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[English version] Arzt, Sohn des Hesychios von Damaskos, wechselte im frühen 6. Jh. n.Chr. den Wohnsitz, um in die Arztpraxis seines Vaters in Konstantinopel einsteigen zu können. Er behandelte Kaiser Leo und wurde comes und archiatros (Chr. pasch. 8254a; Malalas, Chronographia 370 Dindorf; Photios, Bibliotheca 344A). Als paganer Philosoph, der in Athen und Konstantinopel mit Statuen geehrt wurde, befahl er den Reichen, den Armen zu helfen, die er im übrigen ohne Honorar behandelte. Sein Spitzname leitet sich …

[English version] Durch Exsudation gekennzeichnete Augenkrankheit, die eine Vielfalt spezifischer Erkrankungen wie Trachom und Konjunktivitis umfaßt. Eine trockene Variante der l., die xerophthalmía, bei der die eiternden Augen über Nacht verkleben, ist ebenfalls beschrieben (Celsus, De medicina 6,6,29). Celsus [7] (ebd. 6,6,2) berichtet von einer Vielzahl von Salben und sonstigen Mitteln gegen die l., eine ungemein verbreitete Krankheit; dies findet Bestätigung in den zahlreichen sog. “Okulistenstempeln” für Augensalben (Kollyrion) mit der Aufschrift ‘gegen l.’ sowi…

[English version] Urspr. Bezeichnung eines Lehrers der Medizin (v.a. in Alexandreia), konnte sich i. in späterer Zeit auf jeden erfahrenen Praktiker beziehen ( medicus sapientissimus, Corpus Glossatorum Latinorum 3,600,32 Goetz), sei es in der Schulmedizin (z.B. Agnellus, In Galeni De sectis commentarium 33) oder in der magischen Heilkunst (Ps.-Kallisthenes, Vita Alexandri 1,3) [1]. Entgegen der Emendierung durch v. Arnim in Dion Chrys. 33,6 dürfte der Begriff nicht vor dem späten 4. Jh. n.Chr. geprägt worden sein (Epi…

[English version] (Ἀκεσίας). Griech. Arzt des 3. Jh. v. Chr. (?). Einem vorsätzlich zweideutigen Sprichwort zufolge behandelte er nur die, die am schlimmsten (Leiden oder Arzt) litten (Aristoph. Byz., Zenob. 1,52). Möglicherweise schrieb er auch über die Kochkunst (Athen. 12, 516c). Nutton, Vivian (London)

[English version] (φαλλός/ phallós, lat. mentula; zu Synonyma vgl. [1]). Um 250 v.Chr. hatte man seine Anatomie (Eichel, Hodensack und Hoden) verstanden, doch tat man sich mit der Erklärung seiner Physiologie, v.a. der Erektionsfähigkeit, schwer. Galenos (de usu partium 15,3) nannte ihn ein ‘nervenähnliches Teil’ und diskutierte in De motibus dubiis die mögliche Beteiligung des Vorstellungsvermögens an der Erektion. Wenn auch die circumcisio (Beschneidung) im wesentlichen auf jüdische Kreise beschränkt blieb, wurde die Infibulation (Vers…

[English version] Sohn des Akumenos, athenischer Arzt und Asklepiade, 5. Jh. v.Chr. Als Freund des Sophisten Hippias (Plat. Prot. 315A) und des Phaidros (Plat. Phaidr. 268A; symp. 177A) spielt er eine beachtliche Rolle in Platons Symposion, in dem er eine lange Rede zu Ehren des Eros hält (185E-188E). Seine leicht pedantische Art erntet bei den geladenen Gästen nicht mehr als wohlwollendes Gelächter, doch finden sich im Corpus Hippocraticum zeitgenössische Parallelen zu seiner Verknüpfung von Naturphilos. und Medizin. Nutton, Vivian (London)

[English version] Mangels eindeutiger diagnostischer Zeugnisse fällt es schwer, die ant. Geschichte der G. zu rekonstruieren. Harmlosere Infektionen wie der Herpes genitalis (Hippokr. De mulierum affectibus 1,90 = 8,214-8 L.) und die Chlamydieninfektion [2. 220] sind gut bezeugt, die beiden großen Geschlechtskrankheiten der Moderne, Gonorrhoe und Syphilis, lassen sich jedoch nur schwer im Überlieferungsmaterial ausmachen. Gonorrhoe, eine griech. Wortschöpfung vermutlich aus hell. Zeit, bezeichnet …

