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[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Christianity | Colonization | Punic Wars Town in  Gallia Narbonensis, colony of  Massalia, within the territory of the  Volcae Arecomici, modern Agde (Str. 4,1,5 f.; Plin. HN 3,33; Ptol. 2,10,2: Ἀγάθη; Agáthē, ‘good’), located on the edge of the Hérault-delta on a hillside which has been continually inhabited since ancient times. Because of its location, this seaport was an important safeguard of the trade between the Mediterranean countries and Gallia. In the 5th cent. AD bishop's seat. Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Bibliography…

[German version] (Νεστάνη/ Nestánē). Fortified village (κώμη/ kṓmē) in the Mantinea region in Arcadia (Theop. FGrH 115 F 175; Ephor. FGrH 70 F 234) on the eastern edge of the plateau on the road to Argos [II 1] by way of the Prinos pass. At the time of Pausanias (8,7,4; 8,1) N. was in ruins; near what is now Nestane (formerly Tsipiana). Remains of the castle wall have been preserved. Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Bibliography S. and H. Hodkinson, Mantineia and the Mantinike, in: ABSA 76, 1981, 267-269  M. Jost, Villages de l'Arcadie antique, in: Ktema 11, 1986 (1990), 156f.  Jost, 140.

[German version] Celtic tribe (Str. 4,4,1; Plin. HN 4,107; Mela 3,23; Ptol. 2,8,5; Tab. Peut 2,2) in Aremorica (in present-day Brittany; cf. Caes. B Gall. 7,75,4: O. amongst the civitates quae ... Aremoricae appellantur), to the west of the Veneti and Coriosolites, the main town being Vorgium (present-day Carhaix, dépt. Finistère). Subjugated in 58 BC by Caesar's praefectus equitum Licinius [I 16] Crassus (Caes. B. Gall. 2,34,1), they took part in 56 BC in an insurrection of Gallic tribes against Rome (Caes. B. Gall. 3,9,10). After Diocletian's reorgan…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: | Gallia/Gaul | Batavian Revolt Located on a plateau with steep slopes to all sides, A., the modern Langres (Haute-Marne; traces of neolithic and Bronze Age settlements), was the main town of the  Lingones (Ptol. 2,9,9). Because of this and its location at the junction of the road from the Atlantic to northern Italy with that from the Mediterranean to the  Rhenus, it soon developed into a flourishing town. Harried by the  Alamanni in AD 298, A.- known as   civitas Lingonum in late antiquity -- was destroy…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Achaeans, Achaea | Arcadians, Arcadia (Ἡραία; Hēraía). Western Arcadian city on the right bank of the central course of the Alpheius, shortly before the mouth of the Ladon, with extensive territory, comprising a number of fortified settlements. H. was of strategic importance because of its location on a major road, linking Elis, Arcadia, and the Argolid. According to Paus. 8,26,1, the city was located on a plateau, rising gently from the banks of the…

[German version] (Κρῶμνος, Κρῶμνα, Κρῶμναι, Κρῶμοι). Place in the Arcadian region of Cromnitis on the road from Megalopolis to Messene, 11 km south of Megalopolis, possibly on a hill c. 2 km north-east of modern Paradisia (Παραδείσια). Incorporated into the foundation of Megalopolis. Attested in Paus. 8,3,4; 27,4; 34,5f.; Xen. Hell. 7,4,20-28; Callisthenes, FGrH 124 F 13; Steph. Byz., s.v. Κρῶμνα. Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Bibliography J. Roy et al., Two Sites in the Megalopolis Basin, in: J. M. Sanders (ed.), ΦΙΛΟΛΑΚΩΝ, 1992, 190-194.

[German version] A. Name Lakōnikḕ gê (Λακωνικὴ γῆ) or L. chṓra (Λ. χώρα) is the customary appellation in prose literature for the national territory of Sparta, especially in Thucydides, always in Polybius, also Herodotus (1,69; 6,58,1), Xenophon (Hell. 4,7,6; 4,8,8; 6,2,31; 6,5,21), Aristophanes (Vesp. 1162; Pax 245), Strabo (8,2,2; 4,9; 5,4ff.), Pausanias (3,1,1; 21,6; 4,1,1; 16,8; 17,1) and Ptolemy (3,16,9), in Latin Laconica (Plin. HN 2,243; 4,1; 5,32; 6,214; 25,94). Epigraphically, this appellation appears only in one proxeny list from Ceos in the 4th …

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Caesar Main town of the  Senones in  Gallia Celtica, later Lugdunensis, modern Sens. Several inscriptions and reliefs. CIL XIII 2941-3009, 11271. Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Bibliography A. Grenier 4, 1960, 171-180 C. Rolley, s. v. A., PE 17.

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Christianity | City of the Vocontii in Gallia Narbonensis, one of the two religious centres with lucus Augusti (Luc-en-Diois), today called Die. Ruins: Water pipes/channels, necropoleis (NE and NW), baths, bridges, villae inside and outside the walls. Inscriptions (CIL 12, 1556-1560; 1563) attest to the existence of temples (Jupiter, Cybele and Attis, Dea Augusta Andarta). Inscr.: CIL 12, 1554-1696. Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Bibliography Grenier, 1, 1931, 557-560; 4, 1960, 106-111 M. Leglay, s.v. D.A.V., PE, 259f.

