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[German version] (Λακήδας; Lakḗdas; Hdt. 6,127,3: Λεωκήδης; Leōkḗdēs). Legendary king of Argus, by tradition the son of the historically debated Pheidon [3]. L. was regarded as the father of Meltas, the last king of the Argives (Paus. 2,19,2) [1. 385; 2. 107ff.]. Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum) Bibliography 1 P. Carlier, La royauté en Grèce avant Alexandre, 1984 2 Th. Kelly, A History of Argos to 500 BC, 1976.

[German version] (πρεσβεία/ presbeía, πρέσβεις/ présbeis, 'embassy', 'emissary'). The terms presbeía and présbeis in this sense are known only from the 5th cent. BC on, but there is evidence of 'diplomatic traffic' in Greece considerably earlier than this in Homer, in the form of the sending of 'messengers' (Hom. Il. 4,384; 5,804; 10,286). The term présbeis is explained by the fact that originally it was generally 'elders' ( présbys: 'old') who were sent out as emissaries, though by the 5th cent. this was no longer the custom (Aristoph. Ach. 599 ff.). Présbeis acted on behalf of their…

(Μανδροκλείδας; Mandrokleídas). [German version] [1] Spartiate, tried to keep Pyrrhos from further raids in Laconia, 272 BC Spartiate (Μανδρικλείδας/ Mandrikleídas in good MSS). Plutarch (Plut. Pyrrhus 26,24) passes down a memorable statement by M. who is said to have attempted in 272 BC to convince Pyrrhus of the Spartan will to resist him so as to prevent further plundering raids in Laconia by his troops [1. 128f.]. Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum) [German version] [2] Spartiate, supporter of Agis's reforms in 243/2 BC Spartiate (probably not identical to M. [1]), talented fo…

[German version] (Αἰγεῖδαι; Aigeîdai). Designated by Herodotus (4,149) as ‘great phyle in Sparta’, but also (4,147) brought in connection with Cadmean Thebes. In Aristotle (fr. 532 Rose) the A. appear as φρατρία Θηβαίων ( phratría Thēbaíōn) and in Pindar (I. 7,15) as ‘Thebans’ (cf. Androtion FGrH 324 F 60; schol. Pind. Pyth. 5,101). According to the Schol. of Pindar I. 7,18 they are supposed to have originally been Phlegraei. Whether here ‘Phlegyans’ are meant [1. 28] is uncertain. Supposedly the A. migrated with the Heraclidae t…

[German version] (Παντεύς; Panteús). Spartan, who in 223 BC successfully commanded two Spartan units under Cleomenes [6] III in the attack on Megalopolis (Plut. Cleomenes 23,5-6). After the battle of Sellasia, he fled to Egypt with Cleomenes , where he committed suicide after the latter's failed attempt to free himself from internment (ibid. 37,13-16; 38,5; Pol. 5,37,8). Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)

[German version] (Γῦλις; Gŷlis). Spartiate, in 394 BC polemarch, assumed command of the army of Agesilaus [2] II after the battle of Coronea and advanced to Locris. He fell in battle after the retreat (Xen. Ages. 2,15; Hell. 4,3,21-23). Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)

[German version] (Μενεδάϊος/ Menedáios). Spartan, in 426 BC a member of Eurylochus's [2] war council in Acarnania. After Eurylochus's defeat and death at Olpae, he became commander of the Peloponnesian troops there. In a secret agreement the Athenian commander Demosthenes [1] granted him free passage in return for surrender of the Ambraciots (Thuc. 3,100,2; 109,1-3; [1. 30]. Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum) Bibliography 1 J. Roisman, The General Demosthenes and His Use of Military Surprise, 1993.