[English version] A. Ägypten und alter Orient A. im Sinne eines durch Sektionen gewonnenen, systematischen Wissens über den menschlichen Körper scheint eine griech. Erfindung zu sein. Wir wissen zwar, daß babylon. (und später auch etr.) Hepatoskopie die Entnahme einer Tierleber umfaßte, doch abgesehen von einer relativ differenzierten Terminologie für dieses Organ und von der Zuordnung bestimmter Emotionen zu den Kardinalorganen schweigen babylonische Texte zum Thema A. [17]. Anfänge anatomischer Forsc…

[English version] Griech. Arzt, Mitte des 5. Jh. v.Chr. Die bei Soran. vita Hipp. 5 überlieferte Erzählung, derzufolge E. Perdikkas II. von Makedonien von einer Krankheit aufgrund unglücklicher Liebe geheilt haben soll, ist vergleichsweise spät entstanden und ziemlich phantastisch. Galen zufolge (17a,886) schuf er die wichtigsten Beiträge zu den sogenannten “Knidischen Sentenzen”, die nur in Fr. überliefert sind [1. 65-66; 2. 14-26]. Einige seiner Werke, bes. solche diätetischen Inhalts, sollen na…

[English version] Sohn eines gleichnamigen Arztes (Diog. Laert. 8,65), älterer Zeitgenosse des Hippokrates. Er soll Athen durch das Anzünden großer Feuer im Jahre 430 v. Chr. von der Pest befreit haben (Plut. Is. 80 [vgl. 1]). Den Empirikern (Ps.-Gal. 14,638) galt A. als Begründer ihrer Schule und trat als solcher in die doxographische Tradition ein [2]. Er könnte sich an Debatten über den epistemologischen Wert der Sinneswahrnehmung beteiligt haben (er war mit Empedokles bekannt). Ob Philinos und…

[English version] In der Ant. lernten die meisten Heilkundigen ihr Handwerk von ihren Vorfahren oder als Autodidakten, doch gingen einzelne auch bei einem Meister in die Lehre (z.B. Pap. Lond. 43, 2.Jh. v.Chr.) oder reisten zu medizinischen Hochburgen, um dort Unterricht zu nehmen. Überreste solcher A.-Zentren finden sich in Babylonien [1] und in Ägypten, wo das unter Dareios um 510 v.Chr. wieder aufgebaute “Haus des Lebens” in Sais als ein solches Schulungszentrum und Skriptorium gedient haben ma…

[English version] Die Belege für einen Gebrauch des H. E. in der Spätant. sind uneindeutig. Gregor von Nazianz (or. 7,10) berichtet, sein Bruder Caesarius habe als Medizinstudent in Alexandreia den Eid nicht abgelegt, womit impliziert ist, daß andere ihn sehr wohl geschworen haben. Doch findet sich für die byz. und muslimische Welt kein Nachweis für eine offizielle Verbindlichkeit, den Schwur zu leisten, auch wenn der Eid wohlbekannt war. In der Praxis trat er hinter dem galenischen Konzept zurück…

[English version] (Crinas) aus Marseille (Massalia), Arzt, der zu Neros Lebzeiten nach Rom kam (Plin. nat. 29,9). Er erwarb sich hohes Ansehen, als er die Astronomie mit der Medizin verband, indem er die Diätpläne für seine Patienten nach dem Lauf der Sterne ausrichtete. Als er starb, hinterließ er 10 Millionen Sesterzen, nachdem er einmal bereits die gleiche Summe aufgewandt hatte, um die Befestigungswälle und andere Anlagen in seiner Geburtsstadt wieder instandsetzen zu lassen. Nutton, Vivian (London)

[English version] Arzt und Anhänger des Asklepiades von Bithynien (Caelius Aurelius morb. acut. 3,113), war mit Octavian in Philippi, wo ein Traum dem zukünftigen Kaiser das Leben rettete (Plut. Antonius 22; Brutus 47; Val. Max. 1,7,2; Vell. 2,70,1). Er wurde, wohl anläßlich einer Reise nach Delos (IDélos 4116), von den Athenern geehrt (IG II/III2 4116) und starb um 27 v.Chr. bei einem Schiffbruch (Hieron. chron. Olymp. 127). A. glaubte, daß Tollwut das Gehirn zuerst angreife, daß sie auf den Magen übergreife und Schlucken verursache, unstillbaren…

