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[German version] (modern Rižana, more probably Osapska Reka). A small river east of Aegida (between Capra and Iustinianopolis, modern Koper/Capodistria), 6 miles from Tergeste. The name is perhaps derived from the language of the Veneti. The F. gained significance in 42-41 BC as the border river when Gallia Cisalpina was incorporated into Italy after the battle of Philippi. Between 18 and 12 BC this boundary was relocated to the Arsia (modern Raša). The stream is mentioned in Plin. HN 3,127 ( …

[German version] Illyrian people (Liv. 43,19,3; 31,2; 44,31,10; 32,3; 45,26,15: Labeatae; the region in Liv. 44,23,3: Labeatis; Pol. 29,3,5: Λαβεᾶτις) near palus Labeatis/ lacus Labeatum (Liv. 44,31,3/10; modern Albanian Liqeni Shkodres, Serbian Skadarsko jezero); main towns Scodra and Meteon. Their territory was the core of th…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Theatre | | Coloniae | Macedonia, Macedones (Βυλλίς; Byllís). Settlement on the right bank of the Aous in the hills of the Mallakastra near the modern Gradista de Hekal. Founded in the 4th cent. BC, B. was independent from 230 BC until its conquest by Rome. The structure of its governmental institutions was modelled on those of Epirus and Apollonia [1]; it is possible that a polis and a koinon of the Bylliones coexisted. In the vicinity of B. was the town of Clos. B. experienced a late bloom in the 6th cent. AD;…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Prehistoric settlement of the  Liburni on a small island (modern Nin, Croatia); attested in the name A., in copious grave finds, and in the native cult of the epigraphically verified  Venus Anzotica. Important town in the early Roman period ( Illyricum, later province  Dalmatia); probably Augustan   municipium of the tribus Sergia (CIL III 3158), 18 km north-west of  Iader, opposite the island of Cissa (modern Pag) at the foot of Mons Albius (modern Velebit) (Plin. HN 3,140; Ptol. 2,16,3). Sur…

[German version] Region in southern Illyricum near the western border of Macedonia (Liv. 42,36,9; cf. Plin. HN 3,145; 4,3; Mela 2,55; Str. 7,5,7; 5,12; Steph. Byz. s.v. D.) between the kingdoms of the Illyrians and the Macedonians, from the Lychnidus lacus (today Lake Ohrid; Ptol. 3,13,32; Liv. 43,9,7) to Antipatrea (today Berati, Albania) along the upper (H)apsus (Semani, Albania). Scerdilaedas and Philip V fought in 217 BC for the cities of Antipatrea, Chrysondyon and Gertus (Polyb. 5,108); otherwise, only vici and castella are mentioned. D. was conquered by Philip. In 200-199 BC, the consul Sulpicius and his legate L. Apustius crossed D. during the 2. Macedonian war (Liv. 31,33). In 167 BC, the Romans declared D. free; as part of the Roman protectorate in southern Illyricum D. rem…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: | Moesi, Moesia Settlement of the Illyrian Docleates (Ptol. 2,16,12; App. Ill. 16,46; Ptol. 2,16,8; Plin. HN 3,143; …

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Moesi, Moesia Roman municipium of the province of Dalmatia (Tab. …

[German version] Town at the foot of the Alpes Delmaticae (modern Velebit) on the northern Dalmatian coast (modern Starigrad Paklenica, Croatia), in the 3rd cent. BC at times occupied by the  Iapodes, but from the 4th cent. BC attributed to the  Liburni (Ps.-Scyl. 21). As a Liburnian   oppidum (Plin. HN 3,140), A.'s population was made up of both immigrants and natives…

[German version] One of the Illyrian tribes in the province Dalmatia, subjugated with the greatest difficulty in 35-33 BC together with the Docleatae, Carni, Interphrurini, Naresii and the Taurisci by the future Augustus and forced to pay overdue taxes (App. Ill. 47: Γλιντιδίωνες; …

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Moesi, Moesia | Pannonia (modern Plomin/Croatia); town on the eastern coast of the peninsula of Histria in Liburnia, province of Dalmatia. …

