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Knecht

(917 words)

Author(s): Flüchter, Antje
1. DefinitionThe term Knecht (plural Knechte; from OHG  chneht, MHG  kneht; cf. Dutch  knecht) originally meant a (young) man. By the 12th century at the latest, the meaning had narrowed to males in a serving or learning position – a  Bäckerknecht was a journeyman baker, a Metzgerknecht a journeyman butcher (Journeymen; Crafts and trades); compare also Henkersknecht (“hangman’s assistant”) and  Edelknecht (“squire”). In the early modern period, however, the term referred primarily to male farm hands ( Bauernknechte; Servants in husbandry). This meaning is distinct…
Date: 2019-10-14

Maid

(1,442 words)

Author(s): Flüchter, Antje | Ulbrich, Claudia
1. “Magd” in the German landsThe German term Magd (“maid”; OHG  magat, MHG  maget, magt, Dutch  maagd, Frisian  megith) at first denoted an unmarried adult woman, but came in particular to refer to rural female servants in husbandry.The Magd, as a seasonal rural laborer, was – like the  Knecht – widespread in regions where the European marriage pattern and the nuclear family centered on a married couple were customary. Service as a maid in rural society accordingly marked a phase in the usual course of life (Curriculum vitae). Such service…
Date: 2019-10-14

Servants in husbandry

(3,380 words)

Author(s): Flüchter, Antje | Hofer, Sibylle | Klußmann, Jan
1. DefinitionThe German term Gesinde (servants in husbandry; from OHG  gisind, “liegeman”) denotes the servants (Knecht) and maids employed (mostly) for pay in agricultural production. Unlike day laborers, they entered into a non-seasonal contract (see 2. below) with a peasant farmer (Peasants) and were integrated into the peasant household (Ganzes Haus).Antje Flüchter2. Social aspectsThe peasant family can be thought of as a potential workforce, whose size and composition depended on the current phase of the family cycle. In early modern Eu…
Date: 2021-08-02