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Ichthyas

(71 words)

Author(s): Döring, Klaus (Bamberg)
[German version] (Ἰχθύας; Ichthýas). Pupil of Euclides [2] of Megara, 4th cent. BC, member of the  Megarian School; eponymous character in a dialogue of  Diogenes [14] of Sinope. I. is usually identified with the man called in the MSS Icthydias or Ychtyas, who lost his life in an uprising against his home town (Megara?) (Tert. Apol. 46,16). Döring, Klaus (Bamberg) Bibliography 1 K. Döring, Die Megariker, 1972, 15, 91-94, 100-101 2 SSR II H.

Elis and Eretria, School of

(173 words)

Author(s): Döring, Klaus (Bamberg)
[German version] A construct of both ancient and modern historians of philosophy, based on the following facts: Hellenistic historians of philosophy grouped together  Phaedon of Elis and his disciples and their disciples as the School of Elis (Ἠλιακὴ αἵρεσις), and Phaedon's second or third generation disciple  Menedemus of Eretria and his followers as the School of Eretria (Ἐρετρική or Ἐρετριακὴ αἵρεσις) (Diog. Laert. 1,18-19 and passim). Modern historians of philosophy combined both traditions in…

Simmias

(168 words)

Author(s): Döring, Klaus (Bamberg)
(Σιμμίας). [German version] [1] S. from Thebes Friend of Socrates, 5th cent. BC Friend of Socrates [2] (Plat. Crit. 45b; Plat. Phdr. 242b; Xen. Mem. 1,2,48; 3,11,17); he and his companion Cebes were Socrates' main interlocutors in Plato's Phaídōn. According to Plat. Phd. 61de, before his stay in Athens S. met the Pythagorean Philolaus [2] in Thebes, but he himself was not a Pythagorean [1]. Plutarchus [2] has the conversation which is central to his work The Daimonion of Socrates (Περὶ τοῦ Σωκράτους δαιμονίου/Perì toû Sōkrátous daimoníou) take place in Thebes at the house of S., …

Megarian School

(346 words)

Author(s): Döring, Klaus (Bamberg)
[German version] (Μεγαρικοί; Megarikoí). This word designates those philosophers belonging to the tradition of Socrates' pupil Euclides [2], whose home town was Megara. How much they had in common, beyond being pupils of Euclides, is hard to say. It seems there was neither an institutional organisation connecting them, nor a fixed place of teaching. Only Euclides and Stilpo are known to have lived in Megara. Other members of the School lived and worked in other places, at least temporarily ( Eubuli…

Stilpo

(448 words)

Author(s): Döring, Klaus (Bamberg)
[German version] (Στίλπων/ Stílpōn) from Megara (Megarian School); second half of the 4th and first third of the 3rd cent. BC. Since the information about his teachers is confusing, it remains unclear how S. fits into the sequence of Megarians. His character is repeatedly praised in the surviving sources. Emphasis is placed on his simple unaffected nature and his open confident manner in dealings with others; numerous anecdotes document his ready wit and his superior sense of humour. His skill at d…

Paraebates

(41 words)

Author(s): Döring, Klaus (Bamberg)
[German version] (Παραιβάτης/ Paraibátēs). Cyrenaic who lived towards the end of the 4th cent. BC. Teacher of Anniceris, Hegesias [1] and Menedemus [5] of Eretria who is said to later have despised him (Diog. Laert. 2,86; 2,134). Döring, Klaus (Bamberg)

Bryson

(208 words)

Author(s): Döring, Klaus (Bamberg)
[German version] (Βρύσων; Brýsōn). Son of the mythographer  Herodorus from Heraclea Pontica, of the  Megarian school (his connection with  Euclides unclear), teacher of  Pyrrhon; born  c. 400 BC, died after 340 BC. B. advocated the thesis that nobody uses distasteful -- i.e. vulgar or indecent -- expressions; if one and the same thing could be described by a variety of expressions, then all of these should carry the same meaning; therefore one term could not be more vulgar or indecent than any other. Aristotle rejected …

Sophroniscus

(62 words)

