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[German version] Aristocratic Roman Christian woman (347-404),  to Iulius Toxotius; her children: Blaesilla († 384/5), Eustochium (†419), Rufina, Paulina ( to the Senator Pammachius), Toxotius ( to Laeta). P. belonged to the circle of women around Marcella [1], left Rome in August 385 together with Hieronymus [8] and Eustochium, settled with them in Bethlehem and founded monastic communities for women and men. Hieronymus wrote the letters 30, 33, 39 to her, dedicated numerous commentaries to he…

[German version] Sister of Ambrosius, bishop of Milan; lived with her widowed mother in her parents' home in Rome even after she was consecrated as a nun by pope Liberius [1] (352-66) on the sixth of January in an unknown year. Ambrose dedicated his treatise De Virginibus (‘On Virgins; begun on 21 January 376) to M.; his letters 20 (April 386), 22 (June 386) and 41 (end of 388) are addressed to her (and through her to the Christians in Rome). M. was an important informant for Ambrose's biographer Paulinus. M. died soon after Ambrose (died 3…

[German version] [1] The Elder, founder of a monastery M. the Elder, Roman Christian aristocrat, widow and ascetic; left Rome in the autumn of 373 AD, and together with Rufinus [6] founded a monastic community on the Mount of Olives in Jerusalem. She was also on intimate terms with Evagrius [1] Ponticus. In 400 she returned to Rome. Letsch-Brunner, Silvia (Zürich) [German version] [2] The Younger, Christian benefactress c. AD 400 M. the Younger (born in Rome in 383), granddaughter of M. [1], related to Marcella [1], used her wealth for charity. She married Pinianus…

[German version] Bishop of Rome (31 January 314-31 December 335; the anniversary of his death is still named after him), probably a confessor in the persecution under Diocletianus. He received written communication of the resolutions of the first synod of Constantine (Constantinus [1] I) in Arles (1 August 314; Synodos II.); in it a Roman bishop is addressed for the first time as papa. Under S. the churches of Saint John Lateran and of Saint Peter came into being. He sent to the Synod of Nicaea [5] (325) only two priests (Vito/Victor and Vincentius). S. gai…

[German version] Bishop of Rome 198(9)-217, founder of the coemeteria (modern San Callisto) under a piece of land he owned on the Via Appia. Z. was helplessly at the mercy of conflicts relating to Monarchianism in Rome, had a book written opposing the heretics and himself wrote a short Christological formula against the emerging Logos Christology (cited by Hippolytus [2]). He was buried in an overground memorial chapel (above the San Callisto catacombs). Catacombs; Logos (I.G.) Letsch-Brunner, Silvia (Zürich) Bibliography E. Schwartz, Zwei Predigten Hippolyts, SBAW, philoso…

[German version] The very cultured bishop V. of Iunca (Byzacena in Tunisia) was the author of exegeses of biblical texts (9 books Commentarii super cantica ecclesiastica), poems ( De satisfactione) and excerpts from the proceedings of the Council of Calchedon. During the Three-Chapter Controversy (Synodos II D), in 551 he was summoned by the emperor Iustinianus [1] to Constantinople, where he sided with pope Vigilius, fled with him to the church of St. Euphemia in Calchedon, and died in asylum there in 552. Letsch-Brunner, Silvia (Zürich) Bibliography R. Demeulenaere (ed.), Verec…

[German version] U., a Christian deacon in the city of Rome, was elected a bishop at the end of September 366 in the Basilica Iulii (modern Santa Maria in Trastevere), probably at the same time as Damasus, and this led to riots. U. was expelled from the city but recalled from exile on 15 September 367 and after renewed unrest banished to Gaul on 16 November 367. Between 370/1 and shortly before 378, U. may have stayed with friends in Italy again, but outside Rome. U., who met Valens [4] of Poetovi…

[German version] [1] Founder of monastic community in Rome, 335-410 Roman aristocrat, Christian, c. 335 to 410/1. As a young widow she founded a monastic women's community on the Aventine and brought in Hieronymus as a teacher from 383 to 385; he wrote letters 23-29, 32, 34, 37, 38, 40-44, 46 (in the name of Paula and Eustochium) and 59, 97 (to M. and Pammachius) to her; important Roman participant in the controversy about Origen (cf. Jer. Ep. 97, Rufin. Apologia contra Hieronymum 2,20f., Jer. Apologia contr…

