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[German version] Cape, forested in ancient times (Hor. Carm. 2,9,7; Hor. Epist. 2,1,202; Sil. 8,629), in Apulia on the eastern coast of Italy, isolated mountainous massif (1065 m high), called Ἀρίονος ὄρος/ Aríonos óros (‘Mountain of Arion’) in Scyl. 14, today Promontorio del Gargano. The MG was an important landmark for maritime navigation and for geographers. To the north were the Lacus Pantanus (modern Lago di Lesina) and the Sinus Urias (modern Lago di Várano) with Uria [3], off the coast the Insulae Diomedeae (modern Trem…

[German version] Town in Latium, probably near Antemnae, inhabited by Siculi and Aborigines; legend has it that Romulus captured and destroyed the town, then ruled by King Acro; Romulus was also supposedly the first to sacrifice   spolia opima to Jupiter Feretrius. There is documentary evidence for the Caeninenses sacerdotes in imperial Rome, but the town itself had disappeared at the latest by the time of Pliny the Elder (HN 3,68). Uggeri, Giovanni (Florence) Bibliography Nissen, 2, 560 Ruggiero, 2, 10.

[German version] Island in the mare Tyrrhenum, off the coast of Populonia (Αἰθάλη; Aithálē, Αἰθαλία; Aithalía: Hecat. FGrH 1 F 59; Ps.-Scyl. 6), modern Elba. The limḕn Argôios (λιμὴν Ἀργῷος) is supposed to have been founded by the  Argonauts (Str. 5,2,6; others trace the name back to the white colour of the beach). Settled since the Neolithic. I. was famous for its iron mines, which had been exploited since Etruscan times (smelting slag on Pithecussae and at Populonia). In 453 BC, I. was briefly occupied by Syracusae (Dio…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Venetic | Coloniae | Batavian Revolt Settlement of the Veneti in the lower reaches of the Piave, inhabited from the Bronze Age, linked to the Adriatic by a canal (Str. 5,1,8). O. was municipium of the tribus Papiria ( lex Iulia); later incorporated into the regio X Venetia. As a junction on the via Postumia, it was connected to the city of Concordia; today Oderzo, province of Treviso. O. took the side of Caesar against the Senate, and was rewarded with tax exemption. Archaeological remains: forum, domus with polychrome mosaics (…

[German version] Island in the mare Tyrrhenum near Ilva (Plin. HN 3,81). Uggeri, Giovanni (Florence)

[German version] [1] C. Inui Town of the Rutuli (Sil. Pun. 8,359) in the centre of Latium, founded by the kings of Alba Longa (Verg. Aen. 6,775). Abandoned in the archaic period, often confused with C. Novum in Etruria (Rut. Namat. 1,227). Uggeri, Giovanni (Florence) Bibliography A. Nibby, Analisi storico-topografica-antiquaria della Carta de' Dintorni di Roma 1, 1848, 440 Nissen 2, 579 O. Toti, 1984. [German version] [2] C. Novum Settlement on the southern coast of Etruria This item can be found on the following maps: Socii (Roman confederation) | Tribus …

[German version] Members of a community in the regio VI, called Sallentini in the Augustan list (Plin. HN 3,113), because in 266 BC they were deported to Umbria from Soletum in Calabria (Liv. Ep. 15; Eutr. 2,17). Uggeri, Giovanni (Florence) Bibliography Nissen, 1, 543 n. 2.

[German version]   Statio in  Etruria, between  Centumcellae and  Graviscae, by the sea (It. Ant. 498,5 f.), not located. Uggeri, Giovanni (Florence)

[German version] Township in Latium, municipium of the tribus Pomptina, colony of the Triumviri (Triumvirate), later abandoned owing to its unhealthy location on the edge of the Pomptinae paludes ( Ager Pomptinus ) at modern Sermoneta and Cisterna di Latina (Cic. Fam. 7,12,2; 7,18,3; Hor. Epist. 1,11,30;  Juv. 10,102; Plin.  HN 3,64; Porphyrio ad Hor. epist. 1,11,30). Uggeri, Giovanni (Florence) Bibliography Nissen, vol. 2, 637.