Author(s): Döring, Klaus (Bamberg)
[German version] (Σωφρονίσκος; Sōphronískos). Husband of Phaenarete with whom he fathered Socrates [2] the philosopher, stone cutter by trade. In Plato's Laches (180e), Lysimachus [1] praises S. as his true late friend with whom he had never quarreled. Nothing more is known about S. Socrates named one of his three sons after his father, as was customary. Döring, Klaus (Bamberg)

Cyrenaics

(1,267 words)

Author(s): Döring, Klaus (Bamberg)
(Κυρηναϊκοί; Kyrēnaïkoí). [German version] A. History The term Cyrenaics ─ derived from the home town Cyrene of Socrates' pupil  Aristippus [3] ─ is used to describe those philosophers who subscribed to the tradition founded by the latter. A list of C. can be found in Diog. Laert. 2,86. Whenever ancient texts refer globally to Aristippus and the C., the topic is almost invariably that they considered  pleasure ( hēdonḗ) the supreme good ( summum bonum) and highest aim ( télos). In the development of this view (and of the philosophy of the C. in general), two phases can be …

Anniceris

(235 words)

Author(s): Döring, Klaus (Bamberg)
[German version] (Ἀννίκερις; Anníkeris) of Cyrene, one of the  Cyrenaics, whose life spanned the decades before and after 300 BC. A. introduced modifications to the original Cyrenaic theory of pleasure (presumably following his analysis of Epicurus). Because of these modifications, many ancient philosophers regard his theory as the beginning of a new phase in the history of the Cyrenaics (Str. 17,3,22; Diog. Laert. 2,85). A.'s innovation consists mainly in acknowledging not only sensual pleasure, b…

Anchipylus

(61 words)

Author(s): Döring, Klaus (Bamberg)
[German version] (Ἀνχίπυλος; Anchípylos) of Elis. He was a student of  Phaedo of Elis, together with  Moschus. A. himself was the teacher of  Asclepiades of Phleious and of  Menedemus of Eretria. According to ancient hearsay, A. and Moschus subsisted on figs and water alone for their entire lives (Diog. Laert. 2,126; Ath. 2,44c). Döring, Klaus (Bamberg) Bibliography SSR III D.

Cynicism

(1,753 words)

Author(s): Döring, Klaus (Bamberg)
Döring, Klaus (Bamberg) [German version] A. The Middle Ages (CT) The reception of Cynicism in the Middle Ages and in modern times is, with few exceptions, simply the reception of Diogenes. The most important source for the knowledge of Diogenes in the Middle Ages was the brief description given of Diogenes' lifestyle by the Church Father Jerome in his work Adversus Jovinianum (2, 14). Jerome summarizes what makes Diogenes into a model for him in the statement that Diogenes was ‘more powerful than King Alexander and a victor over human nature’ ( potentior rege Alexandro et naturae victo…

Socratics

(1,010 words)

Author(s): Döring, Klaus (Bamberg)
[German version] The term 'Socratics' refers in a broad sense to all of those who, according to surviving evidence, had a close relationship to Socrates [2] (469-399 BC). In a narrower sense, it is limited to those known to have written philosophical works: Aeschines [1], Antisthenes [1], Aristippus [3], Euclides [2], Phaedo, Plato [1] and Xenophon. Ancient sources tell us a great deal about the personal relationships of these Socratics, both with Socrates and among themselves. Some is evidently b…

Panthoedes

(39 words)

Author(s): Döring, Klaus (Bamberg)
[German version] (Πανθοίδης/ Panthoídēs). Dialectician, c. 280 BC, teacher of the Peripatetic Lycon [4], author of a piece On Amphibologies (Diog. Laert. 5,68; 7,193). P. contested the conclusiveness of Diodorus's [4] "Master Argument" (Epict. Dissertationes 2,19,5). Döring, Klaus (Bamberg)

Cebes

(238 words)

Author(s): Döring, Klaus (Bamberg)
[German version] (Κέβης; Kébēs) from Thebes. Friend of Socrates (Pl. Crit. 45b; Xen. Mem. 1,2,48; 3,11,17); together with his companion Simmias  Socrates' main interlocutor in Plato's ‘Phaedon’. According to Pl. Phd. 61d-e, before coming to Athens C. met the Pythagorean  Philolaus in Thebes, but was himself not a Pythagorean [1]. In Diog. Laert. 2,125 three dialogues (not extant), with the titles Pínax (‘Painting), Hebdómē (‘The Seventh Day) and Phrýnichos, are attributed to C. The dialogue entitled Pínax and falsely attributed to C. was probably written during the 1st …

