Search

(a.), pl. raʿāyā , literally “pasturing herd of cattle, sheep, etc.”, a term which in later Islam came to designate the mass of subjects, the taxpaying common people, as opposed to the ruling military and learned classes. 1. In the mediaeval Islamic world. Ḳurʾānic use of the verb raʿā and its derivatives ¶ covers the two semantic fields of “to pasture flocks” (e.g. XX, 56/54; XXVIII, 23) and “to tend, look after someone’s interests” (e.g. XXIII, 8; LVII, 27; LXX, 32). Since other Near Eastern religions and cultures have evolved the image of the …

, Siʿirt, Isʿird, forme arabe médiévale du nom d’une ville d’Anatolie sud-orientale, à 150 km à l’Est de la moderne Diyārbekir et à 65 km au Sud-ouest du lac de Van (lat. 37° 56′ N., long. 41° 56′ E.). Elle se trouve sur la rivière Bohtan, affluent du haut Tigre, sur les contreforts de l’extrémité orientale des monts du Taurus. C’est la ville turque moderne de Siirt, actuellement chef-lieu d’un il, ou province du même nom. 1. L’histoire. (a) La période pré-ottomane. Siʿird apparaīt très peu dans les sources islamiques. L’absence de fortifications lui enlevait visiblement tout…

, Siʿirt , Isʿird , the orthography in medieval Arabic texts for a town of southeastern Anatolia, 150 km/95 miles to the east of modern Diyarbakir and 65 km/44 miles to the south-west of Lake Van (lat. 37° 56′ N., long. 41° 56′ E.). It lies on the Bohtan tributary of the upper Tigris in the foothills of the eastern end of the Taurus Mts. It is the modern ¶ Turkish town of Siirt, now the chef-lieu of an il or province of the same name. 1. History. (a) The pre-Ottoman period. Siʿird is mentioned very little in early Islamic sources; the absence of fortifications apparently made it of…

or al-ruhāʾ , the Arabic name of a city which was in early Islamic times in the province of Diyār Muḍar [ q.v.] but known in Western sources as edessa (Syriac Orhāy, Armenian Uṛhay). It is now in the province of Diyarbakir in the southeast of modern Turkey and is known as Urfa, a name for the city which is not clearly attested before the coming of the Turks to eastern Anatolia. 1. In pre-Islamic times. The city is probably an ancient one, though efforts to identify it with the Babylonian Erech/Uruk or with Ur of the Chaldees cannot be taken seriously. Its site, at the j…

ou al-Ruhāʾ, appellation arabe d’une ville située au début de l’Islam dans la province de Diyār Muḍar [ q.v.] mais connue dans les sources occidentales sous le nom d’Edesse (classiquement Osrhoëne, Orrhoëne, Osdroëne; en syriaque Orhāy; en arménien Uṛhay). Elle se trouve actuellement dans la province de Diyarbakir, au Sud-est de la Turquie moderne, et porte le nom d’Urfa, qui n’est guère attesté avant l’arrivée des Turcs en Anatolie orientale. ¶ 1. Aux temps préislamiques. La ville est probablement ancienne, bien qu’il soit difficile de l’identifier avec l’Erech/Uruk b…

(a.). 1. Ḳurʾānic and early Arabic usage. Sid̲j̲ill is an Arabic word for various types of documents, especially of an official or juridical nature. It has long been recognised (first, it seems, by Fraenkel) that it goes back ultimately to Latin sigillum , which in the classical language means “seal” (i.e. both “sealmatrix” and “seal-impression”), but which in Mediaeval Latin is used also for the document to which a seal has been affixed; it was borrowed into Byzantine Greek as σιγίλλ(ι)ον, “seal, treaty, imperial edict”, and then, via Aramaic (e.g. Syriac sygylywn …

1. Introduction 1.1. European expansion in the context of world historyEuropean expansion from the mid-16th century is rightly regarded as a key event of world history in the early modern period and of epoch-making significance. It is of relevance to Europe itself, doing much to shape its power structures, economy, politics and world view. The explorations that began along the west coast of Africa, then proceeded with the discovery of the New World and the ensuing occupation of important trading posts in …

(a.) 1. Emploi kurʾānique et en arabe ancien. Sid̲j̲ill est un mot arabe désignant différents types de documents, en particulier ceux de nature officielle ou juridique. Il a longtemps été admis (tout d’abord, semble-t-il par Fraenkel) que ce terme remontait en définitive au latin sigillum qui signifie, dans la langue classique, «cachet» («cachet-matrice» et «cachetimpression»), mais qui était aussi utilisé en latin du Moyen-Age pour désigner des documents sur lesquels un sceau était porté; il fut emprunté par le grec byzantin comme σιγιλλ…

(a.), pl. aswāḳ , market. 1. In the traditional Arab world. Sūḳ , market, is a loanword from Aramaic s̲h̲ūḳā with the same meaning. Like the French term marché and the English market , the Arabic word sūḳ has acquired a double meaning: it denotes both the commercial exchange of goods or services and the place in which this exchange is normally conducted. Analysis of the sūḳ is thus of interest to the economic and social historian as well as to the archaeologist and the urban topographer. The substantial textual documentation which is available has as yet been …

(a.), le marché. 1. Dans le monde arabe traditionnel. 2. L’Occident musulman. 3. Les marchés du Caire sous les Mamlūks et les Ottomans. 4. En Syrie. a) Damas à l’époque ottomane. b) Alep. 5. En ʿIrāḳ. [Voir Suppl.]. 6. En Perse. 7. A l’époque ottomane (Anatolie et Balkans). 8. En Inde musulmane. 1, Les sūḳs dans le monde arabe traditionnel. Sūḳ/aswāḳ marché, sans doute à l’origine le lieu où l’on conduisait, sāḳa, yasūḳu, les animaux que l’on désirait vendre. Comme le terme français «marché» et le terme anglais «market», le mot arabe sūḳ a acquis une double signification, il désigne à …

, the name of a Turkish dynasty, ultimately of Og̲h̲uz origin [see g̲h̲uzz ], whose name appears in European sources as ottomans (Eng.), ottomanes (Fr.), osmanen (Ger.), etc. I. political and dynastic history 1. General survey and chronology of the dynasty The Ottoman empire was the territorially most extensive and most enduring Islamic state since the break-up of the ʿAbbāsid caliphate and the greatest one to be founded by Turkish-speaking peoples. It arose in the Islamic world after the devastations over much of the eastern and central lands of the Dār al-Islām …

, nom d’une dynastie turque, d’origine og̲h̲uze [voir G̲h̲uzz], qui figure dans les sources européennes sous les formes Ottomans (angl. et fr.), Osmanlis (fr.), Osmanen (all.), etc. ¶ I. L’histoire politique et dynastique. II. L’histoire sociale et économique. III. La littérature. IV. La vie religieuse. V. L’architecture. VI. Les tapis et étoffes. VII. La céramique, le travail des métaux et les arts mineurs. VIII. La peinture. IX. La numismatique. I. L’histoire politique et dynastique, —1. Vue générale et chronologie de la dynastie. L’empire ottoman a été l’État islamique le …