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Coloniae | Moesi, Moesia (τὰ Διάδωρα; tà Diádōra). Liburnian foundation of the Iron Age, later the most important city of Liburnia in the province of Dalmatia, modern Zadar (Italian Zara) in Croatia (Mela 2,57; Plin. HN 3,140 colonia Iader, cf. 141; 152; It. Ant. 272,1f.; cf. 496,7; 497,2; CIL III 2925). The inhabitants ( Iadertini) fought with Caesar against Pompey (Bell. Alex. 42). I. probably became a Roman colonia ( colonia Iulia; earlier documented as a conventus civium Romanorum) under Caesar. Traces of centuriatio…

[German version] Peninsula (4,437 km2) on the northern Adriatic between Tergeste and Tarsatica (Croatia/Slovenia). H. is derived from the Istri/Histri who already settled here in the 11th cent. BC (mentioned for the first time by Hecataeus, FGrH 1 F 91). Their settlements were on hills and on the coast ( gradine or castellieri) and had monumental fortifications; there is evidence of cremations in clay urns. The development of the Histri between the Veneti in the north, the Iapodes in the north-east and the Liburni in the south and south-west ca…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Coloniae | Moesi, Moesia Town in the province  Dalmatia (modern Čitluk near Sinj), on the road from Salona to Servitium (It. Ant. 269,6; Tab. Peut. 5,3, Geogr. Rav. 4,16).   colonia under emperor  Claudius (CIL III 1323; Ptol. 2,16,11). A. was the only town in Dalmatia to be founded on the basis of a veteran settlement, following the departure of the   legio VII from Tilurium. A. had a   conventus civium Romanorum , whose summus curator was Sex. Iulius Silvanus -- following the foundation of the colony one of its first…

[German version] An Illyrian people of the hinterland of the Dalmatian coast on the upper reaches of the  Naro between the rivers Bathinus (today Bosna) and  Drinus, with their central base on Mount Romanija (or possibly [1. 87-129] further east, above the …

[German version] An ‘Illyrian’ civitas with only 17 decuriae in the conventus of Narona (prov. of Dalmatia, today in Bosnia Herzegovina and partly in Croatia), one of the most Hellenized peoples on the coast of Dalmatia. The D. settled on the left bank of the Naro (Neretva) from Bijelo polje as far as Trebinjska Šuma, i.e. in the hinterland between Narona and  Epidaurum, with access to the sea and a central settlement in Gradina near Ošanići in the region of Stolac (Herzegovina), built according to megalithic t…

[German version] Indo-European people attested since the 9th/8th cents. BC, often erroneously classified as Illyrians, settled in Lika, the Karst plains of Gacko, Ličko, Krbavsko (western Croatia), on the Una near Bihać (western Bosnia) and Notranjska (Inner Carniolia/Slovenia). Administratively, they were part of the …

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: (Delminenses, Delminum). Main town of the Dalmatae: Ptol. 2,16,11; App. Ill. 11; Florus 2,25; CIL III 3202; the name D. is possibly derived from the Albanian word delme, ‘sheep’. Strabo ( Délmion, 7,5,5) describes D. as a large city from which the people derived its name. In 156 BC, D. was besieged by C. Marcius Figulus. In 155 BC it was defeated and destroyed by P. Cornelius Scipio Nasica (cf. Strabo's pedíon mēlóboton; triumph over the Delmatae; ancient sources in [1. 448]). Up to now the ruins of D. were located…

[German version] One of the most important peoples in the interior of the prov. Dalmatia ( Dalmatae, Dalmatia), originally possibly in the loose confederation of the  Autariatae. They inhabited the valley of the upper Bathinus (Bosna) of the valley from the upper Urbanus (Vrbas) in the west to Rogatica in the east; their position has been confirmed through the discovery of an inscription (ILJug 1582 [1]) of a Valens Varron(is) f(ilius), princeps Desitiati(um) in Breza (22 km north-west of Sarajevo). The D. were perhaps attacked by the future Augustus in 35 BC (see Schweighäuser's emendation of App. Ill…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: | Coloniae | Commerce | Moesi, Moesia (Plin. HN 3,143f. Epidaurum; Ptol. 2,16,5 Epidaurus). Important urban settlement with two harbours on a peninsula in the province of Dalmatia, today Cavtat in Croatia (< …

A. Military camp [German version] [I 1] General The Roman soldiers always made sure that they were protected by fortifications. This also applied when they only stopped for a night on campaigns. In the evening of their arrival the field camp had to be set up and destroyed again on the morning of departure. The plural castra was the name given to any kind of military camp, the singular castrum certainly existed but was not used in mil. vocabulary. Castellum is the diminutive form of castra (Veg. Mil. 3,8) and also had a civilian meaning. The origin of the Roman camps is uncertain; because …