[German version] (Κλεανδρίδας; Kleandrías). Spartan; allegedly fought in 470 BC against Tegea (Polyaenus, Strat. 2,10,3) and in 446 as advisor of king  Pleistoanax he was bribed by Pericles on a campaign to Attica. Sentenced to death, C. fled (Diod. Sic. 13,106,10; Plut. Pericles 22f.) and became a citizen of Thurii, where he functioned as general after 443 (Polyaenus, Strat. 2,10). The embellishment of the bribery affair probably only occurred after his son  Gylippus was convicted of embezzlement [1. 145]. Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum) Bibliography 1 K. L. Noethlichs, Bestechu…

[German version] (γέροντες; gérontes). ‘Elders’, in the Homeric epic not only the aged advisers of a city-king (Hom. Il. 3,149) but also high-ranking dignitaries ( Basileus, I. B. Homeric) with leadership functions in war and peace (Hom. Il. 2,404-408). From the advisory assemblies in early Greek pre-city settlements and defensive communities, committees with distinct competencies and criteria of admission developed along with city structures. An indication of this process is the trial scene in Hom. Il. 18,497-508, in which gerontes resolve a dispute over compensation [1…

[German version] (Μεγιστόνους/ Megistónous). Spartan who supported the reforms of his stepson Cleomenes [6] III (Plut. Cleomenes 7,1; 11,1). As the Spartan commander at Orchomenus (Arcadia) he was defeated and captured by Aratus [2] of Sicyon after Cleomenes' coup (227 BC) at a time which has not been exactly determined (Plut. Aratus 38,1), and was sent by him to Cleomenes as a go-between (Plut. Cleomenes 19,5; Plut. Aratus 41,5). M. died in 224 while trying to prevent Argos being captured by Aratus and Antigonus [3] Doson (Plut. Cleomenes 21,1-3; [1. 374f.]). Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bo…

[German version] (Ἀντιαλκίδας; Antalkídas in IG V 1,93 ll. 15 and 212). At some time in the spring of 392 BC or the preceding winter A., through the mediation of the satrap  Tiribazus and abandoning the Greeks of Asia Minor, was to make peace with the Persian king [3; 7], the victory of  Conon at Cnidus having left Sparta in a precarious situation. As Sparta no longer controlled the poleis of Asia Minor, the attempt was a failure, although A. did receive a secret subsidy from Tiribazus for the expansion of the Spartan fleet (Xen. Hell. 4,8,12 ff.; Plut. Ages. 23,2). In the summer of 388 as   nauarch…

[German version] (Κρατησίκλεια). Wife of Leonidas II, mother of  Cleomenes [6] III, who was strongly in favour of his reform plans. Following her son's flight to Ptolemy III, she went to Egypt as a hostage and was executed there in 219 BC after the failure of Cleomenes' coup (Plut. Cleomenes 6,2; 7,1; 22,3-10; 38,2-12). Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)

[German version] (Πολύτροπος/ Polýtropos). Commander of a detachment of mercenaries recruited in Corinth, which fought for Sparta in 370/369 BC against the newly founded koinón of the Arcadians (see also Arcadians, Arcadia, with map; [1. 80 ff.]) and occupied the polis of Orchomenus [3] because it did not wish to join the Arcadians' League. P. fell in action against Mantinean troops (Xen. Hell. 6,5,11-14; cf. Diod. Sic. 15,62,1-3). Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum) Bibliography 1 H. Beck, Polis und Koinon, 1997.

[German version] (Hdt. 7,134,2: Σπερθίης/ Sperthíēs; Plut. Mor. 235f: Σπέρτις/ Spértis; 815e: Σπέρχις/ Spérchis). A high-ranking Spartan (Spartiatae) who is supposed to have offered himself and the Spartan Boulis in Susa as atonement for the ambassadors of Darius [1] I who had allegedly been killed in Sparta in 491 BC, but refused to prostrate himself before Xerxes who nevertheless set him free (Hdt. 7,134,2-136). Whether Persian ambassadors had appeared in Sparta in 491 BC, however, remains questionable [1.…

[German version] (Κνῆμος; Knêmos). Spartan nauarchos (fleet commander) in 430/29 BC, destroyed Zacynthus in 430, conducted operations in Acarnania in 429 and was defeated at Oeniadae (Thuc. 2,66; 80-82; Diod. Sic. 12,47,4f.). C.'s formations suffered heavy losses in 429 at Stratus and Naupactus against the Athenians under Phormion. In the late autumn of 429 an assault that C. and his ‘adviser’  Brasidas had planned against Piraeus was called off; Salamis was laid waste instead (Thuc. 2,83-94; Diod. Sic. 12,49). Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)