[German version] Tyrrhenian coastal river in Regio VII between Pisae and Luna [3], modern Vezza. It gave its name to the modern region of Versilia. Its location between Vada Volaterrana and Velinae (mistake for Velatrae, cf. Volaterrae), as recorded in Tab. Peut. 4,2, is incorrect. Uggeri, Giovanni (Florence)

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Umbri, Umbria Town in Umbria ( regio VI) on the via Flaminia on the eastern edge of the plain of the Topino and Clitumno ( lacus Clitorius), modern Foligno (Perugia). Conquered by Rome in 295 BC, praefectura, later municipium, tribus Cornelia. Without walls F. suffered in the Perusinian War; the town was abandoned in the 5th cent. AD in favour of the hill of San Valentino di Civitavecchia. Iron Age and Roman remains: amphitheatre, arch, thermae near Santa Maria del Sasso, necropoleis near Santa Maria in Campis, villa (Palace of …

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Socii (Roman confederation) | Tribus | Coloniae | Coloniae | Latini, Latium City of the Rutuli in Latium on the via Ardeatina (Fest. 356,20), c. 4.5 km from the coast, c. 35.5 km from Rome, at the foot of   mons Albanus , today A. (previously Casalazzara and Pomezia). Linked with the legend of  Aeneas. Mentioned in the 1st Roman-Carthaginian treaty (Pol. 3,22,11); member of the  Latin League (Cato fr. 58); from 442 BC colonia Latina (Liv. 4,9-11); declined during the late republican period. Acropolis with remains from…

[German version] Chain of mountains; a continuation of the Alps from the Colle di Cadibona above Savona to the Straits of Messina, and forming the backbone of the Italian peninsula. Highest point is the Gran Sasso (2912 m) in the Abruzzi. The highest point of the Apuan mountains in  Liguria is the Auginus (today Cimone, 2165 m), a cult site, like Monte Guragazza above Felsina and Monte Falterona above Arezzo near the sources of the Arno; these mountain ranges divided regiones VII and VIII. The  Tiber has its source halfway up the chain in the territory of the Casuentini. Fu…

[German version] [1] An arm-length stick (Latin for καλαῦροψ/ kalaûrops, κορύνη/ korýnē, λαγωβόλον/ lagōbólon, ῥάβδος καμπύλη/ rhábdos kampýlē, ῥόπαλον/ rhópalon, 'rabbit stick'). A knotted stick, the length of an arm, with a curved end, which could also be decorated (Verg. Ecl. 5,888-892). The p edum could be a shepherd's staff (e.g. Anth. Pal. 6,177; Theocr. Epigr. 7,43), but it was also used by hunters as a throwing stick, particularly in hunting hares (Anth. Pal. 6,188; 296). Hence, in literary and artistic representations peda are attributes of such mythical hunters such…

[German version] (Ῥουβίκων; Rhoubíkōn). River whose name, derived from its red colour, is probably preserved in Urgone (dialect form Rigone), a right tributary of the Pisciatello; the latter has its source in the Appennines, flows into the Adriatic 15 km north of Ariminum and today once again bears the name Rubicone. The R. replaced the Aesis in its role as the border river between Italy and the province of Gallia Cisalpina (Cic. Phil. 6,5; Str. 5,1,11; Plin. HN 3,115; App. B Civ. 2,35) in the time…

[German version] Vicus of the Sabini, ager Amiterninus, by the source of the Aternus (modern Pescara) on a rock spur (Str. 5,3,1), after 1204 Civitatomassa (Scoppito, L'Aquila). On a side road of the via Salaria (restored in AD 47 as the via Claudia Nova; CIL IX 5959; Tab. Peut. 5,5 erroneously Erulos), 13 miles after Interocrium (modern Antrodoco), 4 miles before Amiternum. Mentioned in 211 BC because of the passing of Hannibal (Liv. 26,11,11); tribus Quirina. Roman remains. Epigraphy: CIL IX p. 417-420; 4395-4435. Uggeri, Giovanni (Florence) Bibliography G. Filippi, s.v. F., EV 2…

[German version] I. Geography Central Italian people and the hilly and mountainous region (flysch in the north, Jurassic lime in the south) they inhabited. It is located in the drainage area of the upper and middle Tiber between the Etruscan Appennines and the Chiana Valley with a narrow access to the eastern coastal area. The mountains run from northwest to southeast, between them lie narrow, sparsely populated valleys and a few broader basins (Tiber Valley, the plain around Lake Trasimenus (Lacus …