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Achaeans, Achaea | Arcadians, Arcadia (Κύναιθα; Kýnaitha). Town in northern Arcadia near modern Kalavryta, the exact location is unknown. The high valley of C. (800 m) is bordered in the north and south by low hills, in the west and south-east by the mountain ranges Erymanthus and Chelmos. In Hellenistic times it was supposedly the scene of especially brutal wars between various parties. Evidence: Pol. 4,16,11-21,9; Str. 8,8,2; Paus. 8,19,1-3; Ath. 14,626e; Steph. Byz., s.v. Κ. Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Bibliography F. Carinc…

[German version] Tribe in  Gallia Celtica,   clientes of the  Haedui (Caes. B Gall. 7,75,2). Some editors have corrected ‘Ambluareti’ (as it stands in all MSS) to A. Lafond, Yves (Bochum)

[German version] (Λυκουρία; Lykouría). City in the plain of Pheneus on the road to Cleitor in Arcadia, on the border between the two cities; cf. Paus. 8,19,4; 20,1. Lafond, Yves (Bochum)

[German version] (Φαρά/ Phará, Φαραί/ Pharaí, ethnicon Φαραιεύς/ Pharaieús). City in western Achaea on the left bank of the Peirus (Str. 8,7,4f.; Paus. 7,22,1-5 [2. 186-188]; Ptol. 3,16,15: Φέραι or Φάραι; Plin. HN 4,13: Pherae; Steph. Byz. s.v. Φαραί, also Φηραί) near the modern villages of Pharai and Prevedos. With a commanding position on the road between western Achaea (with Patrae) and Arcadia. Significant in the Mycenaean period [1. 230-232, 240f.]. P. was one of the 12 ancient cities of Achaea (Hdt. 1,145: Φαρέες; Pol. 2…

This item can be found on the following maps: Achaeans, Achaea | Oracles (Λυκόσουρα; Lykósoura). [German version] A. Location and history City of Arcadian Parrhasia, 7 km west of Megale Polis with a sanctuary of Despoina (Persephone/Kore), today called Siderokastro of Stala or Palaiokrambavos. L. is situated in the forested mountain country on the southern bank of the Plataniston, and the sanctuary is located on a terrace of a range of hills on whose peak L. lay; with the exception of parts of the wall of the acro…

[German version] (Ἑκατόμβαιον; Hekatómbaion). Sanctuary near  Dyme [1], where Cleomenes III gained a victory over the Achaeans in 226 BC (Pol. 2,51,3; Plut. Cleomenes 14,2, Aratus 39,1). The exact location is unknown; the location is dependent on the interpretation of Cleomenes' campaign route. Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Bibliography M. Osanna, Santuari e culti dell'Acaia antica, 1996, 42f.

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Grain Trade, Grain Import | Achaeans, Achaea | Macedonia, Macedones | Peloponnesian War | Persian Wars (epigraphically and literarily Ἑρμιών; Hermiṓn and Ἑρμιόνη; Hermiónē, ethnikon Ἑρμιονεῖς; Hermioneîs). Town in the eastern area of the Argolid, modern Ermioni, whose territory comprised the south-east of the area of Cape Thermisi 6 km east of H. to Cape Iri south of the Bedeni stream. H. owed its importance to the two well-protected harbours, separated by narrow, elong…

[German version] (Ὑδρέα; Hydréa). Island on the eastern coast of the Argolian Acte, rocky, not very fertile, settled already in the Mycenaean period, modern Hydra; belonged first to  Hermione, then to Troezen. References: Hdt. 3,59; Paus. 2,34,9; Steph. Byz. s.v. H.; Inscriptions: SEG 1, 79f.; 17, 172-177. Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Bibliography N. Pharaklas, Ἑρμιονίς, 1972.

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Sparta (Κοτύρτα; Kotýrta). Spartan   períoikoi town on the west coast of the Parnon penninsula ( Parnon), maybe modern Daimonía, where Mycenaean finds have been recorded in quantity. References: Thuc. 4,56,1; Steph. Byz. s.v. Κ. Epigraphy: IG V 1,961-967; 1013; SEG 2,173-175; 11,899. Lafond, Yves (Bochum)

[German version] (Κορυφάσιον, Koryphásion). Rocky cape at the north end of the Bay of Navarino in Messenia; in the Classical period this was the site of the city of  Pylos with a sanctuary of Athena Coryphasia (Paus. 4,36,1f.). The port of Pylos is not identical to the Osman-Aga lagoon (Divari), but can be found in the Bay of Navarino. Evidence: Thuc. 4,3,2; 118,4; 5,18,7; Diod. Sic. 15,77,4; Str. 8,3,7; 21; 23; 27; 4,1f. Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Bibliography E. Meyer, s.v. Messenien, Re Suppl. 15. 201f. Pritchett 1, 1965, 6-29.

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Dark Ages | Hellenistic states | Achaeans, Achaea | Macedonia, Macedones | Natural catastrophes (Αἴγιον; Aígion). Town in  Achaea on the Corinthian Gulf (Hom. Il. 2,574; Hdt. 1,145; Ps.-Scyl. 42; Str. 8,7,5, and also Ptol. 3,16,5; Hierocles 647; Geogr. Rav. 5,13). A. rose in three terraces above sea level, at the edge of a plateau with a slight drop to the west, which extended to the mountains in the south, at a safe anchorage between the mouths of two rivers…