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Priscus

(884 words)

Author(s): Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) | Fornaro, Sotera (Sassari) | Franke, Thomas (Bochum) | Brisson, Luc (Paris) | Johne, Klaus-Peter (Berlin)
Common Roman cognomen ('venerable') . Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) [German version] [1] Greek grammarian (Πρεῖσκος/ Preîskos). The 3rd cent. AD PTurner 39 (PIenensis inv. 267), a book catalogue from a private library, presents at line 4 'a commentary on epic verses by P.' [2], who is identified as one of the two Prisci mentioned in Ov. Pont. 4,16,10 ( Priscus uter); he may be identical to Clutorius Priscus, the Roman equestrian and poet mentioned in Tac. Ann. 3,49 and Cass. Dio 57,20,3-4. Fornaro, Sotera (Sassari) Bibliography 1 SH 710 A 2 R. Otranto, Antiche liste di libri su papi…

Hierax

(335 words)

Author(s): Ameling, Walter (Jena) | Baltes, Matthias (Münster) | Lakmann, Marie-Luise (Münster) | Brisson, Luc (Paris)
(Ἱέραξ; Hiérax). [German version] [1] H. of Antiochia, strategos of Ptolemy VI after 146 BC H. of Antiochia, deserted Demetrius [7] I for Alexander [13] Balas (Diod. Sic. 33,3), and then deserted him in 146 BC for Ptolemy VI, whom he had proclaimed king by the Antiochenes (Diod. Sic. 32,9 c). He had a high position at the court and, as strategos (?) of Ptolemy VIII, he foiled the uprising of  Galestes, but then was eliminated by the king (Diod. Sic. 33,22; FGrH 87 F 4). PP 1/8,264; 2, 2163; 6, 17012. Ameling, Walter (Jena) [German version] [2] Commander in chief of Ptolemy IX in 88 BC Sent by Ptolemy…

Damascius

(1,040 words)

Author(s): Brisson, Luc (Paris)
(Δαμάσκιος; Damáskios) [German version] A. Life Neoplatonist, last head of the  Academy in Athens, born around AD 462 in Damascus, studied rhetoric around 479/80 with a certain Theon in Alexandria and there also was a member of the Platonist circle. Around 482/3 he went to Athens to teach rhetoric. Around 491/2 he gave up this career and initially studied propaedeutic sciences under  Marinus, who had succeeded Proclus in 485, then philosophy under  Zenodotus. Around 515 Damascius returned to Athens to…

Hegias

(473 words)

Author(s): Neudecker, Richard (Rome) | Mehl, Andreas (Halle/Saale) | Brisson, Luc (Paris)
(Ἡγίας; Hēgías). [German version] [1] Sculptor, c. 490-480 BC Sculptor who signed the base of a lost bronze statue on the Acropolis in Athens that must be dated around 490-480 BC. He is mentioned by Pausanias (8,42,10), Pliny (HN 34,49) and Dio Chrysostom (55,1) as a late archaic artist, a contemporary of  Critius and Nesiotes,  Onatas,  Ageladas and  Calon, and as a teacher of  Phidias. Quintilian (Inst. 12,10,7) and Lucian (Rhetorum praeceptor 9) describe his style as still archaic and call him by his …

Iamblichus

(2,195 words)

Author(s): Gundel, Hans Georg (Gießen) | Brisson, Luc (Paris) | Fusillo, Massimo (L'Aquila) | Galli, Lucia (Florence)
(Ἰάμβλιχος; Iámblichos). Personal name (regarding the form cf. [1]). [German version] [1] Syro-Arab ruler, middle of 1st cent. BC I., Syro-Arab ruler, probably identical with Phylarchus I of Arethusa and Emesa who was mentioned by Cicero (Fam. 15,1; 2). He was executed in 31 BC outside Actium in the army of Anthony. In AD 20 Augustus returned Emesa to his homonymous son (Cass. Dio 50,13,7; 51,2,2; cf. Str. 16,753). Gundel, Hans Georg (Gießen) Bibliography 1 Schürer 1, 234f., 25. [German version] [2] Neoplatonist, 3rd/4th cent. AD Neoplatonist of the 3rd/4th cents. AD Brisson, Luc (Pa…

Eustathius

(1,031 words)

Author(s): Weißenberger, Michael (Greifswald) | Brisson, Luc (Paris) | Vassis, Ioannis (Athens) | Rist, Josef (Würzburg) | Markschies, Christoph (Berlin)
(Εὐστάθιος; Eustáthios). [German version] [1] from Caria Rhetor of the 4th cent. AD, imperial administrator, consularis Syriae Rhetor of the 4th cent. AD; studied in Athens and later settled in Tyre. He held many offices in the imperial administration, and used them to enrich himself (i.a.: rationalis summarum per orientem), in 388 he was consularis Syriae. He was at first a friend of  Libanius (panegyric: Lib. Or. 44), later his enemy (diatribe: Or. 54, cf. also Or. 1,271-275). There is no other witness apart from Libanius. Weißenberger, Michael (Greifswald) [German version] [2] Neop…

Maximus

(3,163 words)

