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[German version] (Παντέλειος; Pantéleios). Epic writer, estimated to have lived before the 5th cent. AD; nine hexameters are extant (cf. Stob. 3,7,63): a rhetorical encomium, put into the mouth of a Persian, to the Athenian polemarch Callimachus [1] who on the battlefield of Marthon was supported by the same arrows that had lethally pierced him. The short fragment that was published in the 16th cent. in the appendix to Wechel's edition of epigrams (cf. [1]) is sometimes included without justification in the Anthologia Planudea ([2], also [3]). Albiani, Maria Grazia (Bologna) Bibliogra…

[German version] (Μνασάλκης; Mnasálkēs) of Sicyon. One of the epigrammatists in Meleager's ‘Garland’ [8] (Anth. Pal. 4,1,16), probably around 250 BC. He is attributed with 18 poems: dedicatory (ibid. 6,110: more likely by Leonidas [3] of Tarentum), funerary (ibid. 7,488 = PKöln 204: this papyrus possibly contained a collection dedicated exclusively to M.) and epideictic epigrams, all of which are mainly modelled on those of Anyte. In 17 G.-P. (cf. Ath. 4,163a) M. reworks the subject of one of Ascle…

[German version] Epigrammarian from the ‘Garland’ of Philippus, under whose rare name Ὅνεστος (probably an assimilation of the Roman cognomen H.) - he is sometimes called Korínthios (cf. Anth. Pal. 9,216) and sometimes Byzántios (cf. ibid. 7,274) - ten mostly epideictic poems are extant, which often relate to Boeotia and are distinguished by antitheses and both lexically and phraseologically original coinings of words. It is almost certain he was the H. who wrote the epigrams which came to light in Thespiae, of which nine are dedicated to the Muses, one to Thamyris and one to a Σεβαστή ( Seb…

[German version] Otherwise unknown author of an aphoristic epigram (the Anthologia Planudea attributes it to Palladas): an unfaithful friend is more to be feared than an open enemy (Anth. Pal. 10,121). The motif is quite common (see, e.g., Anth. Pal. 10,36; 95; 11,390; as early even as Thgn. 91 f.). Albiani, Maria Grazia (Bologna)

[German version] (Λάκων; Lákōn). Otherwise unknown epigrammatical poet (Sicilian origin has been suspected, cf. Theoc. Eidyllion 5), to whom a single votive poem (Anth. Pal. 6,203) is attributed; it may alternatively be the work of Philippus [32] of Thessalonica, the author of the Garland: eleven iambic trimeters, describing the miraculous healing of an old, limping woman in the hot springs of the river Symaethus on Etna. The woman dedicates her stick to the nymphs. Albiani, Maria Grazia (Bologna) Bibliography GA II 2, 369.

[German version] (Θεοσέβεια; Theosébeia). Poet, of whose work only one epigram is recorded (Anth. Pal. 7,559): Acestoria (personification of medicine) mourns the death of the physician Ablabius (presumably aptonym: ἀ-βλάβη/ a-blábē, 'preventer of harm'). Her identification with the alchemist Zosimus' sister of the same name (3rd cent. AD, cf. [2]) is chronologically hard to reconcile with her membership of the kýklos of Agathias [1]. Albiani, Maria Grazia (Bologna) Bibliography 1 Av. and A. Cameron, The Cycle of Agathias, in: JHS 86, 1966, 8 2 R. C. McCail, The 'Cycle' of Ag…

[German version] (Θυμοκλῆς; Thymoklês). Epigrammatist from the Garland of Meleager [8]. A single poem survives (from the style probably 3rd cent. BC), assigned without obvious reason to the part of the Anthologia Palatina dedicated to pederasty (Anth. Pal. 12,32): a rebuke to the beloved person (once rejecting advances, but now robbed of the bloom of youth). Albiani, Maria Grazia (Bologna) Bibliography GA I.1, 196; 2, 552.