[English version] I. Griechenland Die griech. Medizin hebt sich von der ägypt. oder babylon. entscheidend dadurch ab, daß sie der D. im weiten Sinn einer Eß-, Trink-, Bewegungs- und Badekultur innerhalb der Therapeutik eine zentrale Stellung einräumt [2. 395-402; 3]. Urspr. bedeutete D. die Verabreichung von aufeinander abgestimmten Nahrungsmitteln in flüssiger, breiiger oder fester Form je nach Grad der Erkrankung (Hippokr. de medicina vetere 5 [4. 241-257]). Um die Mitte des 5. Jh.v.Chr. wuchs sie…

Nutton, Vivian (London) RWG [English version] A. Grundlagen (RWG) Spätestens um 500 n.Chr. basierte die griech. Medizin auf Galen (Galenismus). Konkurrierende medizinische Theorien waren kaum mehr in Umlauf, und sogar pragmatisch orientierte Ärzte wie Alexander von Tralleis lehnten galenische Theoreme nicht vollkommen ab. In Alexandreia selbst und auch sonst im byz. Reich, wo man der alexandrinischen Trad. folgte, z.B. in Ravenna, gab es ein Curriculum, das aus galenischen Texten, den sog. 16 Büchern Summaria Alexandrinorum sowie hippokratischen Texten bestand, die in…

[English version] Klass., auf den hippokratisch-galenischen Theoremen eines Säftegleichgewichts beruhende diätetische Vorstellungen spielten bis ins 20. Jh. hinein in der Medizin eine bedeutende Rolle (Säftelehre). In der Arabischen Medizin gilt, daß alle Nahrungsmittel Kräfte enthalten, die, einmal über die Nahrung aufgenommen, die Gesundheit des Körpers zum Guten wie zum Schlechten beeinflussen können. Daher gehörte es zu den Aufgaben des Arztes, Lebensordnungen für den Gesundheits- wie für den …

[English version] (Φανοστράτη). Griech.-athenische Hebamme und Ärztin, dargestellt auf attischen Grabstelen vom E. des 4. Jh.v.Chr. (IG II/III2 6873; Clairmont, 2. 890). Die Verbindung mit der Berufsbezeichnung Hebamme deutet auf einen gewissen Grad der medizinischen Spezialisierung hin und zeigt zugleich, daß Frauen als Ärztinnen tätig sein und beträchtliche Einkünfte erzielen konnten. Für letzteres sprechen Qualität und individuelle Gestaltung der Steinmetzarbeit. Nutton, Vivian (London)

Nutton, Vivian (London) [German version] I. Medicine (CT) In the 5th cent. AD, the originally Galenic notion (Galenism) that melancholy was a temperament ruled by black bile, one of the four main humours, irreversibly merged with the older notion of a specific illness by that name. In that way, black bile had come to be seen as the most dangerous bodily fluid, and melancholics seemed more than ever afflicted with all kinds of diseases. Isidorus [9] Etymologiae X 176, derived the term malus from an excess of black bile, which caused melancholics to avoid human company and mad…

(Φιλώτας; Philṓtas). [German version] [1] Macedonian nobleman, 4th cent. BC Eldest son of Parmenion [1]; following Philippus' [I 4] II marriage to Cleopatra [II 2] P. stood by him against Alexander [4] the Great in the Pixodarus affair. After Philip’s death (336 BC) and the murder of Attalus [1] by Parmenion [1], P. was promoted to the command of the hetaíroi , whom he led in the great battles against the Persians. In autumn 330 BC his brother Nicanor [1] died. P. remained behind for the funeral while Alexander continued the march. …

(Διεύχης; Dieúchēs). [German version] [1] Physician and author of medical texts Physician and author of medical texts in the 4th and possibly even the early 3rd cent. BC. He viewed the human body from the perspective of the four elementary qualities (Gal. 10,452), approved of bloodletting (11,163) and was positively disposed towards anatomy (11,795). He became particularly respected for his methods of treatment (Gal. 10,28; 11,795), especially because of greater care in prescribing dangerous medication (Or…

