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[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Grain Trade, Grain Import | Achaeans, Achaea | Macedonia, Macedones | Peloponnesian War | Persian Wars (epigraphically and literarily Ἑρμιών; Hermiṓn and Ἑρμιόνη; Hermiónē, ethnikon Ἑρμιονεῖς; Hermioneîs). Town in the eastern area of the Argolid, modern Ermioni, whose territory comprised the south-east of the area of Cape Thermisi 6 km east of H. to Cape Iri south of the Bedeni stream. H. owed its importance to the two well-protected harbours, separated by narrow, elong…

[German version] (Ὑδρέα; Hydréa). Island on the eastern coast of the Argolian Acte, rocky, not very fertile, settled already in the Mycenaean period, modern Hydra; belonged first to  Hermione, then to Troezen. References: Hdt. 3,59; Paus. 2,34,9; Steph. Byz. s.v. H.; Inscriptions: SEG 1, 79f.; 17, 172-177. Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Bibliography N. Pharaklas, Ἑρμιονίς, 1972.

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Sparta (Κοτύρτα; Kotýrta). Spartan   períoikoi town on the west coast of the Parnon penninsula ( Parnon), maybe modern Daimonía, where Mycenaean finds have been recorded in quantity. References: Thuc. 4,56,1; Steph. Byz. s.v. Κ. Epigraphy: IG V 1,961-967; 1013; SEG 2,173-175; 11,899. Lafond, Yves (Bochum)

[German version] (Κορυφάσιον, Koryphásion). Rocky cape at the north end of the Bay of Navarino in Messenia; in the Classical period this was the site of the city of  Pylos with a sanctuary of Athena Coryphasia (Paus. 4,36,1f.). The port of Pylos is not identical to the Osman-Aga lagoon (Divari), but can be found in the Bay of Navarino. Evidence: Thuc. 4,3,2; 118,4; 5,18,7; Diod. Sic. 15,77,4; Str. 8,3,7; 21; 23; 27; 4,1f. Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Bibliography E. Meyer, s.v. Messenien, Re Suppl. 15. 201f. Pritchett 1, 1965, 6-29.

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Dark Ages | Hellenistic states | Achaeans, Achaea | Macedonia, Macedones | Natural catastrophes (Αἴγιον; Aígion). Town in  Achaea on the Corinthian Gulf (Hom. Il. 2,574; Hdt. 1,145; Ps.-Scyl. 42; Str. 8,7,5, and also Ptol. 3,16,5; Hierocles 647; Geogr. Rav. 5,13). A. rose in three terraces above sea level, at the edge of a plateau with a slight drop to the west, which extended to the mountains in the south, at a safe anchorage between the mouths of two rivers…

[German version] (Πάρπαρος; Párparos). Site of the legendary battle of the mid-6th cent. BC between the Spartans and Argives over Thyreatis, in the Cynuria [1] to the south of the spur of what is now the Zavitsa [1; 2. 183-185; 6. vol. 3, 111-114; 6. vol. 7, 171]. The feast of the Parparonia was celebrated at Sparta in commemoration of this battle [3; 4. 194-199; 5. 260-262]. Evidence: Anecd. Bekk. 1408; Hsch. s.v. Π.; Ath. 15,678bc; Plin. HN 4,17. Inscriptions: IG V 1, 213; SEG 35, 302; 38, 333. Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Bibliography 1 L. Moretti, Sparta alla metà del VI secolo. II. La…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Achaeans, Achaea (Τριταία/ Tritaía,  in literature also Τρίτεια/ Tríteia). City in western Achaea (Achaei, with map; Paus. 6,12,8 f.; 7,22,6-9; Plin. HN 4,22; Cic. Att. 6,2,3) opposite the northwestern slopes of the Erymanthus [1] mountains on the Vunduchla plain,  which is bounded in the east and west by two tributaries of the Peirus [1. 9 f.], near modern Agia Marina, with numerous  ancient remains (Str. 8,3,10; 8,7,4). T. was one of the twelve ancie…