(Κόμητάς; Kómētás) [German version] [1] Poet of epigrams Writer of epigrams, probably to be identified with the grammatikós of the same name in the middle of the 9th cent. in Constantinople. Four poems survive: in the poems Anth. Pal. 15,36-38 (the latter consisting of seven dodecasyllables) C. claims to have restored Homer's verses by punctuating them and rescuing them from ‘useless rot’, only to be mocked for it by the scholiast J (cf.  Constantinus [2] of Rhodus), in a marginal note (in trimeters) to the 57 hexameters in which C. acclaims the rising of Lazarus (Anth. Pal. 15,40). Albiani,…

[German version] (Λουκίλλιος; Loukíllios). Epigrammatist, lived in Rome under the patronage of Nero, to whom he dedicated the second book of his epigrams in gratitude for his financial support (Anth. Pal. 9,572). The identifications with the grammarian Lucillus of Tarrha and Lucilius [II 4], Seneca's friend, are baseless. About 120 epigrams are extant (also probably a good part of the 52 poems attributed to ‘Lucianus’; cf. [1]). These are of an often remarkable quality and are almost all satirica…

[German version] (Παλλαδᾶς; Palladâs). Important exponent of pre-Byzantine epigrammatic poetry and probably the author of a collection of mostly satirical epigrams (cf. Anthology E.); he lived in the 2nd half of the 4th cent. AD in Alexandria (numerous allusions to an Egyptian context in P,. whose name appears on several occasions with the ethnikon Ἀλεξανδρεύς/ Alexandreús). Dating is made possible by Anth. Pal. 11,292 (attack on Themistius, in 384 praefectus urbi of Constantinople); 10,90 (presumably written after the destruction of the Serapeum in 391, cf. 9,37…

[German version] (Μουσίκιος; Mousíkios). Epigrammist whose existence is uncertain (the name is not found elsewhere: [2] suspects a corruption of Μούκιος ( Moúkios), i.e. Q. Mucius [I 10] Scaevola, author of Anth. Pal. 9,217); the poem Anth. Pal. 9,39 (a lively dispute between Cypris and the Muses containing an abundance of colloquialisms) has been attributed to him (Diog. Laert. 3,33,  however, attributes it to the philosopher ‘Plato’). Albiani, Maria Grazia (Bologna) Bibliography 1 FGE 165f. 2 R. Reitzenstein, Epigramm und Skolion, 1893, 182.

[German version] (Μοιρώ; Moirṓ) from Byzantium. Epic, elegiac and melic poet, mother of the tragedian Homerus [2] (flourished in the years 284/281 BC) and wife of the otherwise unknown Andromachus, called philólogos (cf. Suda s.v. Μυρώ). Meleager [8] places her alongside her contemporary Anyte and immediately before Sappho (Anth. Pal. 4,1,5; cf. Antipater [9] of Thessalonica Anth. Pal. 9,26,3f.) and claims to have collected ‘many lilies of M.’ in his ‘garland’: the only works preserved are Anth. Pal. 6,119 and 189 (two clear…

[German version] [I] (Γαιτουλικός; Gaitoulikós). Epigrammatist, to whom ten poems are ascribed in the Anthologia Palatina (not authentic, however, Anth. Pal. 7,245 and perhaps 6,154), which in style and topics (but not by their arrangement) bear resemblance to the ‘Garlands’ of Meleager or Philippus; however, 11,409 originates from the Anthologion of Diogenianus [2] of Heraclea. The identification with the poet Cn.  Cornelius [II 29] Lentulus Gaetulicus, who was cos. in AD 26 and executed by Caligula in 39, is controversial. G.'s poetry is without originality. I…

[German version] (Περῖτας; Perîtas). Otherwise unknown epigrammatic poet, to whom two distichs about Priapus, the protector of the garden, are attributed (they are alternatively ascribed to Leonidas [3] of Tarentum): Anth. Pal. 16,236 (cf. 16,261 by the same Leonidas), possibly the model for 16,237 by Tymnes and certainly for Priap. 24). Albiani, Maria Grazia (Bologna) Bibliography GA I 2, 385.