[German version] (Ἰσχόλαος; Ischólaos). Spartan, fought in the Corinthian War against Chabrias in Thrace (Polyaen. Strat. 2,22), fell in battle in Scritis against the Arcadians during the winter of 370/69 BC (Xen. Hell. 6,5,24-26; Diod.Sic. 15,64,3f.). Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)

(Λαμπιτώ; Lampitṓ). [German version] [1] Daughter of the Spartan king Leotychidas II, 5th cent. BC Daughter of the Spartan king Leotychidas II, wife of king Archidamus [1] II, mother of the later king Agis [2] II (Hdt. 6,71; Plut. Agesilaus 1; Pl. Alc. 1,123c); Aristophanes (Lys.) uses the name for a typical female representative of Sparta. Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum) [German version] [2] Samian woman, lover of Demetrius [4] c. 300 BC Samian woman, lover of Demetrius [4] (Ath. 13,593e-f; Diog. Laert. 5,76). Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)

[German version] Indications of public indignation at peace-breakers in Homer (Hom. Od. 24,424-437) and the emergence of the Roman fetiales rite as the opening of a bellum iustum (International law) show that even in the Archaic period wars were not regarded as a normal state of affairs and that WG was discussed [1. 127]. WG acquired greater political significance in the course of expansionist aspirations. The actions and causes which triggered battles between the Greeks and 'Barbarians' form a leitmotiv in the work of He…

[German version] (Χάριλλος; Chárillos, in Hdt. 8,131 Χαρίλαος; Charílaos). Historically uncertain Spartan king, Eurypontid; according to Sosibius (FGrH 595 F 2), ruled 874-811 BC and with King Archelaus conquered the perioikic city of Aegys (Paus. 3,2,5), but defeated by the Tegeans (Paus. 8,5,9). This data arises from constructions based on legend.   Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)

[German version] (Γοργώπας; Gorgṓpas). Spartiate, in 389/8 BC. Epistoleús of the nauarch Hierax, who assigned to him the defence of the polis Aegina under the siege of Athens. He operated successfully against Athenian forces and against Attic coastal regions, accompanied the new nauarch Antalcidas to Ephesus in 388, and got into difficulties in a battle against an Athenian squadron on his return. He won the counter attack in a night battle at Cape Zoe, but was not up to the surprise attack of the Atheni…

(Κλεόμβροτος; Kleómbrotos). [German version] [1] Agiad, Spartan commander in Salamis Agiad ( Agiads), brother of Leonidas I who died at Thermopylae in 480 BC and guardian of the latter's son Pleistarchus. As commander of the Peloponnesian forces, C. directed the fortification of the Isthmus of Corinth before the battle of Salamis, but died late that year or in the winter of 480/79 (Hdt. 5,41; 7,205,1; 8,71; 9,10; Paus. 3,3,9). Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum) [German version] [2] C. I. Spartan king 380-371 BC Agiad, after the banishment of his father Pausanias in 394 BC under …

[German version] (στεφανηφορία/ stephanēphoría) was the term for the 'wearing of a garland' as a symbol of sacred or magisterial dignity, widespread in the Greek poleis of Asia Minor and often connected with eponymity (Eponyms in chronology). Eponymous stephanephoria is known primarily in Miletus (Syll.3 57; LSAM 50); it was carried out by the aisymnetai of the molpoi [1. 68, 7729]. In their name lists, which, with only a few interruptions, extend from 525/4 BC to AD 31/2 [2. no. 122-128], Alexander [4] and Augustus also appear (cf. [3. 167]). In Priene stephanephoria was at times t…

[German version] (κλαρῶται; klarôtai). Non-free country-dwellers in Crete, who worked the klâroi ( klêros ) of full citizens in exchange for the payment of fees (Ath. 6,263e-f; Poll. 3,83). Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)

