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Further Bibliography in Caetani and Gabrieli, Onomasticon Arabicum, ii. 922. (K. V. Zetterstéen)

, Naṣīr al-Dawla Abu ’l-Ṭāhir Muḥammad b. Muḥammad b. Baḳīya, Bak̲h̲tiyār’s vizier. Ibn Baḳīya was born in Awānā and was of humble origin. He was first employed at Muʿizz al-Dawla’s court as master of the kitchen and in Ḏh̲u ’l-Ḥid̲j̲d̲j̲a 362 (Sept. 973) Bak̲h̲tiyār gave him the office of vizier. After the conquest of Bag̲h̲dād and the imprisonment of Bak̲h̲tiyār in 364 (975) by ʿAḍud al-Dawla, Ibn Baḳīya went over to the latter and was granted Wāsiṭ and the surrounding country. As soon as he entered th…

ʿala ’llāh, Abu ’l-ʿAbbās Aḥmad b. Ḏj̲aʿfar, ʿAbbāsid caliph, son of al-Mutawakkil and a slave-girl named Fityān from Kūfa. He ascended the throne on the deposition of al-Muhtadī in Rad̲j̲ab 256 (June 870). He had no ability as a ruler, but relied on the vizier ʿUbaid Allāh b. Yaḥyā b. Ḵh̲āḳān and left most of the affairs of government in the hands of his brother Abū Aḥmad al-Muwaffaḳ. In S̲h̲awwāl 261 (July 875) he designated his son Ḏj̲aʿfar al-Mufawwiḍ as his successor and governor of the western p…

b. Yaḥyā the Barmakid. The position of Ḏj̲aʿfar’s family placed him at once on intimate terms with the ruling dynasty, for his father Yaḥyā b. Ḵh̲ālid b. Barmak, as vizier and secretary of state, had long been virtual ruler of the great empire, while his brother al-Faḍl b. Yaḥyā was held in great honour by the Caliph Hārūn whose foster-brother he was and by his own personal qualities he succeeded in becoming the recognised favourite of the great ʿAbbāsid Caliph and reaching the highest summit of …

, a Ṭāhirid, governor of Bag̲h̲dād. Born in 209 (824—825) Muḥammad in 237 (851) was summoned by the Caliph to Bag̲h̲dād and appointed military governor in order to restore order in the chaos then prevailing. In spite of the great power of the Ṭāhirids, who ruled Ḵh̲urāsān as independent sovereigns in practice, although they nominally recognised the suzerainty of the Caliph, his task was by no means a light one. After al-Mustaʿīn had ascended the throne (248 = 862), he confirmed Muḥammad in his o…

b. al-Walīd. (K. V. Zetterstéen) Bibliography Add: Masʿūdī, Murūd̲j̲, ed., Paris, v. 361, 454, 480, 506 vi. 71 sq. ix. 59 Fragm. Hist. Arab., ed. de Goeje and de Jong, passim Kitāb al-Ag̲h̲ānī, see Guidi, Tables al-phabétiques ¶ Wellhausen, Die Kämpfe der Araber mil den Romäern, in N. G. W. Gött., 1901, p. 436 sqq.

, Abu ’l-Ḳāsim Hibat Allāh b. ʿAlī b. Ḏj̲aʿfar al-ʿId̲j̲lī, called Ibn Mākūlā, vizier to the Būyid Ḏj̲alāl al-Dawla, born in 365 (975-6). Ḏj̲alāl al-Dawla appointed him vizier in 423 (1032) but soon afterwards dismissed him. His successor Abū Saʿd Muḥammad b. al-Ḥusain b. ʿAbd al-Raḥīm only held the office a few days; as he was attacked and ill-treated by the Turkish mercenaries in the capital, he had to go into hiding. Ibn Mākūlā received the office again. In 424 (1033) Ḏj̲alāl al-Dawla had to flee to al-K…

b. al-Walīd b. al-Mug̲h̲īra al-Mak̲h̲zūmī, a contemporary of Muḥammad and a Muslim general. In the battle of Uḥud, ¶ where Ḵh̲ālid commanded the right wing of the Mekkan forces, and by his intervention at the right moment decided the battle in favour of the enemies of the Prophet he first displayed that brilliant talent for leadership to which in later days Islām owed so many successes. After Ḵh̲ālid had gone over to Islām with ʿAmr b. al-ʿĀṣ at the beginning of the year 8 (629) he took part in the unsuccessful c…

