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[English Version] . Kirchl. S. dient der Erhebung der meßbaren Daten des kirchl. Lebens und mit ihm zusammenhängender Sachverhalte. – Vorstufen begegnen ab dem 14.Jh. in Form von Matrikeln, in denen Taufen, Trauungen und Beerdigungen (Kasualien) erfaßt sind. Auch in den reformatorischen Kirchen finden sich bald Kirchenbücher mit entspreche…

[English Version] . Das Verhältnis von Sch. und K. spiegelt das Verhältnis von Kirche und Staat und die jeweiligen Auffassungen in Erziehung bzw. Pädagogik und in Rel. bzw. Theol. wider, unterliegt also dem Wandel und ist in einzelnen Ländern unterschiedlich geregelt. In der Antike gab es keine Sch. für christl. Kinder. Ein Beginn erfolgte in Klöstern, die – wie im Prologus Regulae Benedicti (45) formuliert – als »dominici scola servitii« gelten konnten. Im Laufe der Zeit entstanden hier – initiiert durch die Oblation von Kindern (Obla…

[English Version] Pietät, ein aus dem Lat. (pietas) stammender, sich weithin mit dem griech. ευ᾿σε´βεια/euse´beia und dem ahd.-gotischen »fruma« deckender Begriff auf der Grenze zw. Ethik und Rel., bez. eine – meist – positiv gesehene, gehorsame bzw. rücksichtsvolle Haltung zu einer Person, einem Gegenstand o. ä., heute v.a. auf das Verhältnis zu Verstorbenen reduziert. Schon im Lat. findet sich das Changieren im Bedeutungsgehalt: auf der einen Seite bez. pietas ein Verhalten im zwischenmenschlichen Bereich, bes. gegenüber den Eltern (Cic. Partitiones oratoriae, 78; De inventione, 2,66), auf der anderen das angemessene Verhältnis zu den Göttern (Cic.n.d. 1,116). Die Bedeutung dieses Konzepts in der Antike kommt darin zum Ausdruck, daß pietas personifiziert und als Gottheit verehrt werden konnte. In der christl. Liturgie setzte sich – auf dem Hintergrund des antiken Herrscherkultes – die Vorstellung einer pietas Gottes durch. Im MA wurde pietas zur Bez. kultfrommen Verhaltens (»neminem sine vera pietate, id est veri Dei vero cultu, veram posse habere virtutem«, Aug.civ. V 19,15). Sie war Bestandteil von Tugendkatalogen (Lasterkataloge/Tugendkataloge) und so erzieherisch wirksam. Ein Vergleich zu anderen Kulturen, v.a. der konfuzianischen mit ihrem Leitbegriff »hsiao« (etwa: Kindespflicht), läßt die im Christentum von Anfang an bestehenden krit. Gegenströmungen gegenüber dem Konzept P. deutlicher hervortreten. So widerspricht z.B. das Jesus-Logion von Mt 8,22 radikal traditioneller Pietätsvorstellung. Der von Jesus verkündete Einbruch der Gottesherrschaft relativiert auch die Konventionen der P., ohne jedoch diese grundlegend aufzuheben, wie die bis heute reichenden gesetzlichen Bestimmungen zum Umgang mit Toten in christl. geprägten Gesellschaften (StGB @@ 189, …

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[English Version] Nacht, praktisch-theologisch. Der N. (Tag und Nacht) kommt für das Befinden der Menschen und damit auch deren rel. Praxis bes. Bedeutung zu (zum religionsphänomenologischen Befund s. Reimbold). Nicht nur in Kulturen ohne elektrischen Strom ist die N. ein ambivalent erfahrener Raum, wobei – wie nicht zuletzt die symbolische Verwendung von N. zeigt – die Angst vor Finsternis (Licht und Finsternis) und Zerstörung überwiegt, aber u.a. auch die Ruhe der N. als wohltuend empfunden werde…

[German Version] In edu…

[German Version] I. Precursors – II. Beginnings in Germany – III. Conceptual Development – IV. Challenges and Innovations I. Precursors …

[German Version] (May 8, 1858, Eibenstock, Saxony – Aug 1, 1912, Halle an der Saale). In 1894, after several years of parish ministry, Drews was appointed associate professor of pastoral theology at Jena; in 1901 he was appointed professor at Giessen and in 1908 at Halle. He was a cofounder of Die Christliche Welt (1887); his initial work was in church history, especially historical liturgics. Together with F. Niebergall and O. Baumgarten, he championed reform of “impractical practical theology.” In his programmatic Das Problem der praktischen Theologie. Zugleich ein Beitrag zur Reform des theologischen Studiums (1910), his targets included the systematization of the…