(Κλεόφαντος; Kleóphantos). [German version] [1] Son of Themistocles and Archippe Son of  Themistocles and Archippe (Plut. Themistocles 32; Pl. Men. 93d-e), was honoured with civic rights in Lampsacus (ATL III,111-3). Davies 6669,VI. Beck, Hans (Cologne) [German version] [2] Greek physician, 3rd cent. BC Greek doctor, active c. 270-250 BC, brother of  Erasistratus, pupil of  Chrysippus [3] of Cnidus and founder of a medical school (Gal., 17A 603 K.). He wrote a paper on the medical prescription of wine, which provided the model for a similar…

[German version] I. Ancient Orient In Babylonia and Egypt midwives are only known from allusions found in literary texts. In the Atraḫasis myth the mother goddess opens the womb, lets the woman deliver the baby ‘on the birth brick’ (cf. Ex 1,16) and determines the child's fate while cutting the umbilical cord. Stol, Marten (Leiden) Bibliography E. Brunner-Traut, s.v. Hebamme, LÄ 2, 1074f. M. Stol, Zwangerschap en geboorte bij de Babyloniërs en in de Bijbel, 1983, 84-86. [German version] II. Greece The story of Agnodike (Hyg. Fab. 274), the first midwife, who allegedly went, …

(Βακχεῖος; Bakcheîos). [German version] [1] From Tanagra, physician, c. 250-200 BC of Tanagra. According to Erotian (31,10), B. was a physician and student of Herophilus (Gal. 18 A, 187 K.), active around 250-200 BC. In addition to his writings about pulse theory, pathology, and pharmacology, he also authored his memoirs of Herophilus and the latter's other students. B.'s reputation is largely based upon his glossary on Hippocrates, in which certain text versions have survived that are missing in the MSS o…

Roman family name, whose older and inscriptional form is Decumus (Schulze, 159), derived from  Decimus. Historic bearers of the name are documented since the 2nd half of the 2nd cent. BC. [German version] [1] D., C. Legate in Egypt 168 BC Legate in Crete in 171 BC, praetor peregrinus in 169, legate in Egypt in 168. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) [German version] [2] D., Num. Leader of allies in the war against Hannibal 217 BC from Bovianum in Samnium; in 217, he brought timely help with a contingent of allies to the magister equitum Q. Minucius who was under heavy pressure from Hannibal …

(Ἀρχάγαθος; Archágathos). [German version] [1] Son of Agathocles [2] (end of the 4th cent. BC) Before his return to Sicily in 308/7 BC  Agathocles [2] gave the command of the African troops to his eldest son A. despite his poor military ability. Since the latter fragmented the invasion army, the Carthaginians soon achieved significant successes and encircled A. in Tunes (Diod. Sic. 20,57-61). Even Agathocles could not reverse the situation in Africa after his return and fled to Sicily while abandoning the army. Therefore, embittered soldiers killed A. (Diod. Sic. 20,68). Meister, Klau…

[German version] [1] Philosophers Originally a sceptical expression to designate those who adopt as their own a view ( dógma; cf. S. Emp. P.H. 1,13) ─ especially a philosophical or scientific view ─ which, in sceptical thinking, cannot be justified let alone proven (S. Emp. P.H. 1,3). Also applied by the Pyrrhonians in an extended sense to those Academicians who adopted views such as that nothing can be known (cf. the ἰδίως/ idíōs in S. Emp., ibid.). Because of the close link between empiricism and Scepticism in medicine, the term ‘Dogmatists’ was often also applied…

(Ονάσανδρος; Onásandros). [German version] [1] Physician on Cos, c. 250 BC Public physician of Cos in c. 250 BC. As a resident of Cos without citizens' rights, he apprenticed with a public physician ( archiatrós ) in Halasarna, became his assistant and followed him to Cos when he was chosen public doctor there. There he opened his own practice but continued to treat his old patients from Halasarna, at times for nothing. The inscription documenting his career is one of the most informative ones about physicians to survive from antiquity. Nutton, Vivian (London) Bibliography  R. Herzog, Dec…

(Επαίνετος; Epaínetos) [German version] [1] Medicinal plant expert Medicinal plant expert and author of toxicological works, who lived between the 1st cent. BC and the 3rd cent. AD. His views on the dangerous characteristics of wolfbane, hemlock, opium, mandrake, henbane, poisonous mushrooms, black chamaeleon (a plant whose leaves can change colour), of bull's blood, of litharge and of lumpsucker as well as his remedies against these poisons are reported in detail in Ps.-Aelius Promotus' De venenis (ed. princeps, S. Ihm, 1995).  Medicine;  Toxicology Nutton, Vivian (London) …

