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Sphaerus

(104 words)

Author(s): Inwood, Brad (Toronto)
[German version] (Σφαῖρος/ Sphaîros) of Borysthenes. Stoic philosopher of the third cent. BC, student of Zeno [2] of Citium and later of Cleanthes. He was active at the court of Ptolemy II in Alexandria (Diog. Laert. 7,185). Anecdotes (Diog. Laert. 7,177, Athenaeus 354e) reveal his interest in epistemology; he distinguished cataleptic and plausible ( eúlogon) presentations. Plutarch (Cleomenes 2, 11) portrays him as a teacher of Cleomenes [6] and an adviser on the revived Spartan agōgḗ . Diogenes Laertius lists nearly 30 book titles (on physics, ethic…

Hecaton

(222 words)

Author(s): Inwood, Brad (Toronto)
[German version] of Rhodes. Pupil of  Panaetius and influential Stoic of the 1st cent. BC.  Diogenes [17] Laertius used H.'s writings for his account of Stoic ethics. The views of H. he cites correspond to old Stoic orthodoxy. Among the (mostly extensive) works often quoted by Diogenes are the Chreíai (which he draws on as the source for biographical and anecdotal information about Stoics and Cynics), and the treatises ‘Final Ends’, ‘Virtues’, ‘Goods’, ‘Emotions’, ‘Stoic Paradoxes’. Cicero mentions at least 6 books of ‘On duty’ (περὶ καθήκοντ…

Herillus

(236 words)

Author(s): Inwood, Brad (Toronto)
[German version] (Ἥριλλος; Hḗrillos) of Carthage (Calchedon). Stoic philosopher of the 3rd cent. BC, a student of  Zeno of Citium. He developed a form of  Stoicism that resembled that of Ariston of Chios because of its emphasis on ethics. After the tendency represented by Cleanthes and Chrysippus had prevailed in this school, H.'s approach was considered to differ from Zeno's. Diogenes Laertius' biography of H. contains a list of work titles, which mostly appear to refer to ethical themes (However,…

Crinis

(62 words)

Author(s): Inwood, Brad (Toronto)
[German version] (Κρῖνις). Stoic logician, author of an ‘Art of the Dialectic’ (Διαλεκτικὴ τέχνη; cf. Diog. Laert. 7,62; 68; 71; 76). An allusion in the Epict. Dissertationes 3,2,15 dates his active phase to the period after  Archedemus [2] of Tarsus (late 2nd cent. BC) and his death before the philosophical career of Epictetus (early 2nd cent. AD). Inwood, Brad (Toronto)

Ethics

(1,482 words)

Author(s): Inwood, Brad (Toronto)
[German version] A. Background In antiquity ethics was the concern to establish what disposition of character is best for mankind. That consideration began with the Homeric ideal of ‘being a speaker of words and a doer of deeds’ (Hom. Il. 9,443). Critical thought about character made progress in the 5th cent. BC, often embedded deeply in a political context. The earliest research on man's character concentrated most of all on his role as a citizen. Democritus' work ‘On rest’ seems by contrast to have focussed on the private and personal aspect. Inwood, Brad (Toronto) [German version] B. Th…

Stoicism

(2,473 words)

Author(s): Inwood, Brad (Toronto)
[German version] I. History Stoicism was an intellectual movement rooted in an Athenian school of philosophy founded by Zeno [2] of Citium in the late 4th cent. BC; it took its name from the place where Zeno's lessons were held, the Stoá Poikílē ('painted collonade', Stoa [1]), and developed most significantly by its next two leaders, Cleanthes [2] of Assus and Chrysippus [2] of Soli. It flourished primarily within the context of the school at Athens until the sack of the city by Roman forces in 86 BC; besides Athens, Rhodes was also an…

Hekaton

(226 words)

Author(s): Inwood, Brad (Toronto)
[English version] von Rhodos. Schüler des Panaitios und einflußreicher Stoiker des 1. Jh. v.Chr. Diogenes [17] Laertios hat H.s Schriften für seine Darstellung der stoischen Ethik benutzt. Die von ihm angeführten Auffassungen des H. entsprechen altstoischer Orthodoxie. Unter den von Diogenes oft zitierten (meist umfangreichen) Werken finden sich die Chreíai (die er als Quelle biographischer und anekdotischer Informationen über Stoiker und Kyniker heranzieht), und die Abh. ‘Über das Lebensziel, ‘Über die Tugenden, ‘Über die Güter, ‘Über die Af…

Herillos

(223 words)