Pasiphon

(70 words)

Author(s): Döring, Klaus (Bamberg)
[German version] (Πασιφῶν; Pasiphôn), son of Lucianus, an 'Eretrian' (Elis and Eretria, School of), probably lived in the 1st half of the 3rd cent. BC. One of P.'s dialogues contained comments on Nicias [1] (Plut. Nicias 4,2). According toPersaeus [2] and Favorinus, P. was the true author of works commonly attributed to others (Aeschines [1], Antisthenes [1], Diogenes [14] of Sinope) (Diog. Laert. 2,61; 6,73). Döring, Klaus (Bamberg)

Cleinomachus

(100 words)

Author(s): Döring, Klaus (Bamberg)
[German version] (Κλεινόμαχος; Kleinómachos) of Thurii, student of  Euclides [2] of Megara,  Megarian School. According to Diog. Laert. 2,112, C. was the first to write ‘on statements and predicates and such matters’ (περὶ ἀξιωμάτων καὶ κατηγορημάτων καὶ τῶν τοιούτων). This comment hints at contributions to the development of dialectics that are greater than we can presently perceive. In any case, after C. some ancient historians of philosophy called the Megarian School the  ‘Dialectics’ (Diog. Lae…

Phaenarete

(88 words)

Author(s): Döring, Klaus (Bamberg)
[German version] (Φαιναρέτη; Phainarétē). Mother of Patrocles from her first marriage, to Chaeredemus (Pl. Euthyd. 297e) and of Socrates from her second marriage, to Sophroniscus. In Pl. Tht. 148e-151d, Socrates explains that his mother was a midwife, and he equates his deeds with hers. It is not impossible that Plato invented the profession of P. for the sake of this metaphor, after which it became included as a 'fact' into the Socrates legend. Maieutic method Döring, Klaus (Bamberg) Bibliography A. Raubitschek, s.v. P. (2), RE 19, 1562f.

Alexinus

(186 words)

Author(s): Döring, Klaus (Bamberg)
[German version] (Ἀλεξῖνος; Alexînos) of Elis: a philosopher of the  Megarian school, who lived in the decades around 300 BC, A. first taught in his hometown of Elis, then in Olympia. In his treatise ‘On Education’ (Περὶ ἀγωγῆς; Perì agōgês), A. adopted a mediating position in the dispute between philosophers and rhetoricians concerning which of them played the primary role in education: one can learn a certain degree of skill of argument from rhetoricians, but these arguments are based on experience, probability and assumption, rath…

Letters of Socrates and of the Socratics

(534 words)

Author(s): Döring, Klaus (Bamberg)
[German version] Transmitted in nine MSS from the period 1269/70 to the beginning of the 17th cent. are seven letters of Socrates [2] and 20 of the Socratics in various arrangements, some complete, some in selections (epist. 1-27, numbering according to Köhler [5]), and in addition six letters from and to Speusippus (epist. 28; 30-34), a letter from Plato to the Macedonian king Philippus [4] II. (epist. 29), and a final letter written in the Doric dialect riddled with corruptions, with unknown s…

Maieutic method

(164 words)

Author(s): Döring, Klaus (Bamberg)
[German version] from the Greek μαιευτική ( maieutikḗ, sc. téchnē), ‘midwifery. In Plato's dialogue Theaetetus (148e-151d) Socrates compares his ability to recognize whether or not hidden wisdom lies dormant in others, and to help them if necessary to bring it to light, with the craft of his mother, the midwife ( maía) Phaenarete, and of midwives in general, to recognize pregnancies and to help deliver the baby. It is contested whether or not the historical Socrates used this comparison but the stronger arguments speak against it. In Middle Plat…

Chaerephon

(141 words)