[German version] (Κριναγόρας) of Mytilene. Born about 70 BC, he probably did not die before AD 11 (Anth. Pal. 7,633, cf. 9,283). C. was an influential man in his native town. His participation in several delegations from his town to Rome is attested in inscriptions: in 48 or 47 and in 45 (IG XII 35a; 35b), in 26/25 to Tarragona in Spain (to Augustus, IG XII 35c). He was also highly regarded in Rome where he belonged to the circle around Octavia, the sister of Augustus. C. is one of the significant…

[German version] (Πωλλιανός/ Pōllianós). Epigrammatist of the golden age of the Imperial skoptic epigram. Of his output, the following survives: a description of a painting - attributed without evidence to the sculptor Polyclitus (Anth. Pal. 16,150) and four satirical poems, one against a prolific poet lacking in any critical faculty (11,127), one against a certain Florus, author of clumsy, heavy verse (128: identification with the poet and historian Florus [1] is pure speculation), one against the cyclic poets as 'pillagers' of Homer (130) and one against a profiteer (167). Albiani…

[German version] (Σάμιος/ Sámios), also Samus (Σᾶμος/ Sâmos). Epigrammatist of the 'Garland of Meleager' (Anth. Pal. 4,1,14), son of Chrysogonus and contemporary of Philip [7] V of Macedonia (Pol. 5,9,4), who condemned him to death (Pol. 23,10,8-10) perhaps because of his criticism (Plut. Mor. 53e). A poem about Philip V dedicating to Heracles the hide and horns of a bull survives (Anth. Pal. 6,116); a variant (ibid. 6,114) on the same theme can probably also be ascribed to him (the attribution to Simi…

[German version] (Φανίας; Phanías). Epigrammatist, perhaps among the last (2nd-1st cent. BC?) of the Garland of Meleager (Anth. Pal. 4,1,54); also a grammatikós (lemma on 7,537). Among the eight poems of his to survive (including one erotic one: 12,31), minute accounts of work tools and everyday objects predominate; with these, P. emulated Leonidas [3] of Tarentum. The extremely rare Latinism δρύππα, 'ripe olive' (cf. Anth. Pal. 6,299,4), may reflect direct knowledge of the terminology of Italian agriculture. The form Phainías for the name (cf. lemma on 6,299 and 12,31) se…

[German version] (Ζηλωτός/ Zēlōtós). Greek epigrammatist, possibly first half of the 1st cent. AD. Planudes ascribes to him an anonymous poem Anth. Pal. 9,31: a boat, hewn from a pine tree uprooted by the winds, predicts storms at sea. Ascribed by the Codex Palatinus to a bearer of the extremely rare name Z. - as an alternative to Bassus - is a one-line version on the same theme (Ant. Pal. 9,30). Albiani, Maria Grazia (Bologna) Bibliography FGE, 103 M. Lausberg, Das Einzeldistichon, 1982, 364.

[German version] Otherwise unknown author of an epigram praising the image of Agathias (whom he extols as an orator and poet), of his brother and of his father Memnonius (Anth. Pal. 16,316). The poem will presumably have been affixed to the base of a statuary group in Myrina [4] (the town in l. 1), perhaps not long after the death of Agathias (after AD 580). Identification with later poets of the same name is improbable. Albiani, Maria Grazia (Bologna) Bibliography Av. and A. Cameron, The Cycle of Agathias, in: JHS 86, 1966, 8, Note 18.