, Abū Bakr Muḥammad, Amīr al-Umarāʾ. In 317(929-930) Ibn Rāʾīḳ was appointed prefect of police in Bag̲h̲dād along with his brother ¶ Ibrāhīm. Both were dismissed in the following year but Muḥammad b. Rāʾīḳ received his office back in 319 (931-2), while Ibrāhīm was appointed at the same time high chamberlain. After the murder of al-Muḳtadir in 320 (932) the two brothers fled with others to al-Madāʾin and thence to Wāsiṭ, and after al-Rāḍī became Caliph in 322 (934) he appointed Muḥammad b. Rāʾiḳ governor of Wāsiṭ and…

bi ’llāh, Abū Manṣūr al-Faḍl, ʿAbbāsid caliph, born in 486 (1093—1094), son of al-Mustaẓhir and a slave-girl. Al-Mustars̲h̲id, who was proclaimed his father’s successor after the latter’s death on 16th Rabīʿ II 512 (Aug. 6, 1118), was the first caliph since the occupation of Bag̲h̲dād by the Būyids who was not content with spiritual supremacy but also endeavoured to revive the caliph’s authority in temporal matters. The Sald̲j̲ūḳ sulṭān had died before al-Mustaẓhir (Ḏh̲u ’l-Ḥid̲j̲d̲j̲a 511 = April 1118) and his son Maḥmud […

ʿAbd al-Malik b. Yazīd al-Ḵh̲orāsānī, a general in the service of the ʿAbbāsides. After the outbreak of the rebellion in Ḵh̲orāsān on the 25th Ramaḍān 129 (9th June 747) Abū ʿAwn several times took part in the war against the Umaiyads. At first he accompanied the ʿAbbāside general Ḳaḥtaba b. S̲h̲abīb; then he was sent by the latter to S̲h̲ahrazūr, where on the 20th Ḏh̲u’l-Ḥid̲j̲d̲j̲a 131 (10th August 749), in conjunction with Mālik b. Ṭarīf, he defeated ʿOt̲h̲mān b. Sufyān. Whilst Abū ʿAwn remained in the vicinity of Mosul, the Umaiyad caliph Marwān II marched…

, an ʿAbbāsid caliph. After the death of his father on Muḥarram 22, 169 (Aug. 4, 785) al-Hādī ascended the throne and at once put an end to the influence of his mother al-Ḵh̲aizurān, by forbidding her to interfere in the slightest in matters of state. When he proposed to exclude his brother Hārūn from the succession in favour of his son Ḏj̲aʿfar, he met with vigorous opposition from the Barmakid Yaḥyā b. Ḵh̲ālid [q. v.]. When the latter boldly persisted in his opposition, he was arrested; but th…

b. Mawdūd b. Zangī, ʿIzz al-Dīn Abu ’L-Fatḥ (or Abu ’l-Muẓaffar), lord of al-Mawṣil. Mawdūd [q. v.] died in 565 (1170); he was followed by his son Saif al-Dīn G̲h̲āzī [q. v.] as Atābeg of al-Mawṣil. When the latter came into conflict with Saladin [q. v.] in 570 (1175) he gave his brother Masʿūd command of the troops sent to relieve Ḥalab, which was being besieged by Saladin. After Saladin had left Ḥalab and seized ¶ the citadel of Ḥimṣ, Masʿūd, who had in the meanwhile attached the Ḥalabīs to his side, attacked him but was defeated in Ramaḍān 570 (April 1175) at Ḳurūn Ḥamāt. Saif al-Dīn died on 3rd Ṣaf…

b. Yaḥyā, a Barmakid, born in Ḏh̲u ’l-Ḥid̲j̲d̲j̲a 148 (February 766), governor of Ḏj̲urd̲j̲ān, Ṭabarīstān, al-Raiy etc. 176—180(792— 796-797) and of Ḵh̲orāsān 178-179 (794-795— 795-796). On the fall of the Barmakids in 187 (803) he was thrown into prison. He died in confinement in al-Raḳḳa in Ramaḍān 192 or Muḥarram 193 (808). For further details see above i. 665a (article bakmakids). (K. V. Zetterstéen)

b. Yaḥyā. See also the art. ʿabbāsa and Bouvat, Les Barmécides d’après les historiens arabes et persans. (K. V. Zetterstéen)