[German version] (Λέπρεον; Lépreon). The most significant, southerly city of Triphylia. Preserved remains of the acropolis in the north of modern L. (formerly Strovitsi) with parts of a ring wall and other building remains: a small Doric temple (Demeter? [1]) of the 4th cent. BC and an altar; in the territory of L. on the road from Perivolia to Bassae a Doric temple of the 4th/3rd cents. BC [2]; in the southwest, near modern Prasidaki, a Doric temple of the Hellenic period. Minyan foundation after…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Achaeans, Achaea (Ψωφίς/ Psōphís). City in northwest Arcadia where the Aroanius (modern Nousaitiko) flows into the Erymanthus [2] (Pol. 4,70,3 ff.; Paus. 8,24,1-14; Ptol. 3,16,19; Mela 2,43; Plin. HN 4,20; Steph. Byz. s.v. Ψωφίς), near modern P. The farmer Aglaus, famous for his simplicity, was from P. at the time of Gyges [1] (Paus. 8,24,13 f.; Plin. HN 7,151; Val. Max. 7,1,2). In 219 BC the city was conquered by Philip [7] V and handed over to t…

[German version] People in  Gallia Celtica, later Lugdunensis, on both sides of the  Arar (thus the name), related to the  Haedui (Caes. B Gall. 1,11,4. 14,3). In the 6th cent. BC they took part in the Celtic invasion of Italy (Liv. 5,34). CIL XIII 2446-2580; 11215-11222. Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Bibliography P. Wuilleumier, Inscriptions latines des trois Gaules, Gallia Suppl. 17, 1963, 303-310bis.

(Κυνουρία; Kynouría, Κυνοσουρία; Kynossouría). [German version] [1] Landscape on the Gulf of Argolis Landscape on the Gulf of Argolis on the north-eastern coast of the Parnon mountains. As a border region between Laconia and Argolis, C. was often the cause of disputes between Sparta and Argos (cf. Str. 1,4,7). The northern part, the Thyreatis, one of the most fertile plains of the Peloponnese, consisted of the valleys of Tanos and Vrasiotis. According to Herodotus (8,73,1; 3), C. was originally Ionian and wa…

[German version] (Σύθας/ Sýthas). River forming the border between Sicyon and Pellene in Achaea, probably the modern Trikaliotiko ([1. 252]; Paus. 2,7,8; 12,2; 7,27,12; Ptol. 3,16,4 (Σ. or Σῦς). Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Bibliography 1 A. Griffin, Sikyon, 1982.

[German version] Powerful, rich people of the Gallia Celtica (later Lugdunensis;  Gallia). In the west the region of the H. was essentially bounded by the rivers Doubs and Saône; in the north their neighbours were the  Senones, the  Mandubii, and the  Lingones. Alliances with the  Bituriges in the west and the Senones,  Parisii, and  Bellovaci in the north made it possible for the H. to control trade from the Mediterranean to the English Channel; close relations with the  Boii gave them access to the ri…

[German version] South-eastern Gaul, later ‘Togata’ or ‘Narbonensis’, named after the trousers worn by the barbarians (Mela 2,74; Plin. HN 3,31). By contrast, the rest of Gaul was called comata (‘hairy’, cf. Cic. Phil. 8,27). Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Bibliography M. Py, Les Gaulois du midi, 1993.

[German version] Main city of the  Helvii in  Gallia Narbonensis, called Aps in the Middle Ages, since 1903 once again carrying the ancient name that is mentioned only in texts from the 1st cent. AD on (Plin. HN 3,36; 14,43). A. was built in the course of the first two cents. AD, but the settlement of the area is documented since prehistory. Secured knowledge about the history of A. does not exist. The city's wealth was based on viticulture, crafts and commerce (four   collegia ). Destruction of A. by barbarians in the 3rd cent. AD is no longer accepted today.…