[German version] This word only occurs in the plural (ἀπέλλαι; apéllai) and is explained by Hesychius as σηκοί ( sēkoí; precincts) or by their function as ἐκκλησίαι ( ekklēsíai; people's assemblies) or ἐφαιρησίαι ( ephairēsíai; voting assemblies). The Labyad inscriptions in Delphi use apellai to refer to the  Apollo festival of the phratry during the religious month of Apellaios (Michel, RIG 995 = Schwyzer, DGE 323). Inscriptions from Gytheum (Laconia, 1st cent.) add the augmentative attribute μεγάλαι ( megálai; IG V 1, 1144, l.20 f.= SGDI 4567 = Michel, RIG 185; IG V 1, …

[German version] (Τήλεκλος; Tḗleklos). King of Sparta, who according to legend played an important role a generation before the beginning of the first Messenian War. As a person he is probably historical; he is supposed to have conquered Amyclae, Pharis and Geronthrae (Paus. 3,2,6) and settled several places in Dentheliatis (Denthalii) with Laconic colonists (Str. 8,4,4). His killing by Messenians allegedly led to the first of the Messenian Wars (Paus. 4,4,2-3). Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum) Bibliography M. Meier, Aristokraten und Damoden, 1998, 85-87, 102-106.

[German version] (προξενία/ proxenía, πρόξενος/ próxenos). The term proxenía denotes the function of a 'public guest' ( próxenos), i.e. one citizen's representing one Greek community in another 'state'. It is a specifically Greek institution, traceable to the protection of foreigners (Xenoi; Aliens, the position of [III]) and first attested in a late 7th cent. BC resolution of the 'people' ( dâmos) of Corfu  (ML 4). In the 5th cent. BC, proxenía moreover became an Athenian instrument of control in the Delian League, where próxenoi represented Athenian interests, reporting if n…

[German version] (Ῥαμφίας; Rhamphías). Spartiate, father of Clearchus [2] (Thuc. 8,8,2). Member of the last Spartan delegation before the outbreak of the Peloponnesisan War (431 BC) that in Athens signaled a willingness for peace if the Athenians returned "independence to the Hellens" (Thuc. 1,139,3). R. was supposed to reinforce the army of Brasidas in the summer of 422 but in Thessaly he received news of his death and returned to Sparta. Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)

(πρυτάνεις/ prytáneis, sg. πρύτανις/ prýtanis, 'principal, first'). [German version] I. Individual chief magistrates Designation for holders of the highest power or official authority. The original meaning 'ruler' is given expression in the epic name Prýtanis (Hom. Il. 5,678), in Zeus' appellation in Aeschylus (Prom. 169), as well as in the verb form applied to the Roman emperor and empress ( prytaneúein; Phil. in Flaccum 126; Procop. Arc. 17,27). In the course of the institutionalization of the organs of the polis and during the 'Great' Greek Colonizati…

(Χιλωνίς; Chilōnís). [German version] [1] Legendary wife of king Theopompus Legendary figure, said to be the wife of king  Theopompus, whom she is supposed to have freed from imprisonment by Messenians (Polyaenus, Strat. 8,34; Quint. Inst. 2,17,20; Plut. Lycurgus 7,2; Mor. 779e). Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum) [German version] [2] Wife of Cleonymus, 3rd cent. BC Wife of  Cleonymus, son of Cleomenes II; she committed adultery with Acrotatus, later to be king; after the death of Cleonymus, who had left Sparta because of her, and joined Pyrrhus, she apparently married Acrotatus (Syll.3 …

[German version] (Πασιππίδας; Pasippídas). Spartiate and naval commander in the eastern Aegaean in 410/409 BC probably in the role of naúarchos; he was charged with conspiring in Thasos to stage an uprising against a group favouring Sparta and the harmost Eteonicus. He fled, but as early as 409 was sent as a legate to Persia (Xen. Hell. 1,1,32; 1,3,13). Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)