[German version] (Θεοδωρίδας; Theodōrídas). Greek poet from Syracuse (second half of the 3rd cent. BC; on his origin  cf. Ath. 15,599e), whose varied works are all lost (cf. [1]) with the exception of 19 elegant epigrams (dedications, funerary poetry and two epideictic poems; the attribution by Anth. Pal. 7,282 is uncertain) in Meleager's [8] 'Garland' (4,1,53 f.). In a fictional funerary inscription (Anth. Pal. 13,21) T. criticises Mnasalces; he also seems to attack Euphorion [3] in an epitaph (7,406) which he presumably wrote when Euphorion was still alive. Albiani, Maria Grazia…

[German version] (Σατύριος; Satýrios). Epigrammatist of uncertain identity, perhaps identifiable with Satyrus [9]: the only surviving poem, Anth. Pal. 6,11, is attributed by the Anthologia Planudea to one S. (name rarely attested), but by the Anthologia Palatina to a Satrius, not recorded elsewhere (possibly the Italic gens name Satrius? cf. [2]). Content: dedication to Pan by a hunter, a bird catcher and a fisherman (theme of 14 further epigrams from the 3rd cent. BC until the 6th cent. AD, parodied by Lucianus, perhaps Lucil…

[German version] (Ἰομήδης; Iomḗdes). Otherwise unknown author of a grave inscription from the 2nd or 3rd cent. AD found at Nemra (Namarae Batanaeorum) in Syria (five partly damaged distichs). The poet, who calls himself ‘master ( prýtanis) of the Ausonian muse’ (v. 10), celebrates in those lines his own forefathers, who once dedicated a memorial to Tyche in the same pla…

[German version] (Κυλλήνιος; Kyllḗnios). Author of two epideictic epigrams that show thematic and stylistic affinities with the ‘Garland’ of Philippus, but which cannot with certainty be traced back to it. In Anth. Pal. 9,4 a wild pear tree praises in elaborate language and little-known words the one who made it fertile through a graft; in Anth.…

[German version] (Νοσσίς; Nossís). Female epigrammatist from Locri Epizephyrii; most of her writing took place at the beginning of the 3rd century BC (cf. Anth. Pal.…

[German version] (Λαυρέας; Lauréas). Epigrammatist, probably identifiable with Cicero's freedman M. Tullius L., author of five elegant distichs in Latin about a Cymaean mineral spring (FPL 80). The Anthologia Palatina ascribes three poems to him: the funerary epigrams 7,17 (fictitiously to Sappho) and 7,294 (to a fisherman, in the style of Leonidas) which are preceded by the gentilicium Týllios, and the paederastic epigram 12,24, whose authenticity, however, is doubtful (cf. Anth. Pal. 12,25-27 of Statilius Flaccus [1] whose gentilicium Statýllios may have caused attributi…

[German version] (Γαυράδας). Author of an ingenious epigram in iambic trimeters in the form of a dialogue between Echo and her lover (Anth. Pal. 16,152). The popular theme (cf. also Archias, Anth. Pal. 9,27; Evodus, ibid. 16,155; Satyrus, ibid. 16,153; Anon., ibid. 16,156) is developed in an original fashion; dating the poet, whose obviously barbarous name is unique, is impossible. Albiani, Maria Grazia (Bologna)…

[German version] (Τύμνης; Týmnēs). Epigrammatist with a Carian name from the 'Garland' of Meleager [8] (Anth. Pal. 4,1,19), perhaps 3rd or 2nd cent. BC. Seven poems survive, each consisting of two couplets, with the exception of an epideictic six-line poem Anth. Pal. 7,433 on the 'Spartan mother' (imitated by Erycius, Anth. Pal. 7,230 and Antipater [9], Anth. Pal. 7,531). Two of the four epitaphs are considered to be on animals, cf. Anyte (Anth. Pal. 7,199,211). The Priapic poem Anth. Pal. 16,237 i…

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[German version] (Πίνυτος/ Pínytos). Author of a conventional, one-distich funerary epigram on Sappho (Anth. Pal. 7,16; inclusion in the Garland of Philippus [32] highly doubtful). The rarity of the name suggests identification with the grammarian P. of Bithynium, freedman of Epaphroditus and secretary to Nero (Steph. Byz. s.v. Βιθύνιον).…