[German version] Fortress in the province of  Dalmatia, in the hinterland of   Salona, modern Brečeva near Gornji Muć.  Bato, chief of the  Daesitiates, withdrew to A. with parts of his army during the Pannonian uprising of AD 6-9 (Cass. Dio 56,12-14). It was a   …

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Macedonia, Macedones (Λυχνιδός, Λυχνίς; Lychnidós, Lychnís). Capital city of the Illyrian Dassaretae ( Dassaretia) on the via Egnatia (Str. 7,7,4; It. Ant. 318), modern Ohrid in Macedonia on Lake Ohrid. Subjugated by Philip II (Diod. Sic. 16,8,1). It minted its own bronze coins under Philip V (obverse: Macedonian shield; reverse: bow of a ship and ΛΥΧΝΙΔ(Ι)ΩΝ). In 197 BC, L. with its territory fell to the Illyrian king Pleuratus (Pol. 5,108; 18,47,12; Liv. 27,32,9; 33,34,11). From 146 BC, L. belonged to the Roman province of Ma…

[German version] [1] City in Pannonia superior This item can be found on the following maps: Coloniae | Pannonia City in Pannonia superior (It. Ant. 262,10), 18 miles from Savaria on the road to Arrabona and  Brigetio, near Sárvár on the middle section of the river Raab.   Šašel Kos, Marjeta (Ljubljana) [German version] [2] Roman city of  Pannonia inferior Roman city of  Pannonia inferior, near today's Petrovci and Putinci in eastern Srem on the road from Sirmium to Taurunum, in the region of the Scordisci and the pre-Celtic Amantini (CIL III 3224; Ptol.…

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[German version] People in northern Dalmatia between the Istrian Arsia (modern Raša) and the Titius (modern Krka; Plin HN 3,139) including the islands off the coast and the town of Promona claimed by the Dalmatae on the other bank of the Titius (App Ill. 34; cf. Ps.-Scymn. 21). The mountain ranges of Učka, Gorski Kotar and Velebit in the eastern hinterland separate L. from the Iapodes. In the 3rd cent. BC, the latter gained access to the Adriatic at the Bay of Kvran at the expense of the L. The …

[German version] Road or postal and toll station, important pass (563 m, today Trojane/Slovenia) through the hills which separate  Emona from  Celeia, on the border between Italy and Noricum (It. Ant. 129,3; It. Hierosolymitanum 560,9; Tab. Peut. 4,2). Name of a pre-Celtic position of …

[German version] Celtic tribe (cf. triumph of M. Aemilius Scaurus de Galleis Karneis: CIL I 12,49), who may have arrived at the Adriatic coast towards the end of the 3rd cent. BC. C. are first mentioned in 181 BC as inhabiting the region later known as  Aquileia: Liv. 39,22,6f.; 40,34,2; 45,6; 54,2ff. According to Str. 4,6,9, they occupied the hinterland of Aquileia, together with some Norici ( Noricum) and the  Ve…

[German version] Probably Thracian city (cf. the name), today Dolus Kozjak (Štip region, Macedonia), on the road Oescus - Serdica - Stobi. Peak in late Roman times; probably assumed the status of the old Paeonian centre Astibus. Bargalaenses are mentioned in a Lat. inscription from AD 371/2 (construction of the city …

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[German version] A system of late Roman fortifications in the frontier and trade zone between the towns of Emona, Forum Iulii, Tergeste and Tarsatica at the northeastern entrance of Italy (Illyro-Italian gate), supported in part by the natural barriers of the mountainous Karst landscape. It was mentioned repeatedly by ancien…

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[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Pannonia Ancient settlement (no prehistoric finds, the name is possibly pre-Celtic or Venetian) in the territory of the  Varciani, modern Ščitarjevo near Velika Gorica, 12 km south-east of Zagreb. River port, loading and rafting station on the  Savus (on an ancient trade route, cf. the myth of the  Argonauts), on the road from Siscia to Poetovio, later a   municipium Flavium in the province of  Pannonia. A.'s   patronus was the governor L.  Funisulanus Vettonianus (ILS 1005). Remains of the l…