[German version] Villa near Capena in the region of the Falisci which served as a statio on the via Flaminia between Rome and Ocriculum, 24 Roman miles from Rome (It. Ant. 124). Uggeri, Giovanni (Florence)

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Socii (Roman confederation) | Tribus | Coloniae | Latini, Latium City in Volsci territory on the Ufens (modern Ufente) river in the Ager Pomptinus , modern Sezze. Founded in 382 BC as a Latin colonia (Vell. 1,14), S. set itself against Rome in the Latin War in 340 (Liv. 8,3) and in the Second Punic War in 209 BC (Liv. 27,9; 29,15,5). In 198 BC slaves together with Carthaginian hostages and prisoners interned in S. revolted (Liv. 32,26,5-18). Parts of the city walls have survive…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Tribus | Latini, Latium | Oracles City in Latium ( Latini) on the Numicus, 4 km from the coast, modern Pratica di Mare. In order to create a new home for the Penates of Troy [1], L. was founded by Aeneas [1] according to the Augustan form of the myth and named after his wife Lavinia, the daughter of Latinus. L. is mentioned in the first treaty between Rome and Carthage (Pol. 3,22), was the place of exile of Tarquinius Collatinus [2] and the location of the sanctuary of the Latin League of which L. was a member. L. was a municipium and always p…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Tribus Town of the  Hernici on a tufa outcrop, which dominates the Sacco valley; sanctuary near the acropolis (modern S. Cecilia; 7th cent. BC), a further one in the valley (Osteria della Fontana, Etruscan graffiti). Roman from 306 BC, first as   praefectura , then   municipium . Travertine walls in opus quadratum; thermae under the church of S. Chiara ( piscina preserved);   villae in the vicinity, of which one is ascribed to Cicero; imperial villa magna; catacombs. From AD 487 bishop's seat. The circus maritimus Anagninus was m…

[German version] [1] City in North-Etruria This item can be found on the following maps: Theatre | | Coloniae | Regio, regiones | Rome | Rome City in North-Etruria, regio VII, on the right bank of the Arnus below  Faesulae, modern Florence. Settlement from the Villanova period [3]. Roman colony, possibly founded in the 40s or 30s of the first cent. BC (Tac. Ann. 1,79,1; [6. 1,213]), tribus Scaptia [5. 84]. The choice of site for its founding was made favourable by a ford over the Arnus, used from the time of the Villanova culture, where the via Cassia (It. Ant. 285; Tab. Peut. 4,2), the via Quinct…

[German version] Town in southern Etruria ( regio VII), attested in the 8th/6th cents. BC on an outlier of the Poggio San Francesco (305 m), modern Ferento, 9 km north of Viterbo, on an elevation between eastern tributaries of the Tiber. In the Roman period relocated to the Northeast on the other side of the river (306 m; Pianicara). Its territory was distributed under the Gracchi [1. 216]; municipium, tribus Stellatina. The gens Salvia as well as Otho (Tac. Hist. 2,50; Suet. Otho 1,1) and Flavia Domitilla (Suet. Vesp. 3) came from F. The town decayed in the late…

[German version] Possibly Cimone in the Apennines, worshipped as sacred (Liv. 39,2). Uggeri, Giovanni (Florence)

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Theatre Mountain top town (404 m) of the Hernici in Latium adiectum on the via Latina, 24 miles from Anagnia and 7 miles from Frosinone, modern Ferentino (Frosinone) on the Trerus (modern Sacco; It. Ant. 305; Tab. Peut. 6,2). Occupied by Volsci in 413, later returned to the Hernici (Liv. 4,51ff.); in 361 conquered by the consul Licinius Calvus (Liv. 7,9). It remained loyal to Rome during the Hernici uprising in 306 but suffered severe devastation in 211 from Hannibal. After 195 BC in possession of the ius Latii (Liv. 34,42,5). Du…

[German version] Port of the Praetuttii in Picenum (Picentes) on the right bank of the Truentus at its mouth on the Adriatic (Ionios Kolpos; Plin.  HN 3,110; Cic. Att. 8,12b,1: Castrum Truentinum;  cf. Ptol. 3,1,21) to the south of modern San Benedetto del Tronto. At T. the Via Salaria and the Adriatic coast road joined [1]. Archaeological remains: 3rd cent. BC - 7th cent. AD. Uggeri, Giovanni (Florence) Bibliography 1 Miller, 215. V. Galiè, Castrum Truentum e Turris ad Truntum, 1984  A. R. Staffa, Città romane dell'Abruzzo adriatico, in: Journal of Ancient Topography 8, 1998, 33-42.