[German version] (Σωφάνης/ Sōphánēs). Athenian from Decelea, son of Eutychides (Hdt. 6,92,3; 9,73,1). In 490 BC after the battle of Marathon he refused to honour Miltiades [2] with a wreath (Plut. Cimon 8,1), since the victory was understood to be a success of the dêmos as a whole [1. 193]. S. distinguished himself by particular bravery in the Athenians' war with Aegina in 488/7 (Hdt. 6,92; 9,75; Paus. 1,29,5) and in the battle of Plataeae in 479 (Hdt. 9,73-75; Plut. Cato maior 29,2). He fell in 465/4 as a stratēgós and one of the commanders of the colonists who advanced from Ennea…

[German version] (Ἱππίτας; Hippítas). Confidant of the Spartan king Cleomenes III, whom he accompanied to Alexandria after the battle of Sellasia, where he had himself killed willingly after the latter's failed uprising against Ptolemy IV in 219 BC (Pol. 5,37,8; Plut. Cleomenes 37,6-13). Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)

[German version] (Κλεαρίδας; Klearídas). Spartan, son of Cleonymus. Appointed by  Brasidas in 423 BC as commander at Amphipolis, C. proved himself after Brasidas' death in 422. After the peace of  Nicias he did not surrender the polis entrusted to him to the Athenians so its inhabitants would not be exposed to retaliation (Thuc. 5,21; 34). Unimpressed by the instructions of the leading committees in Sparta he instigated considerable new tensions between Sparta and Athens.  Peloponnesian War Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)

[German version] (Ἀποικία; apoikía). Settlement of a group of colonists or their descendants outside the territory of a particular mother city ( Metropolis); the latter having sent out a proportion of its citizens as ‘emigrants’ (ἄποικοι, ápoikoi) to found a ‘colony’, or even encouraged the citizens of other poleis to take part in a new foundation. The leader of the undertaking was usually an oikist nominated by the mother city. Especially during the great period of ‘Greek colonization’ of c. 750-550/500 BC, many new communities arose, often being autonomous poleis which could be r…

[German version] (Βρασίδας; Brasídas). Son of the respected Spartiate Tellis, who was one of those who took the oath sealing the Peace of Nicias in 421 BC (Thuc. 2,25; 5,19; 24).B. distinguished himself right at the beginning of the Peloponnesian War when he freed the Messenian coastal city of Methone which was surrounded by Athenians. That was probably the reason for his appointment in 431/30 as eponymous ephor (Diod. Sic. 12,43,2) and military ‘adviser’ at a relatively young age. In 429 he was adviser to admiral  Cnemus in the so-called second sea battle of Naupactus and…

[German version] (Ἀστύοχος; Astýochos). Spartan nauarch in 412/11 BC. In the summer of 412 his attempt to gain Lesbos failed (Thuc. 8,22f.); his operations between Lesbos, Chios, Erythrae and Clazomenae were luckless (8,31-33). Dissatisfied with his administration, Sparta sent ‘advisors’ with extraordinary powers to his headquarters in Milet in the winter of 412/11 (Thuc. 8,39,1f.). After advances as far as Cnidus and Rhodes he signed the third Spartan-Persian contract in the spring of 411, in whic…

[English version] (Μίνδαρος). Spartiat, naúarchos (Flottenkommandant) 411/410 v.Chr. Er stieß Mitte Sept. 411 von Miletos aus zur thrakischen Chersonesos durch, um dort die wichtigste athen. Versorgungslinie zu treffen, unterlag aber wenig später bei Kynos Sema einer schwächeren athen. Flotte unter Thrasybulos (Thuk. 8,99-107) sowie in einer zweiten Schlacht bei Abydos [1] (Okt./Nov. 411), nachdem Alkibiades [3] den athen. Streitkräften überraschend Verstärkung zugeführt hatte (Xen. hell. 1,1,2-7; D…

[English version] (Δερκυλίδας). Spartiat; galt als gewandter und listenreicher Truppenführer. Er gewann 411 v.Chr. kampflos Abydos und Lampsakos (Thuk. 8,61f.), war 407/6 Harmost in Abydos (Xen. hell. 3,1,9) und löste 399 im Krieg Spartas gegen den persischen Satrapen Tissaphernes in Kleinasien den unbeliebten Thibron ab, der das Heer, darunter die ehemaligen Söldner des jüngeren Kyros (auch Xenophon), nicht disziplinieren konnte (Xen. hell. 3,1,8-10). In einem “Blitzfeldzug” entriß D. dem Satrape…