Author(s): Döring, Klaus (Bamberg)
[German version] (Χαιρεφών; Chairephṓn). From the Attic deme of Sphettus; from early youth a passionate follower of  Socrates. In Aristophanes' Clouds, Wasps and Birds C. is lampooned as an especially zealous and ascetic pupil of Socrates. As a committed democrat, he lived in exile during the tyranny of the  Thirty (404-403 BC) (Pl. Ap. 21a). C. was already dead by the time of Socrates' trial (399 BC). Plato (Ap. 20e-21a) and Xenophon (Apol. 14 Xen. Apol. 14) report that C. once asked the oracle at Delphi whether anyo…

Phaedo

(287 words)

Author(s): Döring, Klaus (Bamberg)
[German version] (Φαίδων; Phaídon) from Elis, b. 418/416 BC, date of death unknown. Title character of the Platonic dialogue Phaídōn. P. is believed to have been taken prisoner when the city of Elis was conquered, sold as a slave to Athens and forced to work in a brothel. After meeting Socrates, the philosopher apparently had one of his pupils buy P.'s freedom, and from then on P. devoted himself to philosophy (Diog. Laert. 2,31; 2,105 et passim). P. wrote two dialogues, titled Zṓpyros and Símōn. It is probably true that the story of Socrates' meeting with the magician Zopyrus,…

Alexinos

(175 words)

Author(s): Döring, Klaus (Bamberg)
[English version] aus Elis, Megariker, lebte in den Jahrzehnten vor und nach 300 v. Chr. A. lehrte zunächst in seiner Heimatstadt Elis, dann in Olympia. In seiner Schrift ›Über Erziehung‹ (Περὶ ἀγωγῆς) bezog er in der Streitfrage, ob den Philosophen oder den Rhetoren der Primat auf dem Gebiet der Bildung zukomme, eine vermittelnde Position: Zwar könne man bei den Rhetoren durchaus eine gewisse Fertigkeit im Argumentieren erlernen; da deren Argumente jedoch nur auf Erfahrung, Wahrscheinlichkeit und…

Megariker

(355 words)

Author(s): Döring, Klaus (Bamberg)
[English version] (Μεγαρικοί). Als M. wurden nach der Heimatstadt des Sokratesschülers Eukleides [2] diejenigen Philosophen bezeichnet, die man in die von diesem herkommende Trad. einordnete. Wieviel sie außer der gemeinsamen Schülerschaft bei Eukleides miteinander verband, ist schwer zu sagen. Wie es scheint, gab es weder eine wie auch immer geartete institutionelle Organisation, die sie zusammengehalten hätte, noch eine feste Lehrstätte. Daß sie ihren Wohnsitz in Megara hatten, ist allein für Eu…

Chairephon

(151 words)

Author(s): Döring, Klaus (Bamberg)
[English version] (Χαιρεφών). Aus dem att. Demos Sphettos; seit früher Jugend ein leidenschaftlicher Anhänger des Sokrates. In den Wolken, den Wespen und den Vögeln des Aristophanes wird Ch. als bes. beflissener und asketischer Schüler des Sokrates verulkt. Als engagierter Demokrat hielt er sich während der Gewaltherrschaft der Dreißig (404-403 v.Chr.) im Exil auf (Plat. apol. 21a). Zur Zeit des Sokratesprozesses (399 v.Chr.) war Ch. schon tot. Platon (apol. 20e-21aPlat. apol. 20e-21a) und Xenophon (apol. 14Xen. apol.…

Panthoides

(38 words)

Author(s): Döring, Klaus (Bamberg)
[English version] (Πανθοίδης). Dialektiker, um 280 v.Chr., Lehrer des Peripatetikers Lykon [4], Verf. einer Schrift ‘Über Amphibolien (Diog. Laert. 5,68; 7,193). P. bestritt die Beweiskraft des “Meisterschlusses” des Diodoros [4] (Epikt. dissertationes 2,19,5). Döring, Klaus (Bamberg)

Maieutik

(153 words)

