes [2] (ibid. 2,6,1). S. estimated the circumference of the sun to be 18 times t…

(Πατροκλῆς; Patroklês). [German version] [1] Athenian office holder, end of the 5th cent. BC Athenian, árchōn basileús in (404/)403 BC; a relative of Isocrates, who defended him (Isoc. Or. 18,5). Kinzl, Konrad (Peterborough) Bibliography Develin, 94 Nr. 1  Traill, PAA 768600. [German version] [2] Accuser of Demosthenes An Athenian from Phlya; his accusation of paranomia (Paranomon graphe) against Demosthenes [2] (Dem. Or. 18,5) was unanimously rejected and cost him a fine of 500 drachmas. Kinzl, Konrad (Peterborough) Bibliography Traill, PAA 768710. [German version] [3] Gree…

[German version] [1] Legal action An action, especially a legal action (Dig. 49,1,12) i. a. defining characteristic of   alienatio : omnis a., per quem dominium transfertur, Cod. Iust. 5,23,1. Formal legal actions in accordance with the old   ius civile , e.g. the   mancipatio , are described as acti legitimi. Any added condition renders them ineffective. Additionally, actus can mean a utility (  servitus ), for example the right to drive draught animals and beasts of burden over a plot of land, including the right of way ( iter, Dig. 8,3,1pr.). This actus is a res mancipi, and is obtained i…

(Λυκόφρων). [English version] [1] jüngerer Sohn des Periandros von Korinth Der jüngere Sohn des Periandros von Korinth und der Melissa, Tochter des Prokles von Epidauros. Im Krieg des Periandros mit dem Schwiegervater wird L. nach Kerkyra geschickt und dort wohl als Tyrann und Nachfolger des Periandros von den Kerkyraiern ermordet. Eine frühe Legendenbildung findet sich schon bei Herodot (3,50-53; vgl. Diog. Laert. 1,94f.; Nikolaos von Damaskos FGrH 90 F 60). Patzek, Barbara (Wiesbaden) [English version] [2] Begründer der Tyrannis in Pherai, ca. 404-390 v. Chr. Begründer der Tyr…

(Πατροκλῆς). [English version] [1] Athen. Amtsträger (Ende 5. Jh. v. Chr.) Athener, im J. (404/)403 v.Chr. árchōn basileús; Verwandter des Isokrates und von ihm verteidigt (Isokr. or. 18,5). Kinzl, Konrad (Peterborough) Bibliography Develin, 94 Nr. 1  Traill, PAA 768600. [English version] [2] Ankläger des Demosthenes Athener aus Phlya; seine Paranomieklage ( paranómōn graphḗ ) gegen Demosthenes [2] (Demosth. or. 18,5) wurde einhellig zurückgewiesen und kostete ihn 500 Drachmen Bußgeld. Kinzl, Konrad (Peterborough) Bibliography Traill, PAA 768710. [English version] [3] g…

(Φρύνιχος). [English version] [1] Ph. aus Athen Tragiker, um 500 v. Chr. Tragiker. Nach Suda φ 762 (TrGF I 3 T 1) errang er seinen 1. Sieg 511/508 v.Chr.; er soll auf Sizilien gestorben sein (T 6). Als erster soll er Frauenrollen auf die Bühne gebracht und den trochäischen Tetrameter “erfunden” haben (T 1), was wohl bedeutet, daß er das Versmaß in die Gattung Tragödie einführte. Berühmt war er wegen der Qualität (“Süße”) seiner Gesangspartien (Aristoph. Vesp. 219), die an Umfang die gesprochenen Teile bei w…

(Μοσχίων). [English version] [1] Tragiker, 3. Jh. v. Chr. Athenischer Tragiker, vemutlich 2. H. 3. Jh.v.Chr., bekannt fast ausschließlich durch Zitate bei Stobaios. Als Titel bezeugt sind ‘Telephos und zwei histor. Dramen: ‘Themistokles, in dem vermutlich in Anlehnung an Aischylos' ‘Perser die Seeschlacht bei Salamis im Zentrum stand, mit dem Unterschied, daß M. Themistokles zum Protagonisten machte; und ‘Die Leute von Pherai, in denen wohl der Tod des Alexandros [15] von Pherai behandelt wurde. In einem…