[German version] A tribe of Gallia Celtica, later Lugdunensis, on the middle Sequana (the modern Seine); their main town was Lutecia Parisiorum (the modern Paris). P. lived in Britannia in the mid-3rd cent. BC. On the Sequana, the P. were neighbours of the Senones, to whom they were first allied around the turn of the 2nd/1st cents. BC, then tributary. They minted gold coins [1]. In 53 BC Caesar moved the concilium Galliae to Lutecia (Caes. B Gall. 6,3,4). In 52, the P. sided with Vercingetorix (Caes. B Gall. 7,4,6; 34,2; 57,1; 75,3). A collegium of the nautae Parisiaci is attested from the …

[German version] (Φηρή/ Phērḗ, Φηραί/ Phēraí). Town in West Arcadia on the river Alpheus [1] (Hom. Il. 5,541ff.; Hom. Od. 3,488ff.; 15,186ff.). Home of Orsilochus [1], the son of the river god Alpheus [2], and his descendants. Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Bibliography E. Meyer, Arkadisches. Pharai - Pherai - Pharaia in Arkadien, in: MH 14, 1957, 81-88.

[German version] Celtic people on the border between Gallia Lugdunensis and Gallia Belgica, between the Senones and the Sequani (Str. 4,1,11; 3,4; 6,11: Λίγγονες/ Língones; Ptol. 2,9,9: Λόγγονες/ Lóngones). The L. did not participate in the battles of the Gauls against Caesar (Caes. B Gall. 1,26,5; 40,11; 7,9,4; 63,7; Plut. Caesar 26,6; Cass. Dio 40,38; 66,3). Already foederati at the time (Plin. HN 4,31), they gained Roman citizenship at the end of the 1st cent. AD (Tac. Hist. 1,78,1). After AD 250, they belonged to the provincia Lugdunensis. Their capital was Andematu(n)num (mod…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Caesar | Caesar | Celts | Oppidum City of Gallia Celtica in the region of the  Arverni, later in Aquitania, west of the Elaver, 6 km south of  Augustonemetum on a high plateau that is hard to reach, today Gergovie. Besieged unsuccessfully by Caesar in 52 BC (Vercingetorix: Caes. B Gall. 7,34; Liv. Per. 107; Str. 4,2,3; Suet. Iul. 25; Polyaenus 8,23,9; Cass. Dio 40,35; Sid. Apoll. Carm. 7,152). Excavations of the large and the small camp and the connec…

[German version] Roman province, result of the partitioning of Gallia Comata into three provinces ( Tres Galliae: Belgica, L., Aquitania) by Augustus between 27 and 13 BC. Gallia L. comprised the tribes of Armorica, the Veliocasses and the Caletes. Several Celtic tribes of the southern Loire region belonged to Aquitania. Through the incorporation of the Lingones, Sequani, Raurici and Helvetii in the province of Belgica (in 10 or 8 BC), the L. no longer had access to the Rhine (Str. 4,3,1; Plin. HN 4,106). Gallia…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Achaeans, Achaea (Ἀβία; Abía). Coastal town in eastern  Messenia (Plin. HN 4,22; Ptol. 3,14,31), the modern Palaiochora, 6 km south of Kalamata. Its equation with Ἱρή (Hire), one of the seven towns mentioned in Hom. Il. 9,150, is questionable.  Perioikoi-polis of Sparta, from 338 BC controlled by  Messene, with the exception of 183-146 BC, when A. was an independent member of the  Achaean Confederacy (Pol. 23,17); sanctuaries of  Heracles and  Asc…

[German version] Gaulish people who are only mentioned in Caes. B Gall. 7,68,1 and Str. 4,2,3. Capital Alesia ( oppidum Mandubiorum). Their territory is probably identical to the modern region of Auxois ( pagus Alisiensis in the Middle Ages). In Roman times the M. appear to have merged with the Haedui people. Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Bibliography P.-M. Duval, Chronique gallo-romaine, in: REA 61, 1959, 368-370.