Author(s): Inwood, Brad (Toronto)
[English version] von Karthago (Kalchedon). Stoischer Philosoph des 3. Jh. v.Chr., Schüler des Zenon von Kition. Wie Ariston von Chios entwickelte er einen auf Ethik konzentrierten Stoizismus. Nachdem sich die von Kleanthes und Chrysippos vertretene Richtung dieser Schule durchgesetzt hatte, wurde der Ansatz des H. als von Zenon abweichend betrachtet. Die Lebensbeschreibung des H. bei Diogenes Laertios enthält eine Liste von Werktiteln, die anscheinend überwiegend auf ethische Themen bezogen waren…

Krinis

(56 words)

Author(s): Inwood, Brad (Toronto)
[English version] (Κρῖνις). Stoischer Logiker, Verf. einer ‘Kunst der Dialektik (Διαλεκτικὴ τέχνη; vgl. Diog. Laert. 7,62; 68; 71; 76). Eine Anspielung in Epikt. Dissertationes 3,2,15 datiert seine Schaffenszeit in die Zeit nach Archedemos [2] von Tarsos (spätes 2. Jh.v.Chr.) und seinen Tod vor das Ende der philos. Laufbahn des Epiktetos (frühes 2. Jh.n.Chr.). Inwood, Brad (Toronto)

Ethik

(1,473 words)

Author(s): Inwood, Brad (Toronto)
[English version] A. Hintergrund E. ist in der Ant. die Beschäftigung mit derjenigen charakterlichen Verfassung, deren Besitz für den Menschen am besten ist. Die Überlegungen dazu begannen mit dem homer. Ideal, ‘ein Redner von Worten zu sein und ein Täter von Taten’ (Hom. Il. 9,443, Übers. W. Schadewaldt). Das kritische Nachdenken über den Charakter machte im 5. Jh. v.Chr. Fortschritte, oft in einem großen polit. Zusammenhang eingebettet. Die frühesten Unt. zum Charakter des Menschen konzentrierten …

Persaeus

(232 words)

Author(s): Eiben, Susanne (Kiel) | Inwood, Brad (Toronto)
(Περσαῖος; Persaîos). [German version] [1] Father of Hecate Father of Hecate (H. Hom. 2,24), P. corresponds to Perses [1]. Eiben, Susanne (Kiel) [German version] [2] From Citium, Stoic philosopher, 4th/3rd cent. BC P. from Citium. Stoic philosopher, born c. 307/6 BC in Citium on Cyprus. Details of his biography in Diog. Laert. 7,36 and Philodemus' History of the Stoa (coll. 12-14 Dorandi); cf. also SVF I 435-462. In Athens P. was a favoured pupil of the Stoa founder Zeno of Citium. As Zeno's faithful follower P. was sent in his stead to the court of An…

Euphrates

(1,366 words)

Author(s): Inwood, Brad (Toronto) | Kessler, Karlheinz (Emskirchen)
[German version] [1] Stoic philosopher from Syrian Tyre Stoic philosopher from Syrian Tyre (born c. AD 40). He married into the family of Pompeius Iulianus, moved to Rome and was perhaps under the patronage of the emperor. Under Hadrian he committed suicide in 118 BC. The skilful protreptic orator ( Protreptics) did not allow himself to be infected by the Cynic fashion and supported moderation and rationalism in philosophical as well as political matters. His resistance to Neo-Pythagorean and Chaldaean tenden…

Blossius

(172 words)

Author(s): Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) | Inwood, Brad (Toronto)
Italian-Oscan gentilicium (Schulze 423 ThIL 2,2054f.). Cicero mentions a respected B. family from Campania (Leg. agr. 2,93), whose members in Capua are known to have been opponents of Rome in 216 and 210 BC (Liv. 23,7,8f.;27,3,4f.). [German version] [1] Latin poet and advocate, 5th cent. AD see Dracontius. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) [German version] [2] of Cumae Politician and philosopher, died 128 BC An Italian political figure (born 128 BC), whom Plutarch described as a philosopher because the Stoic Antipater [10] of Tarsus was his friend and while in …

Mnesarchus

(336 words)

Author(s): Riedweg, Christoph (Zürich) | Inwood, Brad (Toronto)
(Μνήσαρχος; Mnḗsarchos). [German version] [1] Father of Pythagoras Father of Pythagoras (6th and early 5th cents. BC), whose historicity seems certain (cf. Heracl. fr. 17 Marcovich and Hdt. 4,95,1), even if the tradition is contradictory and sometimes legendary. M. is sometimes described as a Samian gem cutter (Diog. Laert. 8,1; Apul. Flor. 15; cf. Porph. Vita Pythagorica 1; [1]), sometimes as a merchant from the Tyrrhenian island of Lemnos who had settled on Samos (Neanthes FGrH 84 F 29a = Porph. ibid…

Blossius

(176 words)