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Tribus | Coloniae Originally, the city of the Opici near the mouth of the river Trerus into the Liris, modern Rocca d'Arce. Until 354 BC, the city of the Volsci, destroyed by the Samnites (Liv. 8,23,6). In 328 BC, colonia Latina (Liv. 8,22,2; cf. 9,28,3). F. was loyal to Rome against Pyrrhus and Hannibal; the city took part in the outbreak of the 2nd war against the Samnites and was recaptured by the Samnites in 320 (Liv. 9,12,5-8), and recolonized by the Romans in 313 (Diod. Sic. 19…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Social Wars | Coloniae City of the Aurunci in Latium with a harbour on the Mare Tyrrhenum; hence its name (Ὁρμίαι; Hormíai or Φορμίαι ; Phormíai... διὰ τὸ εὔορμον; dià tò eúormon, ‘because of the good mooring’: Str. 5,3,6; cf. Fest. 83); located on the via Appia 8 km north of Gaeta, 88 miles from Rome (mile stones: CIL X 6859-6863). Caieta also belonged to the territory of F. F. was formerly called Mola di Gaeta, but in 1862 it was renamed Formia (Latina province). In myths F. is associate…

[German version] River in Venetia (Plin. HN 3,126; cf. Licenna, Tab. Peut. 4,4; Liquetia, Serv. Aen. 9,679; Liguentia, Geogr. Rav. 4,36; 115 km), modern Livenza. It has its source in the Alpes Carnicae, is crossed by the viae Postumia and Annia, and flowed into the Adriatic Sea at a mouth that today carries only a little water. This antique mouth is near Portus Liquentiae west of the modern mouth near Caorle (ancient Caprulae). Uggeri, Giovanni (Florence)

[German version] Lake in southern Etruria in a small volcanic crater, modern Lago di Martignano. Augustus had an aqueduct built from here, the aqua Augusta Alsietina, which provided water for the naumachia in Rome and the nemus Caesarum (Frontin. Aq. 1,11; 2,71) in Trastevere. At Careiae (modern Santa Maria di Galeria) it reached the Aro, an outlet for the lacus Sabatinus (modern Lago Bracchiano), which added more water; an overflow channel was intended for irrigation. The aqueduct continued south at the foot of the Ianiculum; the water was not potable. Uggeri, Giovanni (Florence)

[German version] Straight, 19 mile (cf. the name) long section of the via Appia from the Forum Appii to Tarracina, continued through the paludes Pontinae by means of a viaduct, and possibly built under P. Claudius [I 29] Pulcher ( aedilis curulis 255-253 BC). The decennovium was paved under Trajan in AD 110 (CIL X 6833-6835; 6839). The mutatio located at the halfway mark was called Ad Medias, the modern-day Mesa. There was a canal for tow boats parallel to the decennovium, which drained the swamps; Horace travelled on it (cf. the description at Hor. Sat. 1,5,3-…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Venetic | Villanova Culture | | Italy, languages | Oracles | Raeti, Raetia | Regio, regiones | Batavian Revolt City of the Veneti in the plain between the montes Euganei and the Laguna Veneta on a bend of the Meduacus, north-east of Ateste (Liv. 10,2,6), the modern Padova (Padua). According to Verg. Aen. 1,242-249 it was founded by the Trojan Antenor [1], who founded games there which were held every thirty years; the territory of P. was called pagus Troianus (Liv. 1,1,3). In 49 BC, P. became a municipium of the tribus Fabia (CIL V 26…

[German version] Ligurian peoples of the Appenninus north of the Arno, named after the settlement of Moukéllē (Μουκέλλη, Procop. Goth. 3,5) in the modern Mugello, upper Sieve valley, through which the road to Faventia led. Uggeri, Giovanni (Florence) Bibliography C.A. Mastrelli, Sul nome del Mugello, in: SE 37, 1969, 109-126.