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Theatre | Christianity | | Coloniae | Gallia/Gaul | Commerce | Colonization | Pilgrimage Town in Gallia Narbonensis, the modern Arles. Originally called Theline by the Greeks (Avien. 689ff. – Phocian foundation?), the town had a Celto-Ligurian name (It. Ant. 299,4; Plin. HN 3,36). Settled from the 6th cent. BC; A’s shipping trade was severely hampered by the silting-up of the Rhône delta, but enjoyed a marked resurgence thanks to the canals built by→ Marius …

[German version] (Garunna, Γαρούνας / Garoúnas). One of the main rivers of Gaul (Tib. 1,7,11), the modern Garonne and Gironde, the boundary between the Gauls and the Aquitanians (Caes. Gall. 1,1,1; 5; 7; Str. 4,1,1; 2,1f.; 3,3; 5,2; Mela 3,20f.; Plin. HN 4,105; Amm. Marc. 15,11,2). According to Str. 4,2,1 navigable over more than 370 km. Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Bibliography R. Boudet (ed.), Les Celtes, la Garonne et les Pays aquitains, 1992 Y. Roman, Les Celtes, les sources antiques et la Garonne, in: Aquitania 12, 1994, 213-219 H. Sion, Carte archéologique de la Gaule. 33/1 (Gi…

[German version] (Μάκιστον, -ος; Mákiston, - os). Settlement in Triphylia (western Peloponnese) on the southern foot of Mount Kaiapha, on whose territory was the sanctuary of ‘Samian’ Poseidon [1. 37-42] on the western tip of the mountain range as well as other sanctuaries along the Minthe range (modern Alvena) and in the coastal plain south of Mount Kaiapha. In around 400 BC, Xenophon still refers to M. as an existing city (Xen. An. 7,4,16; Xen. Hell. 3,2,25; 30); later, all knowledge of it is lost, …

[German version] (Κρομμυών or Κρεμμυών). Fortified port in the East of Corinthian territory on the Saronian Gulf south of the  Gerania mountains, 120 stadia ( c. 21 km) from  Corinth (Thuc. 4,45,1), probably near modern Hagios Theodori. According to legend Theseus killed the Crommyonian sow there. In the Classical period Crommyon was fortified. Evidence: Scyl. 55; Str. 8,6,22; Paus. 2,1,3; Xen. Hell. 4,4,13; 5,19; Steph. Byz. s.v. Κrommyon; Hierocles, Synekdemos 645,14. Epigraphy: IG IV 195f. Lafond, Yves (Bochum)

[German version] Town of the Senones on an island in the Sequana river (Seine). Caesar (Caes. B Gall. 7,58,2; 6; 60,1; 61,5) uses two forms: Meclodunum (‘fortress of Metlos’) and Metlosedum (‘residence of Metlos’ = ‘reaper’); modern Melun. Metlosedum is probably the Celtic form and Meclodunum the Latin form. At M. a bridge crossed the Sequana (Caes. B Gall. 7,58,5). Sources: It. Ant. 383; Tab. Peut. 2,4. Inscriptions: CIL XIII 3010. Lafond, Yves (Bochum)

[German version] (Παῖον; Paîon). Small town with well-preserved acropolis wall in western Arcadia in the spring- and vegetation-rich dale lying across the Ladon and Erymanthus valleys, modern Paleokastro, 400 m to the east of modern Neon Paos. In the early period P. was an independent polis (Hdt. 6,127), later it belonged to Cleitor and in the time of Pausanias (2nd century AD) it was desolate (8,23,9). Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Bibliography F. Carinci, s.v. Arcadia, EAA 2. Suppl. vol. 1, 1994, 332  M. Jost, Villages de l'Arcadie antique, in: Ktema 11 (1986), 1990, 148f.  Jost, 45  Pritchet…

[German version] (Μεσάτις; Mesátis). One of three communities or regions from which the city of Patrae in Achaea was founded. M. had a cult of Dionysus. It was possibly the hilly country to the east and north of Patrae, at the modern Ano Sychaina-Voundeni (Paus. 7,18,4-6; 19,1; 21,14). Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Bibliography A. D. Rizakis, Achaïe 1. Sources textuelles et histoire régionale (Meletemata 20), 1995, 164.