b. ʿAbd Allāh al-Ḳasrī, governor of the ʿIrāḳ. The Ḳasr family to which Ḵh̲ālid belonged was a branch of the tribe of Bad̲j̲īla [q. v.]; his mother was a Christian. In the year 89 (707/708) or 91 (709/710) he was appointed governor of Mekka by the Caliph al-Walīd. Here he remained during the life time of al-Walīd; after the accession of Sulaimān in 96 (715), however, he was dismissed and lived in retirement until in S̲h̲awwāl, 105 (March, 724), His̲h̲ām appointed him successor of the governor ʿUmar…

b. S̲h̲abīb al-Ṭāʾī, an Arab general. We find Ḳaḥṭaba, whose real name was Ziyād, mentioned as early as the year 100(718/719) among the twelve chiefs of the ʿAbbāsid faction in Ḵh̲orāsān, who are said to have been chosen by the Kūfan emissary Abū ʿIkrima al-Sarrād̲j̲ to further ¶ the ʿAbbāsid cause. When the long prepared revolution broke out in the summer of 129 (747), Ḳaḥṭaba was in Mecca to which he had gone in order during the pilgrimage to meet in person the leader of the ʿAbbāsids, Ibrāhīm b. Muḥammad [q. v.]. He did not return to Ḵh̲o…

, the name of two viziers: 1. Abu ’l-Faḍl Muḥammad b. Abī ʿAbd Allāh al-Ḥusain b. Muḥammad al-Kātib, called Ibn al-Amīd after his father who was known as al-ʿAmīd and had been Mardāwīd̲j̲’s vizier. In 388 (939-940) Ibn al-ʿAmīd was appointed vizier by the Būyid Rukn al-Dawla. He was held in great esteem by the latter and his influence continued to increase. In 344 (955-6) the Ḵh̲orāsānians under Muḥammad b. Mākān advanced against al-Raiy and Iṣfahān, which fell into their hands. Ibn al-ʿAmīd was defeated; while …

, Abu ’l-Ḳāsim ʿAlī b. Ṭirād b. Muḥammad, a vizier of the ʿAbbāsids. He and his family had the name Zainabī because they were descended from Zainab bint Sulaimān b. ʿAlī b. ʿAbd Allāh b. al-ʿAbbās, the cousin of the two first ʿAbbāsids, who was held in great honour among the ʿAbbāsids. In Rad̲j̲ab 453 (July—Aug. 1061) his father Ṭirād was appointed chief inspector ( naḳīb al-nuḳabāʾ) of the ʿAbbāsid s̲h̲arīfs and after his death in Shawwāl 491 (Sept. 1098), ʿAlī al-Zainabī inherited this office with which was combined in 517 (1123—1124) that of the ʿAlid chief inspectorate ( niḳābat al-ʿalawī…

, ʿAbu ’l-Abbās ʿAbd Allāh [b. Hārūn], ʿAbbāsid caliph, born in Rabīʿ I 170 (Sept. 786), son of Hārūn al-Ras̲h̲īd and a Persian slave named Marād̲j̲il. After a desperate struggle, which ended in the assassination of the Caliph al-Amīn [q. v.] in Muḥarram 198 (Sept. 813), the latter’s brother al-Maʾmūn ascended the throne; it was six years, however, before he could make his entry into Bag̲h̲dād. On account of his sympathy for things Persian, which was stimulated by the vizier al-Faḍl b. Sahl [q. v.] the Caliph was not ¶ at all popular with the Arabs. An ʿAlid Muḥammad b. Ibrāhīm, usu…

al-Lait̲h̲ī, governor of Ḵh̲urāsān. As early as 86 (705) we find him distinguishing himself in the campaigns of Ḳutaiba b. Muslim [q. v.] in Central Asia and from this time onwards his name is often mentioned in history. In 106 (724) he took part in the campaign conducted by Muslim b. Saʿīd al-Kilābī, governor of Ḵh̲urāsān, against Farg̲h̲āna. When the two tribes of Rabī’a and al-Azd refused military service, Naṣr was sent with the Mudarīs against the mutineers and defeated them at al-Barūḳān ne…