(Ἴων). [English version] [1] Heros der Ionier Eponymer Heros der Ionier (Iones). Über seine Abstammung gibt es verschiedene Traditionen, die den polit. Primat Athens in den Vordergrund stellen. In den frühen und prägendsten Versionen erscheint I. als Sohn des Xuthos und der Kreusa und damit als Enkel des Hellen, des Stammvaters der Hellenen, und des athen. Königs Erechtheus (Strab. 8,383; Paus. 7,1,2). I.s Bruder ist Achaios [1], der Stammvater der Achaier, seine Onkel von Vaterseite sind Aiolos [1] un…

[English version] [1] Rechtshandlung Handlung, spezieller Rechtshandlung (Dig. 49,1,12) u. a. Definitionsmerkmal der alienatio : omnis a., per quem dominium transfertur, Cod. Iust. 5,23,1. Als A. legitimi werden förmliche Rechtsakte des alten ius civile bezeichnet, z. B. die mancipatio. Durch Beifügung einer Bedingung werden sie unwirksam. A. kann ferner eine Dienstbarkeit servitus ) meinen, und zwar das Recht, Zug- und Lasttiere oder ein Fuhrwerk über ein Grundstück zu führen, einschließlich des Wegerechts ( iter, Dig. 8,3,1pr.). Dieser a. ist eine res mancipi und wird erwo…

(Πολύιδος, lat. Polyidus). [English version] [1] myth. Seher und Wundertäter aus Korinth (“Vielwissender”). Myth. Seher und Wundertäter aus Korinth (vgl. Cic. leg. 2,33), Nachfahre des Melampus [1] (Pherekydes FGrH 3 F 115a; Paus. 1,43,5), Gatte der Eurydameia, Vater des Euchenor (Hom. Il. 13,663-668; vgl. Cic. div. 1,89), Kleitos [2], der Astykrateia und Manto (nicht identisch mit der Seherin Manto). Seine Wirkung dokumentiert sich in zahlreichen Hilfsaktionen: So hilft er u. a. in Korinth als Traumdeuter …

(Φιλόστρατος). [English version] [1] att. Redner, 4. Jh. v. Chr. Att. Redner des 4. Jh.v.Chr., Sohn des Dionysios aus Kolonos, bekannt durch Inschr. (IG II/III2 2,1622,773) und aus Erwähnungen bei Demosthenes [2]. In den 90er Jahren beherbergte er als noch junger Mann die Geliebte des mit ihm befreundeten Lysias (Demosth. or. 59,22f.), 366/5 war er unter den Anklägern des Chabrias im Oropos-Prozeß, später siegte er als Chorege mit einem Knabenchor bei den Dionysien (Demosth. or. 21,64), 342 war er Trierarch, zw. 343 u…

(Πρώταρχος). [English version] [1] Komödiendichter aus Thespiai, 1. Jh. v. Chr. Komödiendichter aus Thespiai, der im 1. Jh. v. Chr. einmal an den Soteria von Akraiphia siegte und Sohn oder Vater des Ependichters Protogenes war; sonst ist nichts bekannt. Nesselrath, Heinz-Günther (Göttingen) Bibliography PCG VII, 1989, 583. [English version] [2] Epikureer aus Bargilia, 2. Jh. v. Chr. P. aus Bargilia. Lehrer des Demetrios [21] Lakon (Strab. 14,20; 2. Jh. v. Chr.), vielleicht in Milet. Daß er epikureisches Schuloberhaupt des “Gartens” ( kḗpos ) war, ist unwahrscheinlich. Dorandi, …

(Λυκόφρων; Lykóphrōn). [German version] [1] Younger son of Periander of Corinth The younger son of Periander of Corinth and Melissa, daughter of Procles of Epidaurus. In the war between Periander and his father-in-law, L. is sent to Cercyra and murdered there by the Cercyraeans, who presumably considered him a tyrant and successor of Periander. Legend-building in an early phase can be seen in Herodotus (3,50-53; cf. Diog. Laert. 1,94f.; Nicolaus of Damascus FGrH 90 F 60). Patzek, Barbara (Wiesbaden) [German version] [2] Founder of the tyrannis in Pherai, c. 404/390 BC Founder of the t…

(Ἴων; Íōn). [German version] [1] Hero of the Ionians Eponymous hero of the Ionians ( Iones). Several traditions of his ancestry emphasizing Athens' political primacy are extant. The earliest and most influential versions present I. as the son of  Xuthus and Creusa, thus as the grandson of  Hellen, progenitor of the Hellenes, and of the Athenian king  Erechtheus (Str. 8,383; Paus. 7,1,2). I.'s brother is Achaeus [1], progenitor of the Achaeans, his paternal uncles are  Aeolus [1] and  Dorus. With his wife…