(Ἀνδρόμαχος; Andrómachos). [German version] [1] Possessor of a dorea (middle of the 3rd cent. BC) Documented between 253 and 249 BC in Egypt as possessor of a δωρεά ( dōreá) of 10,000 arourai. ‘Father’ of  Ptolemaeus Andromachou (?) [1]. Ameling, Walter (Jena) [German version] [2] Strategos of Syria and Phoenicia (end of 3rd cent. BC) Aspendian, commanded the phalanx in 217 BC at Raphia, later strategos of Syria and Phoenicia. PP 2, 2150. Ameling, Walter (Jena) [German version] [3] Ptolemaean official (1st half of 2nd cent. BC) Son of  Eirene, grandson of  Ptolemaeus Agesarchou; c. 197/8…

(Ἀλκαμένης; Alkaménēs). [German version] [1] of Abydus Greek physician Greek physician of the 5th and 4th cents. BC. According to Aristotle or his student Meno, A. blamed illnesses on the residue of undigested food: presumably, it rises to the head where it accumulates only to be distributed throughout the body as a harmful substance (Anon. Londiniensis 7,42). A. assumed a position contrary to the opinions of Euryphon of Cnidus, who ascertained that the head is less involved in the origin of illnesses. It is not certain whether A. was his student.  Anonymus Londiniensis Nutton, Vivian (…

(Μαντίας; Mantías). [German version] [1] Athenian strategos, 360/359 BC Son of Mantitheus of Thoricus In 377/76 BC tamias of the shipyards (IG II2 1622,435f). In 360/359 BC Athenian strategos of a naval division and auxiliary troops sent to assist the Macedonian claimant Argaeus against Philip II. By delaying in Methone, he was co-responsible for Argaeus's defeat (Diod. Sic. 16,2,6 and 16,3,5; in c. 358/7). Details about his family are distorted by diabolḗ (‘slander, calumny’) in Demosthenes (Or. 39 and 40). For his trierarchies cf. IG II2 1604,10 and 46 as well as 1609,61f. Engels, Joh…

(Ἀριστόξενος; Aristóxenos). [German version] [1] Musician, Musical theoretician, philosopher, biographer, from Tarentum from Tarentum, musician, musical theorist, philosopher, biographer, known as μουσικός. According to Suda son of Mnesias or of the musician Spintharus, pupil of his father, of a certain Lamprus of Erythrae, of the Pythagorean Xenophilus and finally of Aristotle. In Mantinea A. turned to philosophy. Claims to have heard in Corinth the story of Damon and Phintias from the tyrant Dionysius II …

(Ἄβας). [German version] [1] Figure from Myth of the Peloponnese and central Greece Myth of the Peloponnese and central Greece: a) Argus. Son of Lynceus and Hypermestra. By Aglaea, daughter of Mantineus, father of the twins Acrisius and Proetus (Apollod. 2,24; Hes. fr. 129 M-W; cf. Paus. 2,16,2; 10,35,1) and Idomene, mother of Bias and Melampus by Amythaon (Apollod. 2,24). Lynceus gave A. the shield, consecrated by Danaus to Hera, and for whose festival he had established the agon ἄσπις ἐν Ἄργει (Hyg. Fab. 1…

[German version] [1] Physician and friend of Cicero's Physician and friend of Cicero's (Cic. Att. 15,1-3) who died suddenly in 44 BC from an undefinable illness. Cicero's grief about the loss of the summus medicus did not deter him from inquiring about whom A. had remembered in his testament. Nutton, Vivian (London) [German version] [2] Greek grammarian, 1st cent. AD (Ἀλεξίων; Alexíōn). Greek grammarian of the 2nd half of the 1st cent. AD, called χωλός ( chōlós; the limping one): he authored an epitome of the Symmikta by  Didymus, which was cited by Herennius Philo and used by He…

[German version] I. Mesopotamia Magic formulae - such as spells, apotropaea, and prophylacterics - and rational elements, i.e. empirically derived treatment methods with plant, mineral, or animal substances, characterize the image of medicine in a Mesopotamia. The treatment of diseases - seen as either caused by demons, or as a punishment sent by the gods, or as the result of being bewitched, as well as the result of natural causes - was the domain of two different experts, the asû, more versed in herbal lore, evident from as early as the mid-3rd millennium BC, and the spe…