Author(s): Döring, Klaus (Bamberg)
[English version] von griech. μαιευτική ( maieutikḗ, sc. téchnē), “Hebammenkunst”. In Platons Dialog Theaítētos (148e-151d) vergleicht Sokrates sein Vermögen, bei anderen zu erkennen, ob in ihnen verborgenes Wissen schlummert, und ihnen ggf. dabei behilflich zu sein, es zutage zu fördern, mit der Kunst seiner Mutter, der Hebamme ( maía) Phainarete, und der Hebammen insgesamt, Schwangerschaften zu erkennen und Geburtshilfe zu leisten. Ob schon der histor. Sokrates diesen Vergleich benutzte, ist umstritten, die stärkeren Gründe sprechen jedoch …

Phainarete

(84 words)

Author(s): Döring, Klaus (Bamberg)
[English version] (Φαιναρέτη). In erster Ehe verheiratet mit Chairedemos und Mutter des Patrokles (Plat. Euthyd. 297e), in zweiter Ehe mit Sophroniskos und Mutter des Sokrates. Bei Plat. Tht. 148e-151d erzählt Sokrates, daß seine Mutter Hebamme sei, und vergleicht sein Tun mit dem ihren. Es ist nicht auszuschließen, daß Platon den Beruf der Ph. um dieses Vergleiches willen erfunden hat und daß dieser dann als vermeintliches Faktum in die Sokrateslegende einfloß. Maieutik Döring, Klaus (Bamberg) Bibliography A. Raubitschek, s.v. Ph. (2), RE 19, 1562f.

Kynismus

(1,598 words)

Author(s): Döring, Klaus (Bamberg) RWG
Döring, Klaus (Bamberg) RWG [English version] A. Mittelalter (RWG) Die Rezeption des K. im MA und in der Neuzeit ist bis auf wenige Ausnahmen eine reine Diogenes-Rezeption. Wichtigste Quelle für die Kenntnis des Diogenes im MA war die Kurzbeschreibung, die der Kirchenvater Hieronymus in seiner Schrift Gegen Jovinianus (2, 14) von der Lebensweise des Diogenes gibt. Was diese für ihn zum exemplum macht, faßt Hieronymus in die Formel, Diogenes sei ‘mächtiger als der König Alexander und ein Sieger über die menschliche Natur’ gewesen (‘potentior …

Kebes

(244 words)

Author(s): Döring, Klaus (Bamberg)
[English version] (Κέβης) aus Theben. Freund des Sokrates (Plat. Krit. 45b; Xen. mem. 1,2,48; 3,11,17), zusammen mit seinem Gefährten Simmias Hauptgesprächspartner des Sokrates in Platons Phaídōn. Nach Plat. Phaid. 61d-e traf K. vor seinem Aufenthalt in Athen in Theben mit dem Pythagoreer Philolaos zusammen, doch war er selbst kein Pythagoreer [1]. Bei Diog. Laert. 2,125 werden K. drei (nicht erh.) Dialoge mit den Titeln Pínax (‘Gemälde), Hebdómē (‘Der siebte Tag) und Phrýnichos zugeschrieben. Bei dem unter dem Namen des K. überlieferten Dialog mit dem Titel Pínax handelt es sic…

Pasiphon

(62 words)

Author(s): Döring, Klaus (Bamberg)
[English version] (Πασιφῶν), Sohn des Lukianos, “Eretriker” (Elisch-eretrische Schule), Lebenszeit wohl die 1. H. des 3. Jh.v.Chr. Einer der Dialoge des P. enthielt Bemerkungen über Nikias [1] (Plut. Nikias 4,2). Laut Persaios [2] und Favorinus war P. der wahre Verf. von Schriften, die gemeinhin anderen (Aischines [1], Antisthenes [1], Diogenes [14] aus Sinope) zugeschrieben wurden (Diog. Laert. 2,61; 6,73). Döring, Klaus (Bamberg)

Annikeris

(234 words)

Author(s): Döring, Klaus (Bamberg)
[English version] aus Kyrene, Kyrenaïker, lebte in den Jahrzehnten vor und nach 300 v. Chr. Wegen der Modifikationen, die er (vermutlich in Auseinandersetzung mit Epikur) an der urspr. kyrenaïschen Lustlehre vornahm, ließen manche ant. Philos.historiker mit ihm eine neue Phase in der Gesch. der Kyrenaïker beginnen (Strab. 17,3,22; Diog. Laert. 2,85). Seine Modifikationen bestanden vor allem darin, daß er neben der sinnlichen eine vom Körper unabhängige rein seelische Lust anerkannte bzw., falls di…