[English version] (Μεγιστόνους). Spartiat, unterstützte die Reformen seines Stiefsohnes Kleomenes [3] III. (Plut. Kleomenes 7,1; 11,1), wurde zu einem nicht genau bestimmbaren Zeitpunkt nach dem sog. Staatsstreich des Kleomenes (227 v.Chr.) als spartan. Befehlshaber bei Orchomenos (Arkadien) von Aratos [2] von Sikyon geschlagen und gefangengenommen (Plut. Aratos 38,1) und von diesem als Unterhändler zu Kleomenes gesandt (Plut. Kleomenes 19,5; Plut. Aratos 41,5). M. fiel 224 bei dem Versuch, Argos …

[English version] (ἱεροὶ πόλεμοι). Als Begriff begegnet hierós pólemos erst im späten 5. Jh. v. Chr. und bedeutet nach Aristophanes (Av. 554ff., speziell 556 mit schol. = Philochoros FGrH 328 F 34 b) “Krieg gegen die Gottheit”, während Thukydides (1,112,5; mit dem Zusatz καλούμενος ‘der sogenannte’) hiermit die Intervention der Spartaner 448 in Delphi, vorgeblich zum Schutz des Apollonheiligtums [1. 1-14], bezeichnet. Die Vorstellung eines Glaubenskampfes für eine Gottheit gab es hiernach nicht [2. 67-8…

[English version] (προξενία, πρόξενος). Der Begriff p. bezeichnet die Funktion eines “Staatsgastfreundes” ( próxenos), d. h. die Vertretung eines griech. Gemeinwesens in einem anderen “Staat” durch einen Bürger der fremden Gemeinschaft. Sie ist eine spezifisch griech. Institution, die auf den Schutz des Fremden ( xénoi ; Fremdenrecht III.) zurückgeht und erstmals in einem Beschluß des “Volkes” ( dámos) von Kerkyra aus dem späten 7. Jh. v. Chr. bezeugt ist (ML 4). Im 5. Jh. v. Chr. wurde die p. darüber hinaus zu einem athen. Herrschaftsinstrument im Attisch-Delischen See…

[English version] (Πόλλις). Spartanischer naúarchos (Flottenkommandant) 396/5 v. Chr., kämpfte in der Ägäis gegen Konon [1] (Hell. Oxyrh. 12,2 Chambers); 393/2 v. Chr. war er epistoleús des naúarchos Podanemos im Korinthischen Krieg (Xen. hell. 4,8,11). P. sollte als Gesandter Spartas in Syrakusai eine Teilnahme des Dionysios [1] I. am Krieg gegen Athen erreichen und wurde beschuldigt, auf der Rückreise den Philosophen Platon [1] in Aigina in die Sklaverei verkauft zu haben (Plut. Dion 5; Diog. Laert. 3,19). Als naúarchos wurde er 376 bei Naxos von Chabrias besiegt (Xen.…

[English version] (Λαβώτας). Sagenhafter spartan. König aus dem Hause der Agiadai. Unter seiner (fiktiven) Herrschaft (angeblich 1025/4-989/8 v.Chr.) soll Sparta erstmals gegen Argos gekämpft haben (Apollod. FGrH 244 F 62; Hdt. 1,65; 7,204; Plut. mor. 224c; Paus. 3,2,3f.). Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)

[English version] (Αἰγεῖδαι). Von Herodot (4,149) als “große Phyle in Sparta” bezeichnet, aber auch (4,147) mit dem kadmeischen Theben in Verbindung gebracht. Bei Aristoteles (fr. 532 Rose) erscheinen die A. als φρατρία Θηβαίων und bei Pindar (I. 7,15) als “Thebaner” (vgl. Androtion FGrH 324 F 60; schol. Pind. P. 5,101). Nach den Schol. zu Pindar I. 7,18 sollen sie urspr. Phlegraioi gewesen sein. Ob hiermit “Phlegyer” gemeint sind [1. 28], ist unklar. Angeblich sollen die A. mit den Herakliden nac…