[German version] Important statio between Fluvio Frigido and Longaticum (It. Burd. 560,3 f.), on the Augustan military route (cf. Fest. p. 7) which was built across the karst mountains (867 m) in order to shorten travel time from  Aquileia and  Tergeste to  Emona by two days. The native name (disputed) was understood to be ‘under the pear tree’, therefore the modern names of Hrušica, Birnbaumer Wald, Selva del Pero. A. was a posting station (Tab. Peut. 4,5), a …

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: | Legio | Moesi, Moesia Roman legion camp and municipium (now Šupljaja/Šuplja crkva -- camp, and Ivoševci near Kistanje -- municipium in the wider area of Knin, Croatia) on the Titius (Krka), centre of the local Liburnian Burnistae, one of the 14 Liburnian civitates that were administered by the conventus in  Scardona (Plin. HN 3,139; 3,142; Ptol. 2,16,10; Tab. Peut. 5,1), important Roman base during the occupation of  Illyricum, certainly during the wars of the future Augustus in 35-33 BC when the building of a Dalmatian limes …

(Delmatae, Delmatia). [German version] I. General Important people of later Illyricum (degree of Celtization uncertain) in the hinterland of Salona between Tit(i)us (Krka) and Nestus/Hippius (Cetina) on the Glamočko, Livanjsko, Duvanjsko and Imotsko polje. Gave its name to the Roman prov. Dalmatia. Administratively separated from Illyricum at the beginning of the Flavian period. These areas were under the control of the Illyrian kingdom, notorious for its piracy (under the dynasty of the Ardiaeans, Agron and Teuta), which was fought by the Romans in 229 BC (1st Illyrian War against Teuta and Pinnes, 2nd Illyrian War in 219 BC, mainly against Demetrius of Pharus) and conquered in 168 BC (capture of Genthius). Šašel Kos, Marjeta (Ljubljana) …

[German version] Right-hand tributary of the Savus (Sava), modern Drina (length: 346 km); Ptol. 2,16,7 records that the D. flows west of Taurunum (Zemun) into the Savus. The D. is formed from the union of the Tara and Piva in the border region of Bosnia-Herzegovina and Mont…

[German version] Like Tragurium a colony of Greeks from Issa on the mainland south of Salona (later province Dalmatia), in a fertile region, well protected by its position on a peninsula, today Stobreč/Croatia (cf. Pol. 32,9; Ptol. 2,16,4; Tab. Peut. 5,3: Epetio, Portus Epetius; Geogr. Rav. 4,16 or 209,5: Epitio). Probably founded in…

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I. Italy [German version] A. Albulae Sulphurous sources of the Lago della Soforata on the right bank of the  Anio, 16 km from Rome; cult site. The springs are cold and have healing properties;  Nero had them canalized into the Domus Aurea. Large Roman   villa near Bagni della Regina. CIL XIV 3908-18. Uggeri, Giovanni (Florence) [German version] A. Angae In Bruttium between Consentia and Vibo Valentia, today Terme Caronte of Lamezia Terme. Uggeri, Giovanni (Florence) [German version] A. Apollinares Thermal springs between Careiae and  Tarquinii (It. Ant. 300); unidentified (…

(also Hilluricum, Hillyricum, Illuricum). The first Roman province on the eastern Adriatic coast, in 167 BC organized as a Roman territory, formerly part of the Illyrian kingdom. [German version] A. State of research Understanding of the term I. varies. The discussion on the ‘Illyrian question’ reached its climax with Panillyrianism, which saw the Illyrians as the bearers of the Urnfield culture (cf. the publications of H. Krahe, but whose conclusions have since been thoroughly revised). From the beginning to the collapse of th…

[English version] Wie Tragurium eine Kolonie von Griechen aus Issa auf dem Festland südl. von Salona (später Prov. Dalmatia), in fruchtbarer Gegend, gut geschützt durch die Lage auf einer Halbinsel, h. Stobreč/Kroatien (vgl. Pol. 32,9; Ptol. 2,16,4; Tab. Peut. 5,3: Epetio, Portus Epetius…

[English version] Bedeutende statio zw. Fluvio Frigido und Longaticum (Itin. Burdig. 560,3 f.), an der augusteischen Militärroute (vgl. Fest. p. 7), die durch das Karst-Gebirge (867 m) gebaut wurde, um die Strecke von Aquileia, Tergeste nach Emona um zwei Reisetage zu verkürzen. Der einheimische Name (ungeklärt) wurde…