Kleinomachos

(94 words)

Author(s): Döring, Klaus (Bamberg)
[English version] (Κλεινόμαχος) aus Thurioi, Schüler des Eukleides [2] aus Megara, Megariker. Nach Diog. Laert. 2,112 war K. der erste, der ‘über Aussagen und Prädikate und derartige Dinge’ (περὶ ἀξιωμάτων καὶ κατηγορημάτων καὶ τῶν τοιούτων) schrieb. Hinter dieser Notiz müssen sich Verdienste um die Weiterentwicklung der Dialektik verbergen, die größer sind, als uns heute noch faßbar ist. Jedenfalls ließen manche ant. Philos.-Historiker die Megariker von K. an den Namen “Dialektiker” tragen (Diog.…

Elisch-eretrische Schule

(150 words)

Author(s): Döring, Klaus (Bamberg)
[English version] Ein Konstrukt ant. und neuzeitlicher Philosophiehistoriker, dem folgender Sachverhalt zugrunde liegt: Hell. Philosophiehistoriker faßten Phaidon aus Elis und seine Schüler und Enkelschüler zur Elischen Schule (Ἠλιακὴ αἵρεσις) und Phaidons Enkel- oder Urenkelschüler Menedemos aus Eretria und seine Anhänger zur Eretrischen Schule (Ἐρετρική oder Ἐρετριακὴ αἵρεσις) zusammen (Diog. Laert. 1,18-19 u.ö.). Neuzeitliche Philosophiehistoriker setzten die beiden Traditionen dann zur Elisch-…

Paraibates

(35 words)

Author(s): Döring, Klaus (Bamberg)
[English version] (Παραιβάτης). Kyrenaïker, gegen Ende des 4. Jh.v.Chr. Lehrer des Annikeris, des Hegesias [1] und des Menedemos [5] aus Eretria, der ihn später verachtet haben soll (Diog. Laert. 2,86; 2,134). Döring, Klaus (Bamberg)

Bryson

(185 words)

Author(s): Döring, Klaus (Bamberg)
[English version] (Βρύσων). Sohn des Mythographen Herodoros aus Herakleia am Pontos, Megariker (Beziehung zu Eukleides unklar), Lehrer Pyrrhons; * um 400 v.Chr., gest. nach 340. B. vertrat die These, niemand gebrauche häßliche, d.h. ordinäre oder unanständige Ausdrücke; könne man eine und dieselbe Sache mit verschiedenen Ausdrücken bezeichnen, dann seien diese bedeutungsgleich und es könne mithin nicht einer ordinärer bzw. dezenter als der andere sein. Aristoteles weist diese These als falsch zurü…

Anchipylos

(55 words)

Author(s): Döring, Klaus (Bamberg)
[English version] aus Elis, zusammen mit Moschos Schüler des Phaidon aus Elis und Lehrer des Asklepiades aus Phleius und des Menedemos aus Eretria. Einer ant. Klatschgesch. zufolge sollen sich A. und Moschos ihr Leben lang nur von Wasser und Feigen ernährt haben (Diog. Laert. 2,126; Athen. 2,44c). Döring, Klaus (Bamberg) Bibliography SSR III D.

Ichthyas

(66 words)

Author(s): Döring, Klaus (Bamberg)
[English version] (Ἰχθύας). Schüler des Eukleides [2] aus Megara, 4. Jh. v.Chr., Megariker; Titelfigur eines Dialoges des Diogenes [14] aus Sinope. I. wird üblicherweise mit dem in den Hss. als Icthydias oder Ychtyas bezeichneten Mann identifiziert, der bei einer Revolte gegen seine Vaterstadt (Megara?) ums Leben kam (Tert. apol. 46,16). Döring, Klaus (Bamberg) Bibliography 1 K. Döring, Die Megariker, 1972, 15, 91-94, 100-101 2 SSR II H.