[German version] 6th-cent. AD poet of epigrams, author of three erotic epigrams that originate in the Cycle of Agathias: Anth. Pal. 5,249 (love with the haughty Rhodope is represented as the merging of soul and body); 5,251 (about an unnamed woman whose pride is not even broken by the evanescence of her beauty) and 253 (appeal to the coy Chrysilla to submit to Cypris' wishes). This last poem was imitated by Niketas Eugenianos.…

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[German version] (Καπίτων; Kapítōn). Otherwise unknown epigrammatist, of whom a witty distichon has survived: beauty without grace is compared with a ‘bait without rod’ (Anth. Pal. 5,67,2). C. (Capito) is quite a widespread Roman cognomen: the assumption that he might be identical with the epic poet from Alexandria, mentioned in Ath. 10,425, is thus without foundation; equally, it hardly is likely that he is identical with Pompeius C., who demonstrates his mastery in every metre and rhythm (TrGF 186). …

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[German version] (Καλλικτήρ; Kalliktḗr) of Manesium. Writer of epigrams, possibly from the 1st or 2nd cent. AD, to whom are ascribed the satirical two-line epigrams from the Anth. Pal. 11,2; 5; 6 and, according to Planudes, 333. The epigrams against doctors, 11,118-122, are probably his also; Planudes however assigns them to Nicarchu…

[German version] (Μυρῖνος; Myrȋnos). Elegant epigrammatic poet in the ‘Garland’ of Philippus. Four poems are extant, showing him as a skillful imitator of Leonidas [3] of Tarentum; however, he also displayed an independent creativity, in a satirical setting (Anth. Pal. 6,254: a dedication to…

[German version] (Θύιλλος; Thýillos). Epigrammatist in Cicero's circle (Cic. Att. 1,9,2; 1,16,15: 67 and 61 BC, cf. [1; 3]). Three poems survive: a description of a spring (Anth. Pal. 6,170), an epitaph (perhaps for an inscription) for a Cybele priestess (Anth. Pal. 7,223 = GVI 707,  cf. Philod. ibid. 7,222), a variation on the return of spring (ibid. 10,5, cf. Leonidas [3], ibid. 10,1 etc.).…

[German version] Author of a dedicatory inscription (six distichs under the heading Ἰουνίωρος; Iouníōros), in which a statue of Aphrodite proclaims that it was erected in Sinuessa (Campania) next to a temple with a view of the sea: Eon (ᾘῶν; Ēiôn, v…

[German version] (Καρφ-/Καρπυλλίδης; Karph-/Karpyllídēs). Epigrammatist, probably of the ‘Garland’ of Meleager. Under the lemma Καρφυλλ- an epigrammatic epitaph is extant (Anth. Pal. 7,260), in which the deceased looks back with content onto his long life, crowned by the love of his children and grandchildren. Of lesser stylistic value is an epideictic poem, transmitted under the lemma Καρπυλλ- (9,52): The rareness of his name, which in neither of its two forms is evident anywhere else, is an argument against the assumption of two separate authors (Knaack).…

(Γέμινος; Géminos) [I]. [German version] [1] Astronomer and mathematician Astronomer and mathematician from the school of Posidonius. Almost nothing is known about his life. The height of his creativity was around 70 BC. It is generally accepted that he lived in Rhodes. The only fully extant treatise by G. is the ‘Introduction to Astronomy’ (Εἰσαγωγὴ εἰς τὰ φαινόμενα). It is in the tradition of  Eudoxus and  Aratus [4]. Similarly to the later writing by  Cleomedes, it is an elementary textbook on astrono…

[German version] [1] (Archangel) Archangel In the Jewish tradition, the angel G. (‘man of God’) is one of the six archangels, together with Uriel, Rafael, Raguel, Michael, and Sariel (1 Enoch, 20:1-7; for seven archangels cf. Tob 12:12-15; for four archangels: 1 Enoch 9-10; 40:9f.). In the biblical tradition, G. appears already together with Michael in the role of angelus interpres, who interprets the seer's visions (Dan 8:16; 9:21), and who announces the births of John the Baptist and Jesus (Lc 1:19.26). According to 1 Enoch 20:7, G. is placed above the…