[English version] (Εὐρυβιάδης). Spartanischer Kommandeur der Flotte der 481 v.Chr. gegründeten griech. Eidgenossenschaft in den Schlachten bei Artemision und bei Salamis 480. Nach der Umgehung der Thermopylenstellung des Leonidas durch die Perser führte E. die griech. Flotte rechtzeitig durch den engen Euripos-Sund in att. Gewässer (Hdt. 8,4-21). Bei Salamis folgte er gegen heftigen Widerstand der meisten Führer der griech. Schiffskontingente dem Plan des Themistokles, die persische Flotte in der B…

[English version] (Πασιτειλίδας). Spartiat, Sohn des Hegesandros, unter Brasidas Harmost in Torone, wo er 422 v.Chr. bei der Einnahme der Stadt durch die Athener unter Kleon [1] gefangengenommen wurde. Von dort wurde er verm. nach Athen gebracht (Thuk. 4,132,3; 5,3,1-4). Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)

[English version] (Ἐπαμεινώνδας). Bedeutendster thebanischer Feldherr der 1.H. des 4.Jh. v.Chr. Sein Geburtsjahr ist nicht überliefert. Er galt nach Unterweisung durch den im Hause seines Vaters Polymis lebenden Pythagoreer Lysis von Tarent (Diod. 15,39,2; Plut. mor. 583c; 585e; Paus. 9,13,1; Nep. Epaminondas 2,2) als unbestechlich und bedürfnislos sowie als großer Redner (Plut. mor. 808e, 809a). Über seine polit. Anfänge ist wenig bekannt. Für Plutarchs verlorene Biographie des E. bietet die Skiz…

[English version] (κλῆρος; dor. κλᾶρος, “Los”, “Landlos”, “Grundstück”, “Landanteil”; etym. wohl abzuleiten von κλάειν, “brechen, teilen”). Verlosung von anbaufähigem Boden bei der Landnahme in der griech. Frühzeit ist nicht nachweisbar [1]. K. bezeichnet bereits bei Homer (Il. 15,498; Od. 14,64) sowie Hesiod (erg. 37; 341) übertragbares, nicht durch Los zugefallenes Privateigentum. Die von Aristoteles (fr. 611 Rose) erwähnte Funktion des k. in der archaischen thessal. Aufgebotsordnung wird dort nicht mit einer Verlosung von Grundstücken, sondern mit ein…

[English version] (προήγορος, dor. προάγορος, “Wortführer”; von pro-agoreúein, “für jemanden öffentl. reden”). Sprecher einer Gruppe oder Gesandtschaft (Xen. hell. 1,1,27; 2,2,22; Xen. an. 5,5,7). In den sizilischen Poleis Akragas (IG XIV 952: 2. Jh. v. Chr.), Tyndaris (Cic. Verr. 2,4,85) und evtl. auch in Tauromenion (IG XIV 423) Bezeichnung für Beamte. In Katane war der p. nach Cicero (Verr. 2,4,50) sogar der höchste Magistrat, doch kann dies übertrieben sein. In Sardeis sind stratēgoí und proḗgoroi (als leitende Beamte) in das Präskript eines Volksbeschlusses aufg…

[English version] (Γύλιππος). Spartiat, Sohn des Kleandridas. Seine Erziehung ( agōgḗ ) wurde vielleicht (zeitweise?) durch einen wohlhabenden Spartaner ermöglicht, da Ailianos (var. 12,43) ihn als Mothax (“Bastard”) bezeichnet [1. 434]. Als Syrakus von Sparta Hilfe gegen die Athener erbat, wurde er nach Sizilien gesandt (Thuk. 6,93; 104), gelangte im Sommer 414 v.Chr. mit kleiner Streitmacht nach Himera, verstärkte dort sein Heer erheblich, brach nach Syrakus durch, organisierte den Widerstand und verhinderte die Einsch…