(Πολύιδος/ Polýidos, Latin Polyidus). [German version] [1] Mythical seer and miracle-worker from Corinth ('of wide learning'). Mythical seer and miracle-worker from Corinth (cf. Cic. Leg. 2,33), descendant of Melampus [1] (Pherecydes FGrH 3 F 115a; Paus. 1,43,5), spouse of Eurydameia, father of Euchenor (Hom. Il. 13,663-668; cf. Cic. Div. 1,89), Cleitus [2], Astycrateia and Manto (not identical with the seeress Manto). His powers are testified to by numerous accounts of his assitence: in Corinth, for example…

(Φιλόστρατος/ Philóstratos). [German version] [1] Attic orator, 4th cent. BC Attic orator of the 4th cent. BC, son of Dionysius of Colonus, known from inscriptions (IG II/III2 2,1622,773) and mentions by Demosthenes [2]. In the 90s, while still a young man, he provided lodging for the lover of his friend Lysias (Dem. Or. 59,22f.); in 366/5, he was among the accusers of Chabrias in the Oropus trial; later he gained a victory as choregos with a choir of boys at the Dionysia (Dem. Or. 21,64); in 342, he was trierarch; between 343 and 340, he testified as a witness in t…

(Πρώταρχος/ Prṓtarchos). [German version] [1] Comic poet from Thespiae, 1st cent. BC Comic poet from Thespiae, victorious on one occasion in the 1st cent. BC at the Soteria of Acraephia, and son or father of the epic poet Protogenes; otherwise, nothing is known of him. Nesselrath, Heinz-Günther (Göttingen) Bibliography PCG VII, 1989, 583. [German version] [2] Epicurean from Bargilia, 2nd cent. BC P. of Bargilia. Teacher of Demetrius [21] Lacon (Str. 14,20; 2nd cent. BC), perhaps in Miletus. It is unlikely that he was the head of the Epicurean 'Garden' ( kḗpos ). Dorandi, Tiziano (Paris) Bi…

(Πύθων/ Pýthōn). [German version] [1] Dragon killed by Apollo near Delphi An enormous dragon killed by Apollo near Delphi with his arrows. The oldest version of the story is offered by H. Hom. 3,300-374: Apollo overcomes a female dragon who perpetrates her mischief in the vicinity of Delphi and into whose care Hera had given her son Typhon (Typhoeus, Typhon). The town and the god receive the nickname Pythṓ (cf. also the name of the female seer at Delphi, Pythía [1]) from its decaying (πύθεσθαι/ pýthesthai) corpse. According to Eur. IT 1245-1252, the dragon is male and guards the…

(Ξενοκράτης/ Xenokrátēs). [German version] [1] X. of Acragas, mentioned by Pindar, c. 500 BC Brother of the tyrant Theron of Acragas. Pind. Pyth. 6 refers to X.' victory in chariot-racing at the Pythian Games (Pythia [2]) in 490 BC, and Pind. Isthm. 2 to his charioteering victory at the Isthmian Games (Isthmia) in c. 470 BC. The latter ode was written after X.' death. Meister, Klaus (Berlin) Bibliography H. Berve, Die Tyrannis bei den Griechen, 1967, 133; 135. [German version] [2] X. of Chalcedon Academic philosopher, 4th cent. BC Academic philosopher (Academy), 4th cent. BC. Stanzel, Ka…

(Φιλῖνος; Philînos). [German version] [1] Athenian politician Athenian. P. proposed absorbing all thetai (thetes) into the hoplites ( hoplítai ) (Antiph. fr. 61 from the speech Katà Philînou). In 420/419 BC, he attempted to prevent a case brought against him for the improper use of public funds by inciting one Philocrates to raise a charge of accidental killing against the accuser immediately before the trial. Once the charge was accepted, P.' accuser was no longer permitted to enter any protected places, including places of justice ( nómima) (Antiph. 6,12; 21; 35f.). Schmitz, Winfrie…

(Πολέμων/ Polémōn). [German version] [1] Academic philosopher, 4th-3rd cents. BC Academic philosopher, born c. 350, died probably in 276/5 BC. Xenocrates [2] introduced him to philosophy (legendary account of his vocation in Diog. Laert. 4,16 f.). P. succeeded him as head of the Academy. He taught Crates [3] and Crantor, as well as the Stoics Zeno of Citium and Ariston [7] of Chios. Very little remains of his many writings mentioned in ancient sources (Diog. Laert. 4,20; Suda s. v. Π 1887) (fr. collected in …