(Φάλαικος; Phálaikos). [German version] [1] Phocian army officer Son of Onomarchus. P., while a minor, was deployed in 352 BC by his uncle Phayllus [1] as fourth stratēgòs autokrátōr ('general or executive with special powers of authority') of the Phocians in the 3rd Sacred War. Mnaseas [1] was appointed as his guardian but died as early as 351 (Diod. Sic. 16,38,6f.). After an inconclusive series of battles against Thebes, P. was deposed in 347, apparently because of his…

[I] (Γάλλος; Gállos). [German version] [1] River in Bithynia River in Bithynia, modern Mudurnu Çayı, rises near Modrene (modern Mudurnu) in Phrygia Epictetus (Str. 12,3,7; [2], differently [1]) and flows into the lower course of the  Sangarius. Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) …

(Συνέσιος; Synésios) [German version] [1] S. of Cyrene Neoplatonist philosopher and bishop, c. AD 400 Neoplatonist philosopher and bishop ( c. AD 370 - c. 413). S., of a leading family at Cyrene (Libya superior), first studied at Alexandria [1] with the Neoplatonist philosopher Hypatia. From 399 to 402 (or 397-400; S.' chronology is disputed) he went to the court at Constantinople at the bidding of his home city to obtain tax relief. He then travelled to Alexandria (where he married a Christian) and subsequently retired to private life o…

(Ἑλλάδιος; Helládios). [German version] [1] From Antinupolis/Egypt, grammarian, 4th cent. AD H. of Antinupolis in Egypt. Grammarian of the 4th cent. AD, author of a Chrēstomatheía (‘Things worth knowing’) in iambic t…

(Νεῖλος/ Neîlos, Latin Nilus). [German version] [1] N. of Ancyra Author of monastic letters and stories, c. 400 A number of monastic letters, stories, apophthegmata, treatises and fragments are attributed to a N. of Ancyra or an ascetic N. in MSS. The question of authorship is hardly fully resolved in any of the texts. If the autobiographical data in the Dihēgḗmata [1. 6044] are not held to be authentic (but so in [4]), little more is known of N. than that he lived in Galatia at the turn of the 4th and 5th cents. AD  (but cf. the critique of this in [7. …

(Θεαίτητος; Theaítētos). [German version] [1] T. of Athens, mathematician, c. 400 BC Mathematician, a native of Athens, pupil of Theodorus [2] of Cyrene and later a member of Plato's Academy ( Akadḗmeia ). In Plato's [1] dialogue named after him, T. appears (together with the aged Theodorus [2]) as about fifteen years old in 399 BC; he was therefore born …

(Ἰγνάτιος; Ignátios). [German version] [1] Bishop of Antioch Bishop of Antioch, martyr, ranks as an Apostolic Father ( Apostolic Fathers). Rist, Josef (Würzburg) [German version] A. Biography The person and work of I. cannot be separated from each other because the only certain biographical information is extant in the corpus of letters ascribed to him. Therefore, the position taken in the ‘Ignatian debate’, i.e. in the discussion over the unity and genuineness of the preserved letters (see [4], with response [5; 6]), al…

(Ἱπποδάμας; Hippodámas). [German version] [1] Brother of Orestes Son of the river god  Achelous [2] and of Perimede, father of Euryte, brother of Orestes (Apollod. 1,52). In a different tradition, father of the Naiad  Perimele, the mistress of Achelous, who, after having been pushed into the sea by H., was transformed into one of the Echinades Islands by Poseidon (on the western coast of Acarnania) (Ov. Met. 8,573ff.). Zingg, Reto (Basle) [German version] [2] Name of Trojans Name of Trojans: one H. is killed by Achilles (Hom. Il. 20,401), the other by Agamemnon (Hyg. Fab…