[German version] Tribe living in Gallia Lugdunensis between the Seine and the Loire, neighbours of the Senones (Str. 4,2,3; 4,3,4; Tib. 1,7,12; Ptol. 2,8,10). After fierce resistance, they were conquered by Caesar (Caes. B Gall. 2-8 passim; Plin. HN 4,107; Carnuti foederati). Their most important towns were Cenabum and Autricum. It was a Carnutan tradition for their  druids to annually hold court in a sacred location. Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Bibliography M. Provost, Le Val de Loire dans l'Antiquité, 1993.

[German version] Caesar (B. Gall. 5,53,6; 7,75,4; 8,31,4) means by A. (from the Celtic are-mori, along the sea) the coastal territories of the tribes between  Liger and  Sequana. According to Plin. HN 4,105,  Aquitania was formerly called A. Lafond, Yves (Bochum)

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Theatre | Caesar | Christianity | Wine | | Gallia/Gaul | Commerce | Oppidum (Caes. B Gall. 6,3,4; 7,57f.; Λουκοτοκία; Loukotokía, Str. 4,3,5; Παρισίων Λουκοτεκία; Parisíōn Loukotekía, Ptol. 2,8,13; Luticia, It. Ant. 366,5f.; Luteci, Tab. Peut. 2,4). Settlement founded in c. 250-200 BC on an island in the Sequana (Seine), where a north-south trading route crosses the river, modern Paris. The river afforded natural protection while the nearby hill of Sainte-Geneviève enabled direct sur…

(Κεγχρεαί; Kenchreaí). [German version] [1] Settlement en route from Argos to Tegea This item can be found on the following maps: Christianity | Macedonia, Macedones Settlement en route from Argos to Tegea with graves of Argives fallen in the battle at the nearby Hysiae (according to Pausanias in 669/8 BC). C. was on the northern slope of Mount Ctenias opposite Hysiae on the southern side. Not exactly localizable, possibly near the modern Sta Nera, c. 3 km north-east of Achladokambos. The ‘Pyramid of C.’ at the exit of the valley further towards the north-east above t…

This item can be found on the following maps: Theatre | Grain Trade, Grain Import | Achaeans, Achaea | Macedonia, Macedones | Persian Wars (Σικυών; Sikyṓn). [German version] I. Site Port on the Gulf of Corinth, 26 km to the west of Corinth. Its territory was confined to the east by the river Nemea [2] (border with Corinth), to the west by the river Sythas (border with Pellene) (Paus. 7,27,12). S. was famous as early as Antiquity for the fertility of the valley and for the highlands of Neogene marl. In the Archaic and Classic…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Theatre | Christianity | Coloniae | Gallia/Gaul | Punic Wars Town in  Gallia Narbonensis (cf. Liv. Ep. 67: 105 BC site of the Roman defeat in battle against the  Cimbri; Ptol. 2,10,8); the modern Orange. Shortly after 36 BC veterans of   legio II. founded the colonia Firma Iulia Secundanorum Arausio (CIL XII 3203), 7 km east of the  Rhodanus and south of the Aigues. 6th-cent. BC traces of the previous Celtic settlement lie 5 km to the south. A. was one of the main centres of the Cavares (Str. …

[German version] A people in Gallia Celtica, later Lugdunensis, between the Loire and the Seine, that was divided into four partial tribes (Caes. B Gall. 3,17; 7,75; Plin. HN 4,107; Ptol.Geog. 2,8): 1. The Cenomani who partly moved to Upper Italy (Liv. 5,35,1) and partly settled around Subdinum (today Le Mans) where they worshipped Mars Mullo [1. 343-348]. 2. The Diablintes/Diablinti, their main settlement was Noviodunum [2. 454-463; 3]. It was not Caesar but probably Ptolemy (Geog. 2,8,7) who cla…

[German version] (Λῆσσα; Lêssa). Village on the Argolian Acte on the border to Epidaurus, presumably near modern Ligurio, with Athena sanctuary. Literary evidence: Paus. 2,25,10; 26,1. Inscriptions: IG IV, 906-912; 1611. Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Bibliography A. Frickenhaus, W. Müller, Aus der Argolis, in: MDAI(A) 36, 1911, 30 R. L. Scranton, The Pottery from the Pyramids, in: Hesperia 7, 1938, 537.