I. Ancient Orient [German version] A. I. Sources The main source for Mesopotamian dentistry consists in two chapters from the medical manual ‘When the top of a person's head is feverishly hot’ (1st millennium BC; cf.  Medicine I) and there are also isolated texts of prescriptions. The oldest textual evidence is a cuneiform tablet from the ancient Babylonian period ( c. 18th to 16th cents. BC). The majority of the texts is accessible only in cuneiform autographs; for partial translations cf. [1]. Böck, Barbara (Madrid) [German version] B. Dental diseases and treatment Various periodont…

(Πόλυβος; Pólybos). [German version] [1] Name of numerous peripheral figures in Greek mythology Name of numerous peripheral figures in Greek mythology, e.g. a Trojan, son of  Antenor [1] (Hom. Il. 11,59), killed by Neoptolemus [1] (Quint. Smyrn. 8,86); an Ithacan, suitor of Penelope, killed by Eumaeus (Hom. Od. 22,243 and 284), also his father (Hom. Od. 1,399); a Phaeacian (Hom. Od. 8,373); a mythical king of Thebes (Hom. Od. 4,126). Käppel, Lutz (Kiel) [German version] [2] Mythical king of Corinth Mythical king of Corinth, husband of Merope [4] or Periboea [4]. They bring …

(Ἀνδρέας; Andréas). [German version] [1] Personal physician of Ptolemaeus Philopator Originally from Carystus. Personal physician of Ptolemaeus Philopator, was murdered before the battle of Raphia in the year 215 BC (Pol. 5,81). The son of Chrysareus, he was a Herophilean ( Herophilus), who wrote about medicaments (this was especially so in his writing Narthex), midwifery, poisons, doxography and the history of medicine. He commented on Hippocrates, even if he did not write any actual commentaries. Eratosthenes (EM s. v. Bibliaegisthus) accused h…

[German version] [1] Athenian sculptor, c. 490-470 BC (Eύήνωρ; Euḗnōr). Athenian sculptor. Three bases on the Acropolis bear his signature, dating from around 490-470 BC. One of these is linked, not without controversy, to the so-called Angelitus' Athena (Athens, AM Inv. no. 140). Neudecker, Richard (Rome) Bibliography A. E. Raubitschek, Dedications from the Athenian Akropolis, 1949, no. 14, 22, 23. B. S. Ridgway, The Severe Style in Greek Sculpture, 1970, 29-30, fig. 39. [German version] [2] Greek physician Greek physician from Argos in Acarnania; he lived in Athens, a…

(Ἀρσένιος; Arsénios). [German version] [1] Saint Saint, from a noble family, born AD 354 in Rome, died 445 in Troy near Memphis in Egypt. Emperor  Theodosius I invited him to Constantinople to bring up his children  Arcadius and  Honorius. After many years in the imperial palace A. returned to Egypt and lived as a hermit. A biographic legend is to be found in Simeon Metaphrastes. The teachings for monks and apophthegmata ascribed to him are of very doubtful authenticity. Montanari, Franco (Pisa) Bibliography A. Jülicher, RE 2, 1273 ODB I 187-188. [German version] [2] Fictitious author …

(Φιλάρετος; Philáretos). [German version] [1] Greek writer on medicine Greek writer on medicine. A text which bears P.’s name and ultimately goes back to Galen’s theories about the pulse, is a Byzantine revision (from the 9th cent.?) of the text De pulsibus ad Antonium (= Gal. 19,629-642 K.) which was influenced by pneumat (Pneumatists). Whether or not P. was the author of the original text or the revised version, is a matter of controversy. A connection with Philagrius cannot be ruled out as his name is occasionally misrepresented in P.…

[German version] [1] Founder of Miletos (Νειλεύς/ Neileús; Νηλεύς/ Nēleús; Νείλεως/ Neíleōs). Mythical founder of the city of Miletus [2]; from Pylos; son of the Attic king Codrus, brother of Medon [5]; since he is second to his brother in the succession, he leaves Attica with a group of Athenians und Ionians from Pylos, settles the Ionian cities in Asia Minor, founds Miletus and the Milesian dynasty of rulers. His son Aepytus founds Priene (Hellanicus FGrH 125 F 10; Hdt. 9,97; Callim. Iambi fr. 191,76; Str. 14,1,3; Paus. 7,2,1ff). Käppel, Lutz (Kiel) [German version] [2] Greek surgeon a…