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Socii (Roman confederation) Town of the  Hirpini in Samnium ( Samnites) in the central Calore valley, on the crossing of the via Herdonitana (or Aeclanensis) with the   via Appia , c. 22 km south-east of  Beneventum (It. Ant. 102,2; Tab. Peut. 6,5), modern Grotte near Passo di Mirabella Eclano. Oscan inscriptions, amongst them a dedication to  Mefitis. Captured by Sulla in 89 BC,   municipium of the tribus Cornelia, regioII. In the 2nd cent. AD colonia Aelia Augusta A., under the administration of the   corrector Apuliae et Cala…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Tribus | Coloniae | Latini, Latium Town (possibly Volscian) on the mare Tyrrhenum below the mons Circeius, on the southern border of Latium, modern San Felice C. (Latina province).  Tarquinius Superbus supposedly founded C. and Signia as a colony but the coloni were expelled by  Coriolanus (Liv. 1,56,3; 2,39). In 393 BC C. was a colonia Latina. After an uprising C. joined the  Latin League (338 BC). The town declined after the Second Punic War; after 89 BC it was a municipium (Cic. Fin. 4,7) of the tribus Pomptina. Its oysters wer…

[German version] River in  Umbria (Str. 5,1,11), modern Marecchia, flows into the Adriatic near  Ariminum. Uggeri, Giovanni (Florence)

[German version] Station on the Via Aemilia Scauri in Etruria (Etrusci) between Vada Volaterrana (modern Vada) and Pisae; modern Torretta. Uggeri, Giovanni (Florence) Bibliography E. Repetti, Dizionario geografico fisico storico della Toscana, vol. 5, 1843, 543.

[German version] Etruscan town in the ager Picentinus (cf. Plin. HN 3,70), later inhabited by Samnites, at a distance of 120 stadia from Pompeii (Str. 5,4,13); therefore probably to be identified with Vietri sul Mare (Salerno) (archaic graves). Uggeri, Giovanni (Florence) Bibliography B. D'Agostino, Marcina?, in: Dialoghi d'Archeologia 2, 1968, 139-151 M. Frederiksen, Campania, 1984, 33.

[German version] Mountain north of Campania, which constituted the border of the ager Falernus at Casilino. It probably corresponds to the massif of Monte Maggiore (1037 m), which is encircled by a great loop of the river Volturnus. It was here that Q. Fabius Maximus attempted to halt Hannibal's progress in 217 BC (Liv. 22,15,3; 22,16,5). In Pol. 3,92 named as Ἐριβιανὸς λόφος, Eribianòs lóphos (possibly Τρεβιανὸς λόφος; Trebianòs lóphos, from Trebula). Uggeri, Giovanni (Florence) Bibliography Nissen 2, 688.

[German version] At Trigaboli, the Padus (Po) divided (Pol. 2,16,11; somewhere near Ferrara) to north and south into the  O. ( Volana, Plin. HN 3,120) and Padoa river branches, thus forming the delta. The mouth of the O. ran into a large harbour on the Adriatic (Pol. 2,16,12). Although its course today is somewhat different, the name has been preserved in that of the River Volano. Uggeri, Giovanni (Florence)

[German version] Town in Latium near Praeneste; member of the Latin League (Dion. Hal. Ant. Rom. 5,61). The arx Carventana is mentioned in connection with the disputes between Rome and the  Aequi until 409 BC (Liv. 4,53,55). No traces from a later period; its identification with Roccamassima is unfounded. Uggeri, Giovanni (Florence) Bibliography BTCGI 5, 20-28.

[German version] [1] see Taras [2] See Taras [2]. Uggeri, Giovanni (Florence) [German version] [2] Sacred district in Rome Sacred district in Rome at the extreme northwest of the Campus Martius on the Tiber (Rome III. D.; Paul. Fest. 440 f.: Terentum). It was there that the Sabine Valesius from Eretum is supposed to have landed and established a cult on the spot where he had discovered an altar to Dis Pater and Proserpina at a depth of 20 feet. The cult was the preserve of the Valeria gens. For the games in T. see Ludi (III. K.). The nearby ford over the Tiber was…