Author(s): Trapp, Michael (London) | Hübner, Wolfgang (Münster) | Brisson, Luc (Paris) | Leppin, Hartmut (Hannover) | Savvidis, Kyriakos (Bochum) | Et al.
[German version] I. Greek (Μάξιμος; Máximos) [German version] [I 1] Maximus of Tyre Author of lectures mainly on ethics and theology, 2nd cent. AD, [1] Maximus of Tyrus AD 2nd cent.; author of 41 short dialéxeis (lectures), according to the most important MS (Cod. Parisinus graecus 1962) delivered in Rome (the Suda dates a visit to the reign of Commodus, AD 180-191). His concepts are simple yet rhetorically sophisticated (frequent use of comparisons, quotations from poetry, mythological and historical examples); his main topic is…

Nature, Natural philosophy

(3,656 words)

Author(s): Brisson, Luc (Paris)
I. Greece [German version] A. Terminology In ancient Greek, the term phýsis (φύσις, ‘nature’) is a nomen actionis derived from the root * bhu- (which probably implies the idea of coming into being, growth and development). It first of all denotes the state that results from the spontaneous development of a living being: hence the meanings of ‘size’, ‘stature’, or ‘appearance’, all of which point towards the more general meaning of ‘innate bodily characteristics’. Phýsis is thus opposed to téchnē (τέχνη, art), which refers to any competence acquired in various domains of human activity. P…

Olympiodorus

(850 words)

Author(s): Dreyer, Boris (Göttingen) | Beck, Hans (Cologne) | Portmann, Werner (Berlin) | Brisson, Luc (Paris)
(Ὀλυμπιόδωρος; Olympiódōros). [German version] [1] Athenian politician (end of the 4th cent. BC) Athenian, managed between 307 and 301 BC to induce Aetolia to enter into an alliance against Cassander and to relieve Elatea (Paus. 1,26,3; 10,18,7; 34,3). Although Demetrius [2] Poliorketes twice illegally appointed him (in 294/3 and 293/2) as eponymous árchōn (Dion. Hal. De Dinarcho 9; IG II2 378 = [1. D 70]; IG II2 389 and SEG 21,354; IG II2 649 = [2. 7f.]; Agora 16, 167; [3. 124 No. 9]; cf. in general Plut. Demetrius 34), O., when Athens seceded from Demetrius in 2…

Nemesius

(244 words)

Author(s): Brisson, Luc (Paris)
[German version] (Νεμέσιος/ Nemésios). Bishop of Emesa (present-day Homs) in Syria, possibly identical with the governor of Cappadocia, to whom in AD 385 Gregorius [3] of Nazianzus sent three letters and a poem inviting him to convert to Christianity. Around 400 Nemesius wrote his work ‘On the Nature of Mankind (Περὶ φύσεως ἀνθρώπου/ Perì phúseōs anthrṓpou), in which for the first time he describes anthropology from an explicitly Christian viewpoint. The title is borrowed from a Hippocratic text; the work itself appears to have remained uncompleted…

Theosebius

(121 words)

Author(s): Brisson, Luc (Paris)
[German version] (Θεοσέβιος; Theosébios). Neo-Platonic philosopher of the 5th cent. AD, known only through Damascius. According to the latter's Life of Isidorus (Phot. 56-59 and fr. 109-110 Zintzen = 45 A, B; 46 B, D, E Athanassiadi) T. published notes he took at two of Hierocles' [7] lectures in Alexandria [1] commenting on Plato's Gorgias. T. was allegedly able to expel demons by exorcism. When his marriage remained childless, he lived with his wife in chastity, probably in accordance with a Pythagorean rule. Although a Platonist, T. took the or…

Theodorus

(7,286 words)

Author(s): Knell, Heiner (Darmstadt) | Folkerts, Menso (Munich) | Baumhauer, Otto A. (Bremen) | Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld) | Blume, Horst-Dieter (Münster) | Et al.
[German version] I Greek (Θεόδωρος; Theódōros). [German version] [I 1] Of Samos, Greek architect, bronze sculptor and inventor, Archaic period Multitalented Greek inventor, architect, bronze sculptor and metal worker ( toreutḗs; Toreutics) of the Archaic period from Samos (for the occupational image cf. architect). His father was Telecles (Hdt. 3,41; Paus. 8,14,8; 10,38,6) or according to other sources (Diog. Laert. 2,103; Diod. Sic. 1,98) Rhoecus [3]; his name is so frequently mentioned in conjunction with the latter that …

Priscianus Lydus

(272 words)

Author(s): Brisson, Luc (Paris)
[German version] (Πρισκιανός Λυδός/ Priskianós Lydós). Neoplatonist of the 6th cent. AD, from Lydia. According to Agathias (II 30-31 = Suda, s. v. Πρέσβεις, Vol. 4, p. 192,18-29 Adler), P. was part of the group of philosophers who (along with Simplicius and Damascius) adhered to the old religion and sought refuge at the court of the Persian king Chosroes [5] I when the emperor Justinian [1] closed the Academy in Athens in 529. It was not long before their hopes in that regard proved to be illusory, a…