[German version] Tribe in  Gallia Lugdunensis (on the lower Loire) with the main town of Iuliomagus (modern Angers sur la Maine; Caes. B Gall. 2,35,3; 3,7,2; 7,4,6: Andes; Plin. HN 4,107 and Oros. 6,8,7: Andicavi). In the Gallic rebellion of AD 21 under the leadership of  Iulius Sacrovir, they were the first to fight, together with the  Turoni, but were soon overpowered (Tac. Ann. 3,41). Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Bibliography M. Blanchard-Lemée et al., Recueil général des mosaïques de Gaule 2,4, 1991 M. Provost, Le Val de Loire dans l'Antiquité, 1993.

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Sparta | Achaeans, Achaea (Γερόνθραι; Gerónthrai). Spartan perioikoi town on the western edge of the Parnon above the Eurotas valley, later part of the league of the  Eleutherolakones, near modern Geraki, still inhabited in the Imperial period and thus even named in Hierocles (Synekdemos 647,9). Paus. 3,22,6f. mentions a temple of Ares with a grove, an agora with a fountain house and a temple of Apollo on the acropolis. Further evidence: Steph. Byz. s.v. Γεράνθραι; Geránthrai; IG V 1, 1110-1141. Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Bibliogr…

[German version] ( Elvii, Elvi or Ilvi, Caes. B Civ. 1,35; Ἑλουοί, Str. 4,2,1). Celtic tribe of people whose area (modern Dép. Ardèche) on the right bank of the Rhône in the north bordered on the Segusiavi, in the west on the Vellavii and Gabali and in the south on the Volcae Arecomici. The Cevennes separated them from the Arverni (Caes. B Gall. 7,8). In 52 BC in the war against Vercingetorix they were on the side of Caesar. In the new division of the province under Augustus they were attached to Aqui…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Achaeans, Achaea (Βοιαί; Boiaí). One of the most prosperous cities of the  Eleutherolakones on the western coast of the Parnon peninsula in the bay of Vatica. Unremarkable archaeological ruins (especially from the Roman period) at today's Neapolis. Pol. 5,19; Str. 8,5,2; Paus. 3,22,11-13. Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Bibliography J. Christien, Promenades en Laconie, in: DHA 15,1, 1989, 89-93 D. Musti, M. Torelli, Pausania Guida della Grecia. III. La Laconia, 1991, 270f.

[German version] (Esubii). Tribe in Gallia Celtica, later Lugdunensis, between the lower Seine and the Loire. Caesar (Gall. 2,34; 3,7; 5,24; 5,53) mentions it as one of the tribes of Aremorica (Bretagne) between the Coriosolites and the Aulerci in the area of Sées (Orne). Lafond, Yves (Bochum)

(Κυπαρισσία; Kyparissía). [German version] [1] Town on the Messenian west coast This item can be found on the following maps: Sparta | Achaeans, Achaea Town on the Messenian west coast and the location of the modern town of the same name with a few remains mostly from Roman times; parts of the wall of the acropolis below a medieval castle. Aside from Pylos and Methone, the harbour of C. with its good connection to the upper Pamisus Valley was considered the only significant Messenian access to the sea. C. is already mentioned in the Pylos Tablets and is in any case identical to Κυπαρισσήεις ( Kypar…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Town by the Arar in Gallia Lugdunensis, today Chalon-sur-Saône. As a river port of the Haedui, C. was of economic importance until the conquest by the Romans. Literary sources: Caes. B Gall. 7,42; 7,90; Str. 4,3,2; Ptol. 2,8,12. In later times, station of the classis Ararica. Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Bibliography L. Bonnamour, s.v. Cabillon(n)um, PE, 179f. Grenier 2, 1934, 562-564.