[German version] Lake in southern Etruria near Caere (Frontin. Aq. 71; Columella 7,16; Sil. Pun. 8,492: Sabatia stagna; Str. 5,2,9: λίμνη Σαβάτα/ límnē Sabáta), modern Lago di Bracciano. The eponymous city (Geogr. Rav. 4,36: Sabbatis) is probably identical to modern Bracciano and was a station on the road running north of the SL from Forum [IV 1] Clodii (modern San Liberato) via Aquae Apollinares Novae (modern Vicarello; thermae, Roman sanctuary) to Baccanae (modern Baccano; Tab. Peut. 5,3). The tribus Sabatina (Fest. 464 f.) was named after the SL, while the tribus Arnensis [1. 274]…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Tribus | Coloniae | Coloniae A town of the  Aequi on the upper course of the Turano between Arsoli and Carsòli. Colonia latina (302-298 BC) on the via Valeria, 42 miles from Rome. In 168 BC, Bithys, the son of the Thracian king, was exiled there. From 89 BC a municipium of the tribus Aniensis. Ovid staid there (Ov. Fast. 4,681ff.). Few pre-Roman remains, regular town structure with tufa walls in opus quadratum and polygonal limestone terracing. Temple complex; 3 km to the east a votive repository of the 6th-2nd cen…

[German version] Road station on the Via Quinctia between  Faesulae and Pisae on the Arnus (Tab. Peut. 4,1 f.) at modern Cascina. Uggeri, Giovanni (Florence) Bibliography A. Mosca, Via Quinctia 2, in: Journal of Ancient Topography 9, 1999, 165-174.

[German version] Harbour in Etruria (It. maritimum 500,6: Scabris), modern Portiglione di Scarlino in the Gulf of Follonica opposite Ilva (Elba). Station on the via Aurelia between the mouth of the Umbro and Populonia (It. Ant. 292,3: Salebrone; Tab. Peut. 4,3: Saleborna), where parts of road paving survive. Labrone in Cic. Ad Q. Fr. 2,5,8 is probably the corruptly transmitted placename S. (amended by Wesseling to Salebrone). Uggeri, Giovanni (Florence)

[German version] City in Lucania on a hilly ridge (663 m high) in the valley of the Tanager, modern Buccino (in the province of Salerno). Subjugated in 209 BC by the Romans (Liv. 27,15,2), at first a municipium of the tribus Pomptina, then a praefectura (Liber coloniarum 1,209). The Numestrani (Plin. HN. 3,61; Numistro) and the pagi Forensis and Naranus (Nares Lucanae, modern Lo Scorzo) were assigned to it (CIL X 407). Uggeri, Giovanni (Florence) Bibliography V. Bracco, V. (Forma Italiae, Regio III, vol. 2), 1978  Id., V. in: Supplementa Italica, N. S. 3, 1987  W. Johannowsky, Italici …

[German version] (Ξουθία; Xouthía). Region ( chôra) at Leontini, kingdom of a mythical ruler, Xuthus [2], still so called in the time of Diodorus [18] (5,8,2)  (in Steph. Byz. s. v. Ξ. incorrectly listed as a city). The name of Sortino, 16 km to the south of modern Lentini, recorded from the 13th cent. onwards, may derive from X. Uggeri, Giovanni (Florence) Bibliography E. Manni, Geografia fisica e politica della Sicilia antica, 1981, 92, 242.

[German version] Statio of the Via Latina in Latium, 13 Roman miles away from Rome (Itin. Anton. 305,7), possibly today's Osteria della Molara. The name is derived from the oaks (Latin robur) in this area (compare Gell. NA 2,20,5). Uggeri, Giovanni (Florence) Bibliography G. Tomassetti, La Campagna Romana, 1910, 519 (reprint 1976).

[German version] Central-Italian river (Ov. Fast. 6,565), modern Turano. It rises in the Montes Simbruini (modern Monti Simbruini), flows through the territory of the Aequi of Carsioli (to the northeast of modern Cársoli), of the Sabini of Trebula Mutuesca (near Monteleone Sabino) and Reate, where it joins with the Avens to form the Rosea Rura wetlands. Uggeri, Giovanni (Florence) Bibliography A. R. Staffa, La viabilità romana della valle del Turano, in: Xenia 6, 1983, 37-44  Id., L'assetto territoriale, in: ArchCl 36, 1984, 231-265.