Phaidon

(270 words)

Author(s): Döring, Klaus (Bamberg)
[English version] (Φαίδων) aus Elis, geb. 418/416 v.Chr., Todesdatum unbekannt. Titelfigur des platonischen Dialogs Phaídōn. Bei einer Eroberung der Stadt Elis soll Ph. in Gefangenschaft geraten, als Sklave nach Athen verkauft und dort gezwungen worden sein, in einem Bordell Dienst zu tun. Nachdem er mit Sokrates bekannt geworden war, soll dieser einen seiner Schüler veranlaßt haben, ihn freizukaufen, und von da an soll sich Ph. der Philos. gewidmet haben (Diog. Laert. 2,31; 2,105 u.ö.). Ph. verfaßte zwei Dialoge mit den Titeln Zṓpyros und Símōn. Auf den ersteren führt man woh…

Kyrenaïker

(1,173 words)

Author(s): Döring, Klaus (Bamberg)
(Κυρηναϊκοί). [English version] A. Geschichte Als K. wurden nach der Heimatstadt des Sokratesschülers Aristippos [3], Kyrene, diejenigen Philosophen bezeichnet, die man in die von diesem herkommende Trad. einordnete. Eine Liste der K. findet sich bei Diog. Laert. 2,86. Wo in ant. Texten in pauschaler Weise von Aristippos und den K. die Rede ist, geht es fast immer darum, daß diese als höchstes Gut ( summum bonum) und als Ziel ( télos) die Lust ( hēdonḗ) angesehen hätten. Bezüglich der Entwicklung dieser Auffassung (und der Philos. der K. insgesamt) lassen sich zwei Ph…

Hegesias

(418 words)

Author(s): Döring, Klaus (Bamberg) | Weißenberger, Michael (Greifswald)
(Ἡγησίας; Hēgēsías). [German version] [1] Cyrenaic, c. 300 BC  Cyrenaic, lived in the decades before and after 300 BC. Due to the modifications that he (presumably in dialogue with  Epicurus) made on the original Cyrenaic doctrine of pleasure, some ancient philosophical historians have a new phase in the history of the Cyrenaics begin with him. H. assessed the view that one could succeed in achieving  pleasure and avoiding pain much more pessimistically than the original Cyrenaics. …

Xanthippe

(279 words)

Author(s): Antoni, Silke (Kiel) | Döring, Klaus (Bamberg)
(Ξανθίππη; Xanthíppē). [German version] [1] Daughter of Dorus Daughter of Dorus, with Pleuron parent of Agenor [3], Sterope, Stratonice and Laophonte (Apollod. 1,58). Antoni, Silke (Kiel) [German version] [2] Mythical feeder of her imprisoned father Mycon Woman who fed her father Mycon in prison with her milk (Hyg. Fab. 254; the same motif with different names: Val. Max. 5,4, ext. 1; Plin. HN 7,121; Fest. 228,28-32; Solin. 1,124f.; Nonn. Dion. 26,101-145). Antoni, Silke (Kiel) [German version] [3] Wife of the philosopher Socrates [2] Wife of the philosopher Socrates [2]; orig…

Arete

(203 words)

Author(s): Graf, Fritz (Columbus, OH) | Döring, Klaus (Bamberg)
[German version] [1] Wife and sister of the Phaeacian king  Alcinous (Ἀρήτη; Arḗtē). Wife and sister of the Phaeacian king  Alcinous (Hes. fr. 222). Her benevolence helped both Odysseus (Hom. Od. 7) and Jason and Medea: she mediated between the Argonauts and the Colchians (Apoll. Rhod. 4,1068-1120), married Jason to Medea (Apollod. 1,138 f.), and presented the couple with 12 female servants who jokingly teased the heroes during the wedding celebrations; an aition in the cult of Apollo Aigletes [1]. Graf, Fritz (Columbus, OH) Bibliography U. Hölscher, Das Schweigen der Arete, in…

Terpsion

(224 words)