, Abū ʿAlī Muḥammad b. ʿAlī b. al-Ḥasan b. Muḳla, an ʿAbbāsid vizier, born in Bag̲h̲dād in 272 (886). He was first of all collector of taxes in a district of Fārs, but in the middle of Rabīʿ I 316 (May 928) he was appointed vizier by al-Muḳtadir. After two years of beneficial activity, he was dismissed on Ḏj̲umāda I 318 (June 930) because he was on intimate terms with Muʾnis, the chief of the Praetorians, whom the Caliph hated, and his enemy the chief of police, Muḥammad b. Yāḳūt, had him arrested and burned his house. After a considerable sum had been extorted from him, he was banished to Fārs. In ¶ Ḏh̲u…

b. Ḳais al-Fihrī, chief of the tribe of Ḳais, an ardent partisan of Muʿāwiya. In the year 39 = 659-660 by the latter’s orders he undertook an expedition with 3000 men against the partisans of ʿAlī in the Ḥid̲j̲āz and barred the way for pilgrims to Mecca, till ʿAlī sent Ḥud̲j̲r b. ʿAdī al-Kindī against him, who put al-Ḍaḥḥāk to flight. In the year 55 = 674-675 or according to another authority in 54 he was appointed governor of Kūfa. After filling this office for some time, he was dismissed in 58 =…

See also Masʿūdī, Murūd̲j̲, Paris, i. 59; v. 2, 163 sq., 172 sq., 368; vi. 30, 165; viii. 30; Guidi, Tables alphabétiques ¶ and Barbier de Meynard, Surnoms et sobriquets dans la littérature arabe, in J.A., ser. x., ix. 391. (K. V. Zetterstéen)

, a Muḥammadan dynasty in al-Ḥilla. The Banū Mazyad belonged to the tribe of Asad and lived west of the Tigris, from Kūfa to Hīt. In the southeast, on the Ḵh̲ūzistān frontier, the Banū Dubais had settled. When Abū ’l-G̲h̲anāʾim Muḥammad b. Mazyad, who was related to the Banū Dubais, slew one of their chiefs with ¶ whom he had quarrelled, a war broke out between the two tribes (401 = 1010-1011). Abū ’l-G̲h̲anāʾim fled to his brother Abū ’l-Ḥasan ʿAlī; the latter set out against the Banū Dubais with an army, but was defeated and Abu ’l-G̲h̲anāʾim fell …

, Badr al-Dīn Abu ’l-Faḍāʾil al-Malik al-Raḥīm, Atābeg of al-Mawṣil. Luʾluʾ, who had once been his slave, had great influence with the Zangid Nūr al-Dīn Arslān S̲h̲āh I and when Nūr al-Dīn on his deathbed(607 = 1210—1211) confirmed the nomination of his son al-Malik al-Ḳāhir ʿIzz al-Dīn Masʿūd as his successor, he appointed Luʾluʾ as regent of the kingdom, while the younger son Imād al-Dīn Zangī was given the two fortresses of al-ʿAḳr and S̲h̲ūsh near al-Mawṣil. At the end of Rabīʿ I, 615 (end of June 1218) al-Malik al-Ḳāhir died after appointing his minor son Nūr ¶ al-Dīn Arslān S̲h̲āh his…

b. Muḥammed b. ʿAlī b. ʿAbd Allāh, brother of the caliphs Abu ’l-ʿAbbās al-Saffāḥ and Abu Ḏj̲aʿfar al-Manṣūr. ʿAbbās helped to retake Malaṭya in 139 (756), and three years later was appointed by al-Manṣūr as governor of Mesopotamia and the neighboring frontier district. He was dismissed in 155 (772); that does not prevent his name from figuring frequently in the history of the times which followed immediately, however little important his political part may have been. He especially and often distingui…

al-Ḵh̲allāl Ḥafṣ b. Sulaimān, an emissary of the first ʿAbbāsides. Abū Salama, who was nothing more than a freed slave, took an active part in the cunning intrigues of the ʿAbbāsides, which prepared the final fall of the Umaiyad caliphate. After the ʿAbbāsides had allied themselves with the ʿAlides, an active propaganda in favor of the „Hās̲h̲imides“, i. e. the descendants of Hās̲h̲im, the ancestor of Muḥammed, was carried on. As a matter of fact this name could be applied according to circumstance…