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Sparta | Theatre | Caesar | Achaeans, Achaea | Macedonia, Macedones (Γύθ(ε)ιον; Gýth(e)ion). Laconian perioikoi town on the north-western coast of the innermost Laconian gulf in a relatively protected position with good communications links. In the historical period the main harbour for  Sparta ( c. 45 km from G.), forti fied, with shipyards and an artificially laid out harbour (in the Bronze Age the naval bases of the region were Las and Helus). Evidence: Scyl. 46; Xen. Hell. 1,4,11; 6,…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Theatre | Caesar | Caesar | Gallia/Gaul | Celts | Oppidum   Oppidum of the  Mandubii in  Gallia Celtica, today Alise-Sainte-Reine (Côte-d'Or). A. took up a plateau of c. 80 hectares with remarkable natural protection on Mont Auxois (Mons Alisiensis). In 52 BC  Vercingetorix was besieged here by Caesar and despite the intervention of relief troops had to capitulate (Caes. B Gall. 7,68-90). A. continued to exist as a Gallo-Roman centre dur…

[German version] (Μαργανεῖς/ Marganeîs). Small community west of Olympia in the plain north of the Alpheius between the modern villages of Phloka and Strephi, dependent on Elis as períoikoi . Exact location unknown. In the war of the Spartans against Elis in 401 BC on the Spartan side (Xen. Hell. 3,2,25; Diod. Sic. 15,77,4, Μάργανα/ Márgana), in the peace of 400 BC autonomous (Xen. Hell. 3,2,30), in 294 in the battle at Nemea again on the side of the Spartans (Xen. Hell. 4,2,16), but claimed by Elis (Xen. Hell. 6,5,2). Last mentioned in 364 BC as an…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Achaeans, Achaea | Natural catastrophes | Oracles (Βοῦρα; Boûra). One of the 12 cities of Achaea. Hill settlement (Hdt. 1,145; Pol. 2,41), 40 stades from the sea (Str. 8,7,5). Destroyed by an earthquake in 373 BC, B. continued to exist, however, and had temples and sanctuaries at the time of Paus. (7.25.8f.). Two locations are discussed: the villages of Kastro [1; 2; 3] and Mamusia [4] on either side of the Buraïkos. Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Bibliography 1 E. Meyer, Peloponnesische Wanderungen, 1939, 133-140 2 Id., Neue Pelopo…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Sparta | Achaeans, Achaea (Οἴτυλος/ Oítylos). Town, present-day Otylon (Itylon), on the eastern bank of the Messenian Gulf by the deep harbour bay hórmos limeníu (ὅρμος λιμενίου) and 7.5 km to the north of Areopoli on the west coast of Mani (Hom. Il. 2,585; Str. 8,4,4: Βοίτυλος/ Boítylos; Paus. 25,10; 26,1; Ptol. 3,16,22: Βοίτυλα/ Boítyla; Steph. Byz. s.v. Ο., here also Βοίτυλος/ Boítylos). In the Classical period it was a Laconic town of períoikoi . From the time of Augustus it was one of the 18 m…

[German version] (Παρρασία/ Parrhasía, Παρράσιοι/ Parrhásioi). Settlement area of the largest Arcadian sub-tribe in West-Arcadia (Hom. Il. 2,608; Str. 8,8,1; Diod. Sic. 15,72,4). The pan-Arcadian sanctuary of Zeus was located in P., on the Lycaeum (Pind. O. 9,143). In the 2nd cent. AD (Paus. 8,27,4; 38,3), P. referred only to the western part of the plain of Megalopolis, with the hill country stretching from the west . Originally, however, the P. stretched further to the south and west (Thuc. 5,33,1; Xen. Hell. 7,1,28). The independence of P. ended with its in…