Author(s): Döring, Klaus (Bamberg) | Montanari, Ornella (Bologna)
(Τερψίων; Terpsíōn). [German version] [1] Dialogue partner in Plato [1], c. 400 BC From Megara [2]. In the introductory part of Plato's [1] Theaetetus, Euclides [2], coming from the harbour, where he has run into the mortally ill Theaetetus [1], meets up with his friend T. in the city of Megara; in the main part of the dialogue, he uses the notes he was taking to recall for T. a conversation that Socrates [2] once had with the mathematician Theodorus [I 2] from Cyrene and Theaetetus. In Pl. Phd. 59c, T. is named among…

Charmides

(165 words)

Author(s): Döring, Klaus (Bamberg) | Dorandi, Tiziano (Paris)
(Χαρμίδης; Charmídēs). [German version] [1] Son of Glaucon, 5th cent. BC Son of Glaucon, from an old Athenian noble family; brother of  Perictione the mother of Plato, and cousin of  Critias. C. was one of the committee of the ‘Ten’ appointed by the ‘Thirty’ and officiating in Piraeus during the despotic rule of the ‘Thirty’ ( Triakonta; 404-403 BC); its powers are not precisely known (Plat. Ep. 7,324c5. Aristot. Ath. Pol. 35,1). He was killed in 403 during the fighting that accompanied the fall of the ‘Th…

Myrto

(158 words)

Author(s): Antoni, Silke (Kiel) | Döring, Klaus (Bamberg)
(Μυρτώ/ Myrt ). [German version] [1] Daughter of Menoetius Daughter of Menoetius [1] from Opus in Locria; sister of Patroclus, mother by Heracles [1] of  Euclea (Plut. Aristides 331e). Antoni, Silke (Kiel) [German version] [2] Supposed wife of Socrates Real or putative daughter, granddaughter or great-granddaughter (the sources disagree) of Aristides [1] the Just. A tradition deriving from Aristotle's ‘On Noble Birth (Περὶ εὐγενείας fragment 3 Ross, fragments 71,1-2 Gigon; SSR I B 7) implies that Socrates had M. as a wife before, af…

Antisthenes

(937 words)

Author(s): Döring, Klaus (Bamberg) | Runia, David T. (Leiden)
(Ἀντισθένης; Antisthénēs). [1] Student of Socrates [German version] A. Life and work Son of an Athenian of the same name and of a Thracian, pupil of Socrates,   c. 445 BC, died c. 365. According to some witnesses A. had been initially a pupil of Gorgias and taught rhetoric himself. As [8] has shown, these testimonia are not fully reliable. At the latest at the beginning of the 420s, A. became a follower of Socrates. Plato mentions him among those, who were present at the death of Socrates (Phd. 59b). In the first 10 to 15 yea…

Hegesias

(399 words)

Author(s): Döring, Klaus (Bamberg) | Weißenberger, Michael (Greifswald)
(Ἡγησίας). [English version] [1] Kyrenaïker, um 300 v. Chr. Kyrenaïker, lebte in den Jahrzehnten vor und nach 300 v.Chr. Wegen der Modifikationen, die er (vermutlich in Auseinandersetzung mit Epikuros) an der urspr. kyrenaïschen Lustlehre vornahm, ließen manche ant. Philosophiehistoriker mit ihm eine neue Phase in der Gesch. der Kyrenaïker beginnen. H. schätzte die Aussicht, daß es einem gelinge, sich Lust zu verschaffen und Schmerz zu meiden, erheblich pessimistischer ein als die u…

Arete

(182 words)

Author(s): Graf, Fritz (Princeton) | Döring, Klaus (Bamberg)
[English version] [1] Gattin und Schwester des Phaiakenkönigs Alkinoos (Ἀρήτη). Gattin und Schwester des Phaiakenkönigs Alkinoos (Hes. fr. 222). Ihr Wohlwollen kam Odysseus (Hom. Od. 7) wie Iason und Medeia zugute: Sie vermittelte zw. Argonauten und Kolchern (Apoll. Rhod. 4,1068-1120), vermählte Iason und Medeia (Apollod. 1,138 f.) und gab dem Paar zwölf Dienerinnen, die bei der Hochzeitsfeier die Helden scherzhaft neckten; ein Aition im Kult des Apollon Aigletes [1]. Graf, Fritz (Princeton) Bibliography U. Hölscher, Das Schweigen der A., in: Hermes 88, 1960, 257-265  O. Touche…
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