Author(s): Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) | Inwood, Brad (Toronto)
Ital.-osk. Gentilname (Schulze 423; ThlL 2,2054f.). Cicero erwähnt eine angesehene Familie B. aus Campanien (leg. agr. 2,93), deren Angehörige in Capua 216 und 210 v.Chr. als Gegner Roms bezeugt sind (Liv. 23,7,8f.; 27,3,4f.). [English version] [1] lat. Dichter und Advokat, 5. Jh. n. Chr. s. Dracontius. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) [English version] [2] von Cumae Politiker und Philosoph, gest. 128 v. Chr. Eine italische polit. Figur (gest. 128 v.Chr.), von Plutarch als Philosoph bezeichnet, da der Stoiker Antipatros [10] von Tarsos sein Freund war und ihm…

Mnesarchos

(334 words)

Author(s): Riedweg, Christoph (Zürich) | Inwood, Brad (Toronto)
(Μνήσαρχος). [English version] [1] Vater des Pythagoras Vater des Pythagoras (6. und frühes 5. Jh.v.Chr.), dessen Historizität gesichert scheint (vgl. bereits Herakl. fr. 17 Marcovich und Hdt. 4,95,1), auch wenn die Überl. widersprüchlich und z.T. legendenhaft ist. Bald wird M. als samischer Steinschneider (Diog. Laert. 8,1; Apul. flor. 15; vgl. Porph. vita Pythagorica 1; [1]), bald als Kaufmann von der tyrrhenischen Insel Lemnos bezeichnet, der sich in Samos niedergelassen habe (Neanthes FGrH 84 F 29a…

Euphrates

(1,156 words)

Author(s): Inwood, Brad (Toronto) | Kessler, Karlheinz (Emskirchen)
[English version] [1] stoischer Philosoph aus Tyros/Syrien, ca. 40-118 Stoischer Philosoph aus dem syr. Tyros (geb. ca. 40 n.Chr.). Er heiratete in die Familie des Pompeius Iulianus ein, zog nach Rom und stand vielleicht unter kaiserlichem Patronat. Unter Hadrian, im Jahre 118 v.Chr., beging er Selbstmord. Der gewandte protreptische Redner (Protreptik) ließ sich nicht von der kynischen Mode anstecken und trat für Mäßigung und Rationalismus in philos. wie polit. Fragen ein. Sein Widerstand gegen neupythag…

Persaios

(213 words)

Author(s): Eiben, Susanne (Kiel) | Inwood, Brad (Toronto)
(Περσαῖος). [English version] [1] Vater der Hekate Vater der Hekate (Hom. h. 2,24), P. entspricht Perses [1]. Eiben, Susanne (Kiel) [English version] [2] aus Kition, stoischer Philosoph, 4./3. Jh. v. Chr. P. aus Kition. Stoischer Philosoph, geb. ca 307/6 v.Chr. in Kition/Zypern. Einzelheiten zur Biographie bei Diog. Laert. 7,36 und Philodemos' ‘Gesch. der Stoa (coll. 12-14 Dorandi); vgl. auch SVF I 435-462. P. war in Athen ein bevorzugter Schüler des Stoa-Gründers Zenon von Kition. Als dessen treuer Anhänger wurde P. an seine…

Epictetus

(1,123 words)

Author(s): Oakley, John H. (Williamsburg, VA) | Inwood, Brad (Toronto)
(Ἐπίκτητος; Epíktētos). [German version] [1] Attic red-figured vase painter, c. 520-490 BC Early Attic red-figured vase painter ( c. 520-490 BC); signed many of his vases as painter and collaborated with various potters (early on with Andocides,  Nicosthenes, Pamphaeus and Hischylos, later with Python and Pistoxenus). Possibly a pupil of  Psiax, E. mainly decorated bowls but also several plates, some of which rank with his best works. E. signed one of these plates as painter and potter. Amongst his early works ar…

Panaetius

(1,380 words)

Author(s): Patzek, Barbara (Wiesbaden) | Stein-Hölkeskamp, Elke (Cologne) | Inwood, Brad (Toronto)
(Παναίτιος; Panaítios). [German version] [1] Sicilian tyrant, about 700 BC P. of Leontini, established the first known tyrannis in Sicily around 700 BC. P. overthrew the ruling oligarchy, probably by inciting the people (Aristot. pol. 5,10,1310b 29; 5,12,1316a 37; Polyaen. 5,47). Patzek, Barbara (Wiesbaden) Bibliography H. Berve, Die Tyrannis bei den Griechen, 1967, 129; 593  T. J. Dunbabin, The Western Greeks, 1948, 66-68  N. Luraghi, Tirannidi archaiche in Sicilia e Magna Grecia, 1994, 11-20. [German version] [2] Trierarch at Salamis In 480, at the battle of Salamis, P. …
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