[English version] Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Coloniae | Moesi, Moesia Stadt in der Prov. Dalmatia (h. Čitluk bei Sinj), an der Straße Salona - Servitium (Itin. Anton. 269,6…

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[English version] Ortschaft (Tab. Peut. 5,2; Geogr. Rav. 4,16; CIL XIII 6538), die sich teils aus einer dalmatischen Siedlung bei Balina Glavica (nahe Drnis̆, Bosnien-Herzegovina, wohl identisch mit Sinotium/Synodium: Strab. 7,5,5; App. Ill. 78), teils aus einem vicus in der Nähe des Auxiliarlagers bei Umljanivići entwickelt hat. Der Auxiliareinheit rückten beneficiarii nach (vgl. CIL III 9790; 14957ff.). M. wurde wohl schon unter Kaiser M. Aurelius municipium (vgl. CIL III 9798). Šašel Kos, Marjeta (Ljubljana) Bibliography M. Zaninović, Ilirsko pleme Delmati II [The Il…

[English version] Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Moesi, Moesia | Straßen Siedlung der illyr. Docleates (Ptol. 2,16,12; App. Ill. 16,46; Ptol. 2,16,8; Plin. nat. 3,143; princeps civitatis Docleatium, ILJug 1853 [1]) im Inneren von Crna Gora (Montenegro), h. Duklja am Zusammenfluß von Zeta und Morača in der Region Podgorica (ehemals Titograd); war später ein flav. municipium Docleatium in der prov. Dalmatia (Dalmatae, Dalmatia), bestätigt als res p(ublica) Docleatium durch mehrere Inschr. (gesammelt von Sticotti [2]). Kaiserkult belegt. Ausgrabung…

[English version] Straßen- bzw. Post- und Zollstation, bed. Paß (563 m, h. Trojane/Slowenien) über die Hügel, die Emona von Celeia trennen, an der Grenze zw. Italien und Noricum (Itin. Anton. 129,3; Itin. Hierosolymitanum 560,9; Tab. Peut. 4,2). Name vorkelt. Posten von beneficiarii consulares. Funde aus röm. Zeit: Fragmente von zwei vergoldeten Pferdestatuen, Inschr., Kleinfunde, kaiserzeitliches Bauwerk (wiederhergestellte mansio, Heiligtum?); dokumentiert auf einem Inschr.-Fr. aus der R…

[English version] (h. Drim, alban. Drini). Fluß, der sich durch die Vereinigung des Beli Drim (Drini i Bardhë, der am Fuße des Berg Rusolije im Kosovo entspringt) mit dem Crni Drim (Drini i Zi), der aus dem Lichnidus lacus, h. Ohrid See, Makedonien/Albanien, austritt, in Albanien nahe Kukësi bildet. Ptol. 2,16,6 merkt nahezu richtig an, daß der Fluß vom Scardus mons (dem h. Šar planina in Makedonien) und einem anderen (nicht gen.) Berg durch das innere Gebiet der Moesia Superior fließt. Strab. 7,5,7 beschreibt seinen Lauf als schiffbar ostwärts bis nach …

[English version] Region in Süd-Illyricum nahe der westl. Grenze von Makedonia (Liv. 42,36,9; vgl. Plin. nat. 3,145; 4,3; Mela 2,55; Strab. 7,5,7; 5,12; Steph. Byz. s.v. D.) zw. den Königreichen der Illyrioi und der Makedones, vom Lychnidus lacus (h. Ohrid See; Ptol. 3,13,32; Liv. 43,9,7) bis Antipatrea (h. Berati, Albanien) entlang des oberen (H)apsus (Semani, Albanien). Skerdilaidas und Philippos V. kämpften 217 v.Chr. um die Städte Antipatrea, Chrysondyon und Gertus (Polyb. 5,108), ansonsten werden nur vici und castella erwähnt. D. wurde von Philippos erobert. 200-199 v.Chr. wurde D. durch den consul Sulpicius und seinen Legaten L. Apustius im 2. Maked. Krieg durchquert (Liv. 31,33). 167 v.Chr. erklärten die Römer D. für frei; D. blieb als Teil des röm. Protektorats in S…