[German version] Deacon of pope Bonifatius II (530-532), was in Constantinople with the latter's successor Agapetus [2], where he came into contact with Theodora [2]. He took the body of Agapetus (died 22 April 536) to Rome. In March 537, his intrigues succeeded in deposing the already elected Silverius and he had himself elected pope by Belisarius. Under V. building works were undertaken in Rome after the Gothic siege (Vigilius inscriptions in a number of catacombs). He conducted a correspondence…

[English version] Schwester des Mailänder Bischofs Ambrosius, lebte zusammen mit der verwitweten Mutter im elterlichen Gut in Rom, auch nach ihrer Jungfrauenweihe durch Papst Liberius [1] (352-366) an einem 6. Januar. Ambrosius widmete M. seine Schrift De Virginibus (‘Über die Jungfrauen; begonnen am 21.1.376); seine Briefe 20 (April 386), 22 (Juni 386) und 41 (Ende 388) sind an sie (und durch sie an die röm. Christen) adressiert. M. war wichtige Informantin für den Ambrosiusbiographen Paulinus. M. starb bald nach Ambrosius († 397)…

[English version] [1] Klostergründerin in Rom 335-410 Röm. christl. Aristokratin, ca. 335-410/1, gründete als junge Witwe auf dem Aventin eine klösterl. Frauengemeinschaft, zog 383/385 Hieronymus als Lehrer bei; er schrieb an sie die Briefe 23-29, 32, 34, 37, 38, 40-44, 46 (im Namen Paulas und Eustochiums), 59, 97 (an M. und Pammachius); wichtige röm. Partnerin in den origenischen Streitigkeiten (vgl. Hier. epist. 97, Rufin. apologia contra Hieronymum 2,20f., Hier. apologia contra Rufinum). Ferner erwä…

[English version] Röm. christl. Aristokratin (347-404),  Iulius Toxotius; ihre Kinder: Blaesilla († 384/5), Eustochium (†419), Rufina, Paulina (mit dem Senator Pammachius), Toxotius (Laeta). P. gehörte zum Kreis von Frauen um Marcella [1], verließ Rom mit Hieronymus und Eustochium im August 385, ließ sich mit ihnen in Bethlehem nieder und gründete klösterl. Gemeinschaften für Frauen und Männer. Hieronymus schrieb an sie die Briefe 30, 33, 39, widmete ihr (und Eustochium) zahlreiche Kommentare, …

[English version] [1] die Ältere, Klostergründerin M. die Ältere, röm. christl. Aristokratin, Witwe, Asketin, verließ Rom im Herbst 373, gründete auf dem Ölberg in Jerusalem zusammen mit Rufinus eine Klostergemeinschaft; sie war auch mit Euagrios [1] Pontikos befreundet; im J. 400 kehrte sie nach Rom zurück. Letsch-Brunner, Silvia (Zürich) [English version] [2] die Jüngere, christl. Wohltäterin um 400 M. die Jüngere (*383 in Rom), Enkelin von M. [1], verwandt mit Marcella, setzte ihren Reichtum für Wohltätigkeit ein; Heirat mit Pinianus (396), nach dem…

[German version] [1] Daughter of the emperor Theodosius I and Flacilla Daughter of the emperor Theodosius I and Flacilla, born AD 377/8, died 385/6. Her funeral oration by  Gregorius [2] of Nyssa survives (Greg. Nyss. Or. 9,1,459-472). PLRE 1, 755. Leppin, Hartmut (Hannover) [German version] [2] Augusta in 414 Daughter of the emperor  Arcadius and his wife Eudoxia (Aelia [4]), born 399, died July 453, granddaughter of  Theodosius  I. After her father's death (408) she raised her brother (born 401)Theodosius II., made herself Augusta (Imperial…