Salustius

(665 words)

Author(s): Baumbach, Manuel (Zürich) | Brisson, Luc (Paris) | Goulet-Cazé, Marie-Odile (Antony)
(Σαλούστιος; Saloústios). [German version] [1] Greek grammarian Greek grammarian (perhaps 4th/5th cents. AD [3. 31]); author of a commentary on Callimachus' [3] Hekale (fr. 9; 29; 179 Hollis), the use of which can still be detected in the Suda [4. 13-18]. The attribution of an edition of the hymns of Callimachus [5. 78] and of the hypothesis to Sophocles' Antigone and Oedipus in Colonus [6. 17-20] is probable. Likely identical to the S. mentioned by Stephanus of Byzantium s. v. Ἄζιλις. Baumbach, Manuel (Zürich) Bibliography Editions: 1 A. S. Hollis, Callimachus. Hekale, 1990 2 R. P…

Herculanius

(60 words)

Author(s): Brisson, Luc (Paris)
[German version] (Ἑρκουλιανός; Herkoulaniós). Neoplatonist philosopher, died about AD 408. Only known from letters that his friend  Synesius wrote to him (137-146 Garyza). They lived together in Alexandria. Both attended lectures by  Hypatia, who introduced them to the works of Plotinus, Porphyrius and Iamblichus. Brisson, Luc (Paris) Bibliography Ch. Lacombrade, Synésios de Cyrène, Hellène et Chrétien, 1951, 50-63, 72-73.

Amelius Gentilianus

(697 words)

Author(s): Brisson, Luc (Paris)
[German version] Originally from Etruria, which explains his cognomen Gentilianus. ‘Amelius’ is actually a nickname ( supernomen) kept as forename. Plotinus wanted to call him Amerius (Porph. Plot. 7,1-5). A. was born between AD 216 and 226. He began his philosophical studies under the Stoic Lysimachus (Plot. 3,42-43). His admiration for Numenius brought him to a kind of Neoplatonism that was closely and substantially linked to  Neopythagoreanism. A. was part of the group under Plotinus in Rome from AD 246 until his departu…

Natur, Naturphilosophie

(3,602 words)

Author(s): Brisson, Luc (Paris)
I. Griechenland [English version] A. Begriff Phýsis (φύσις, “Natur”) ist ein aus der Wurzel * bhu-, (die wohl die Vorstellung vom Ins-Sein-Treten, Wachsen und Sich-Entwickeln impliziert) gebildetes nomen actionis. Es bezeichnet zunächst den Zustand, der aus der spontanen Entwicklung eines Lebewesens resultiert; daher die speziellen Konnotationen von “Größe”, “Statur”, “Aussehen”, die alle auf die allgemeinere Bed. “angeborene körperliche Eigenschaften” hinweisen. So steht phýsis (= ph.) im Gegensatz zu téchnē (τέχνη, Kunst), die sich auf jede erworbene Kompetenz…

Amelios Gentilianos

(666 words)

Author(s): Brisson, Luc (Paris)
[English version] stammte aus Etrurien, daher sein cognomen Gentilianos. “Amelios” ist ein Spitzname ( su- pernomen), den er als Rufnamen annahm. Plotin wollte ihn seinerseits Amerios nennen (Porph. Vita Plotini 7,1-5). A. ist zwischen 216 und 226 n. Chr. geb. und begann seine philos. Studien bei dem Stoiker Lysimachos (Vita Plotini 3,42-43); seine Bewunderung für Numenios brachte ihn einem untrennbar mit dem Neupythagoreismus verbundenen Platonismus nahe. A. hielt sich von 246 an im Kreis des Plotin in Rom auf und verließ diesen im J. 269 ( vita Plotini 3,38-42). Im Jahre 270 ist…

Herkulianos

(58 words)

Author(s): Brisson, Luc (Paris)
[English version] (Ἑρκουλιανός). Neuplatonischer Philosoph, gest. um 408 n.Chr. Bekannt nur durch die Briefe, die ihm sein Freund Synesios schrieb (137-146 Garyza). Mit diesem lebte er in Alexandria zusammen. Beide waren Hörer der Hypatia, die sie bei Plotinos, Porphyrios und Iamblichos einführte. Brisson, Luc (Paris) Bibliography Ch. Lacombrade, Synésios de Cyrène, Hellène et Chrétien, 1951, 50-63, 72-73.

Damaskios

(973 words)

Author(s): Brisson, Luc (Paris)
[English version] A. Leben Neuplatoniker, letzter Leiter der Akademie in Athen, geb. um 462 n.Chr. in Damaskus, studierte um 479/80 bei einem gewissen Theon in Alexandreia Rhet. und verkehrte dort auch im Kreis der Platoniker. Um 482/3 ging er nach Athen, um dort Rhet. zu lehren. Um 491/2 gab er diese Karriere auf und studierte zunächst bei Marinos, der 485 die Nachfolge des Proklos angetreten hatte, propädeutische Wissenschaften, dann bei Zenodotos Philosophie. Um 515 kehrte D. nach Athen zurück, u…
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