[German Version] The term piety, from Lat. pietas, largely synonymous with Gk εὐσέβεια/ eusébeia, OHG and Gothic fruma, and modern Ger. Frömmigkeit stands on the borderline between ethics and religion. It denotes an obedient and respectful attitude toward a person or object, usually considered a positive trait. Today it is often reduced to a person’s attitude toward the departed.…

[German Version] Technical colleges ( Fachschulen) were established in German-speaking Europe during the 19th century as a result of the “scientification of production” (Grüner, 248). Until c. 1890, senior technical colleges ( Fachhochschulen) could also be called technical colleges; since that time, the increasing differentiation of the educational system has narrowed the definition of technical colleges. The definition established on Oct 29, 1937, is still in effect: “Technical colleges are schools that provide training in a…

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[German Version] (Jul 18, 1877, Berlin – Mar 13, 1963, Potsdam). Following theological studies in Berlin, during which he developed a lifelong attachment to the CVJM (YMCA equivalent), and after short temporary employments as a private tutor and curate, Le Seur was appointed mission inspector of the Berlin City Mission by A. Stoecker in 1905 and later became his successor. It was in the course of these activities – which were only interrupted by a military chaplaincy in Brussels during World War I…

[German Version] Church statistics record the measurable data of the church’s life and circumstances. Such statistics, in a preliminary stage, begin to appear in the 14th century, in the form of registers recording baptisms, marriages, and burials (Ministerial offices). In the Churches of the Reformation, too, w…

[German Version] refers to the scholarly discipline that uses statistical methods to ascertain the social contingency of moral and religiously relevant action. Having flourished in the second half of the 19th century, it soon declined in importance and occurs today, as a rule, only in the reduced form of criminal statistics. In the late 17th century, studies linked to mortality (J. Graunt, Observations on the Bills of Mortality, 1662) led to the discovery that human behavior can be measured by statistics. This realization was soon theologically interpreted in t…

[German Version] Parenthood denotes the common relationship of man and woman to their children, in which biological, social, and religious aspects need to be taken into account. Procreation by the two sexes has until now meant that everyone has a woman and a man as biological parents. Possible biotechnical intervention (clones) could change this in future, with as yet unforeseeable consequences. Human cultural determination means that the basic biological fact requires qualification. It is true that in most societies biological and social parenthood largely coincide, but for very varied reasons (death, divorce, incapacity or unwillingness to bring up children, etc.) differences often arise between effective father and birth father, or between effective mother and birth mother (cf. terms such as adoptive parents, foster-parents, step-parents, single-parent families, etc.; see the survey in Zonabend on the sheer unlimited multiformity of parenthood, culturally anticipating the possibilities of new medical technology). In some technically highly developed countries, various developments (material disadvantaging of families, exte…

[German Version] I. Theology – II. Church Law – III. Practical Theology I. Theology Consecration (Ger. Einsegnung) is a theologically vague term of liturgical (or more specifically benedictional) practice. It denotes the public ceremony, with laying-on of hands, that communicates God's blessing to certain individuals at special times in their lives. Without being clearly distinguished from other forms of blessing, consecration today denotes primarily the blessing of ¶ young people at confirmation and of other members of the congregation at the beginni…

[German Version] (Jan 12, 1788, Bremen – Aug 22, 1868, Bremen), Protestant clergyman. From 1814 he was associated with G. Menken ¶ at the Church of St. Martin in Bremen; in 1826 he succeeded Menken as pastor primarius. A man of great organizational ability, he founded and supported numerous associations, primarily for missionary and charitable purposes, and maintained numerous contacts (in Germany and abroad) in the revival movement (Revival/Revival movements). In 1861 he received honorary doctorates from Göttingen and Berlin. Christian Grethlein Bibliography K.H. Voigt, BBKL XI…

[German Version] The relationship between school and church reflects the relationship between church and state and current views in education or educational theory (Education, Theory of) and religion or theology – it is therefore subject to change and is subject to different regulations in different countries. In antiquity there were no schools for Christian children. The earliest emerged in monasteries, which – as the Prologus Regulae Benedicti (45) states – could be thought of as dominici scola servitii. Over time – initiated by the …

[German Version] A family service in the narrower sense refers to a form of worship that generally replaces the normal Sunday morning church service (including children's church), is usually prepared and organized by a team, and focuses on special needs, problems, as well as on the hopes and joys of families.…

[German Version] Halieutica, derived from Mark 1:17 (Gk ἁλιεὺς ἀνϑρώπων/ halieús anthrṓpôn, “fisher of men”), was the term for a sub-discipline of practical theology in the 19th century. G.A.F. Sickel introduced it in 1829. Against the background of the loss of pastoral effectiveness, he wanted to establish a “science… that, with greater attention to the inner being of a person, would instruct young theologians in how one could…