Three bearers  of the Italic gens name S. are known from the late Republic. [German version] [1] S., L. Held a pro-consular imperium over Hispania Ulterior By popular vote a pro-consular imperium over Hispania Ulterior was transferred to him for 199 BC (Liv. 31,50,10-11 and [1]), and he returned in 196 with such great booty that he was able to have three arches built in Rome (Liv. 33,27,3-4); In 196 he was a member of a commission to re-organize Greece (Pol. 18,48,2 and [2]). Schmitt, Tassilo (Bielefeld) [German version] [2] S., C. Praetor of Sardinia in 188 BC Praetor of Sardinia in 188 BC …

(Θεμίσων; Themísōn). [German version] [1] Tyrant from Eretria [1], 4th cent. BC Tyrant of Eretria [1], who occupied Oropus in 366 BC with some of the town’s exiles. The people controlling the operation were based in Thebes, and assistance also came from there in order to fend off an Athenian counter-attack. After an arbitration tribunal the pólis went to the Thebans, who maintained T.’s regime (Diod. Sic. 15,76,1; Dem. Or. 18,99; Xen. Hell. 7,4,1). Beck, Hans (Cologne) Bibliography J. Buckler, The Theban Hegemony, 1980, 193 f. [German version] [2] Th. from Laodicea Greek doctor, …

(Φιλιστίων; Philistíōn). [German version] [1] P. of Locri Greek physician, 4th cent. BC Physician from Locri in Italy, active around 364 BC. He is said by Plato's 2nd letter to have been the personal physician of Dionysius [2] II at Syracuse in that year. However, a fragment of the comic poet Epicrates [4] (Ath. 2,59c) has been plausibly interpreted to mean that he arrived at Athens soon after this. He wrote about dietetics, pharmacology and surgery. The Anonymus Londiniensis (20,25ff. = fragment 4 Wellmann)…

(Ἄλκων; Álkōn). [German version] [1] Figure of Greek myth: son of Erechtheus Son of Erechtheus, who fled to Chalcis. Father of Chalciope (Proxenus FGrH 425 F 2), or son of the Euboean hero Abas (Ephorus F 33). He sends his son Phalerus, who in Phalerum is venerated as a hero, along on an Argonaut journey (Apoll. Rhod. 1,95; Hyg. Fab. 14); according to Orph. Arg. 144 Phaleros comes instead from Mysia and founds the Thessalian city of Gyrton. Graf, Fritz (Columbus, OH) [German version] [2] Figure of Greek myth: son of Hippocoon of Amyklai Son of Hippocoon of Amyclae (Apollod. 3,124), kille…

(Νινύας; Ninýas). [German version] [1] Son of Ninus [1] In Graeco-Roman sources, son of the Assyrian King Ninus [1] and Semiramis, whom he succeeded on the throne. According to the report of Diod. (2,20f.), based on Ctesias, he was of an effeminate nature like Sardanapallus (Assurbanipal), and took no part in military campaigns. N., whose name derives from the toponym Nini(w)e (Niniveh; Ninus [2]), is largely a legendary figure; he is not mentioned in the cuneiform sources. Frahm, Eckart (Heidelberg) Bibliography 1 E.F. Weidner, s.v. N., RE 17, 643f. 2 G. Pettinato, Semiramis, 1988,…

(Ἄντυλλος; Ántyllos). [German version] [1] Grammarian and rhetor of unknown time Grammarian and rhetorician of unknown time (Suda). He authored a biography of Thucydides, which was used by Marcellinus in his Thucydides-Vita (22, 36, 55), and a commentary to Thucydides, which was used and quoted in a number of scholia (to 1,2,3; 3,95,1; 4,19,1 and 28,2). Weißenberger, Michael (Greifswald) Bibliography F. Goslings, Observationes ad Sch. in Thuc., 1874, 54 ff. R. Tosi, Scolifantasma tucididei, 1983. [German version] [2] Greek physician and surgeon of the imperial period Greek p…

(Θεόμνηστος/ Theómnēstos). [German version] [1] From Athens, c. 400 BC Athenian, accused by Lysitheus of cowardice after the battle of Corinthus (in 394 BC) in an action of dokimasia ( epangelía dokimasías) or 'scrutiny'. By being convicted T. was unable to appear as a rhetor in the People's Assembly, but managed to have the verdict quashed by means of an action for false witness against Dionysius. Against a renewed accusation of cowardice raised by Theon T. proceeded with an action of defamation ( díkē kakēgorías; Kakegoria ) and succeeded. He was then cha…