(Ξενοκλῆς; Xenoklês). [German version] [1] See Little-Master cups See Little-Master cups. Zimmermann, Bernhard (Freiburg) [German version] [2] Attic tragic poet, end of 5th cent. BC Attic tragic poet, end of the 5th cent. BC, son of Carcinus [3] (family tree: TrGF I 21, p. 129), frequently mocked in comedy (TrGF I 33 T 1-7); successful at the Dionysia in 415 (DID C 14) with Oedipus, Lycaon, Bacchae and the satyr play Athamas. There is evidence of the further titles Licymnius (one surviving verse, F 2) and possibly Myes (Μύες, Mice) (but cf. TrGF I 21 T 3 d-e). Zimmermann, Bernhard (Freiburg) …

(Νικόμαχος/ Nikómachos). [German version] [1] Healing hero See Gorgasus and Nicomachus Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld) [German version] [2] Athenian official, 410-404 BC Allegedly the son of a slave and only later accepted as an Athenian citizen. In 410-404 BC, N. led the commission for recording the laws ( anagrapheîs tôn nómōn). Exiled under the Thirty ( triákonta ), he returned in 403 and again became anagrapheús. In 399/8 BC, N. was accused of manipulating the laws, thus e.g. contributing to the sentencing of the demagogue Cleophon [1] in 404, evading his …

(Πολέμων). [English version] [1] akad. Philosoph, 4./3. Jh. v. Chr. Akadem. Philosoph, ca. 350 bis verm. 276/5 v. Chr.; wurde von Xenokrates für die Philosophie gewonnen (legendäre Ausgestaltung der Berufung bei Diog. Laert. 4,16 f.) und war später dessen Nachfolger in der Leitung der Akademeia. Er war Lehrer von Krates [3] und Krantor, außerdem der Stoiker Zenon von Kition und Ariston [7] von Chios. Von den zahlreichen Schriften, die P. nach dem Ausweis der ant. Quellen verfaßt haben soll (Diog. Laert. 4…

(Καλλίστρατος). [English version] [1] Tragiker, 5. Jh. v. Chr. Tragiker (TrGF I 38), belegte an den Lenäen 418 v.Chr. den 2. Rang mit einem ‘Amphilochos und ‘Ixion (DID A 2b, 80), wohl nicht identisch mit dem didáskalos (“Regisseur”) des Aristophanes [3]. Zimmermann, Bernhard (Freiburg) Bibliography P. Geißler, Chronologie der altatt. Komödie, 1969, 6f.  PCG IV, p. 56. [English version] [2] Bedeutender athen. Politiker, 378/7 v. Chr. zum strategos gewählt Bedeutender athen. Politiker und hervorragender Redner, Neffe des Agyrrhios und kēdestḗs (wohl Schwiegervater) des Timo…

(Φιλῖνος). [English version] [1] Athen. Politiker Athener. Ph. schlug vor, alle Theten unter die Hopliten ( hoplítai ) aufzunehmen (Antiph. fr. 61 aus der Rede Katá Philínu). 420/419 v.Chr. wollte er ein gegen ihn eingeleitetes Verfahren wegen Veruntreuung öffentl. Gelder verhindern, indem er unmittelbar vor dem Prozeß einen Philokrates dazu bewog, gegen den Ankläger wegen unabsichtlicher Tötung Klage zu erheben. Bei Annahme der Klage durfte der Ankläger des Ph. keine gehegten Stätten, auch keine Gerichtsstätten ( nómima) mehr betreten (Antiph. 6,12; 21; 35f.). Schmitz, Winfri…

(Πύθων). [English version] [1] Von Apollon bei Delphi getöteter Drache Ein ungeheurer Drache, den Apollon bei Delphoi mit seinen Pfeilen tötet. Die älteste Fassung der Gesch. bietet Hom. h. 3,300-374: Apollon besiegt eine Drachin, die in der Nähe von Delphoi ihr Unwesen treibt und der Hera ihren Sohn Typhon in Obhut gegeben hat. Nach ihrem verfaulenden (πύθεσθαι/ pýthesthai) Leichnam erhalten der Ort und der Gott den Beinamen Pythṓ (vgl. auch den Namen der delphischen Seherin Pythía [1]). Nach Eur. Iph. T. 1245-1252 ist der Drache männlich und bew…