[English version] [1] Tochter des Kaisers Theodosius I. und der Flacilla Tochter des Kaisers Theodosius I. und der Flacilla, geb. 377/8, gest. 385/6 n. Chr. Die Grabrede des Gregorios [2] von Nyssa ist erh. (Greg. Nyss. or. 9,1,459-472). PLRE 1, 755. Leppin, Hartmut (Hannover) [English version] [2] Augusta 414 Tochter des Kaisers Arcadius und seiner Gattin Eudoxia (Aelia [4]), geb. 399, gest. Juli 453, Enkelin Theodosius' I. Sie erzog nach dem Tod des Vaters (408) ihren 401 geb. Bruder Theodosius II., machte sich im J. 414 zur Augusta (Kaiser…

[German version] [1] Late-Roman senator, c. AD 527, praefectus urbis Romae Late-Roman senator, brother of Pope Vigilius, c. AD 527 praefectus urbis Romae under the Gothic king Athalaric. In 536, he was interned by the Goths in Ravenna. He fled to Liguria, and in 538, Belisarius appointed him praefectus praetorio (Italiae) in Mediolan(i)um [1] (Milan), where he was assassinated in 539 by the victorious Goths (Cassiod. Var. 9,7; Procop. Goth 1,26,1 f.; 2,12,34 f.; 21,40). Ostrogoths Johne, Klaus-Peter (Berlin) Bibliography PLRE 2, 939 f., 1323  Rubin 2, 109, 126 f.  Ch. Schäfer, Der wes…

Roman cognomen, extension of Salvius. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) [German version] [1] S. of Massilia Christian theologian at Massilia, died after 465 (modern Marseille), probably born after AD 400 at Trier, evidence of his presence on the Lérins Islands, married, later ascetic, wrote the treatise Ad Ecclesiam (‘To the Church’; Pseudepigraphy [II]) after 435, exhortating all Christians to donate all inheritance for ascetic reasons for the work of the church. S. then lived at Marseille as a priest until his death (after c. 465), there composing De gubernatione Dei (‘The Government…

[German version] [1] Rival emperor to Gallienus, 3rd cent. AD As proconsul of Achaia, V. had himself proclaimed rival emperor to Gallienus in AD 261 in Macedonia. Although he defeated Piso, who was sent there against him (PIR2 C 298), he was soon murdered by his own troops (Aur. Vict. Epit. Caes. 32,4; Amm. Marc. 21,16,10; SHA Tyr. Trig. 19; 21; SHA Gall. 2,2 f.). Franke, Thomas (Bochum) Bibliography Kienast 2 227  PIR V 7  PLRE 1, 929 f. [German version] [2] Flavius Valens Eastern Roman emperor AD 364-378. Born in 321 in Cibalae (Illyria), of lowly origins and without a prof…

[German version] [1] Pupil of Libanius, 4th cent. AD Pupil of Libanius, then lawyer, entered service at the Imperial court (AD 363?), was comes rerum privatarum to Theodosius I (AD 388-390), comes sacrarum largitionum in 391 and finally praef. urbi Constantinopolitanae in 398-399. Groß-Albenhausen, Kirsten (Frankfurt/Main) Bibliography P. Petit, Les étudiants de Libanius, 1956 PLRE 1, 830 f. (S. 3). [German version] [2] S. of Noricum Monk in Noricum ripense, 5th cent. d. 8.1.482 in the monastery of Favianis (Mautern on the Danube) which he had founded. His actual …

[English version] [1] Spätröm. Senator, um 527 n. Chr. praefectus urbis Romae Spätröm. Senator, Bruder des Papstes Vigilius, um 527 n. Chr. praefectus urbis Romae unter dem Gotenkönig Athalaricus, 536 in Ravenna von den Goten interniert; er floh nach Ligurien, wurde 538 durch Belisarios praefectus praetorio (Italiae) in Mediolanum [1] (Mailand), wo er 539 von den siegreichen Goten ermordet wurde (Cassiod. var. 9,7; Prok. BG 1,26,1 f.; 2,12,34 f.; 21,40). Ostgoten Johne, Klaus-Peter (Berlin) Bibliography PLRE 2, 939 f., 1323  Rubin 2, 109, 126 f.  Ch. Schäfer, Weström. Senat unter…