Abū Manṣūr b. Abī S̲h̲ud̲j̲āʿ Muḥammad b. al-Ḥusain, a vizier. When the vizier Abū S̲h̲ud̲j̲āʿ Muḥammad al-Rūd̲h̲rāwarī [q. v.] made the pilgrimage to Mecca in 481 (1089) he appointed his son Rabīb al-Dawla and the naḳīb al-nuḳabāʾ Ṭirād b. Muḥammad al-Zainabī his deputies and in 507 (1113 — 1114) on the death of Abu ’l-Ḳāsim ʿAlī b. Fak̲h̲r al-Dawla Muḥammad b. Ḏj̲ahīr [see the article ibn d̲j̲ahīr, 3] Rabīb al-Dawla was appointed vizier of the caliph al-Mustaẓhir [q. v.]. In Ḏh̲u ’l-Ḥid̲j̲d̲j̲a 511 (April 1118) the fourteen year old Maḥmūd b. Muḥammad succee…

, governor of Ḵh̲urāsān. After the death of his father, Muḥammad received the governorship of Ḵh̲urāsān (Rad̲j̲ab 248 = Sept. 862). In 250 (864—5) the ʿAlid al-Ḥasan b. Zaid rebelled, which led to a long and serious struggle [see muḥammad b. ʿabd allāh]. When ʿAbd Allāh al-Sid̲j̲gī rebelled against Yaʿḳūb b. al-Lait̲h̲ al-Ṣaffār and appealed for help to Muḥammad, who appointed him governor of al-Tabasain and Ḳuhistān, Yaʿḳūb found a welcome pretext to invade Ḵh̲urāsān. Muḥammad sent an embassy to him; but as Yaʿḳūb had already found a f…

See also Masʿūdī, Murūd̲j̲, Paris, v. 198 sq., 206, 233 sqq.; vi. 217 sqq.; ix. 58; Guidi, Tables alphabétiques; Wellhausen, Das arabische Reich, p. 108, 118; Buhl, Die Krisis der Umajjadenherrschaft im Jahre 684, in J. A., xxvii. 50—64. (K. V. Zetterstéen)

b. ʿAmr b. Mālik al-Tamīmī, an Arab general. When Sad̲j̲āḥ bint al-Ḥārit̲h̲ gave herself out to be a prophetess after the death of ¶ Muḥammad, al-Ḳaʿḳāʿ joined her and is said to have fought on her side. But in the period following he always retained his Muslim views, and as a subordinate of the famous Ḵh̲ālid b. al-Walīd [q. v.] he played a very prominent part in the earliest wars of Islām. As early as the year II (632) he is reported to have fought faithfully on the side of Ḵh̲ālid in the battle of Buzāk̲h̲a [q. v.]…

b. ʿĀzib, a Muslim general. With his contemporary ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿOmar b. al-Ḵh̲aṭṭāb and several others he was turned back by Muḥammad on the departure for Badr because he was too young; he took part however in many other battles under the Prophet. When the latter sent Ḵh̲ālid b. al-Walīd into Yaman to demand the adoption of Islām by an Arab tribe, al-Barāʾ also took part in the expedition. During the reign of ʿOmar he was sent by the governor of Kūfa, al-Mug̲h̲īra b. S̲h̲uʿba with Ḥanẓala b. Zai…

li ’llāh, Abū Isḥāḳ Ibrāhīm, an ʿAbbāsid caliph, son of al-Mukṭadir [q. v.] and a slave-girl named Ḵh̲alūb. In Rabīʿ I 329 (Dec. 940) he succeeded his brother al-Rāḍī [q.v.]; by this time the caliphate had sunk so low that five days passed after the death of al-Rāḍī before steps were taken to choose his successor. Al-Muttaḳī at once confirmed the Amīr al-Umarāʾ Bed̲j̲kem [q.v.] in office; after his death however, the Turks and Dailamīs in the army began to quarrel with one another. Abū ʿAbd Allāh al-Barīdī [see al-barīdī] seized the capital but could only hold it a few weeks. He was…

Further Bibliography: Ibn al-Athīr, al-Kāmil, ed. Tornberg, v., passim; Yaʿḳūbī, ed. Houtsma, ii., see index; Masʿūdī, Murūd̲j̲, ed. Paris, v. 83, 471 sq.; vi. 71, 73, 75—77 86, 90 sq., 99, 104, 106 sqq., 176 sq., 183, 214 sqq., 222, 271; Balād̲h̲urī, ed. de Goeje, p. 126, 151, 192, 294, 371; Fragm. Hist. Arab., ¶ ed. de Goeje and de Jong, see index; Kitāb al-Ag̲h̲ānī, see Guidi, Tables alphabetiques, Wellhausen, Das arabische Reich, p. 341; cf. also Caetani and Gabrieli, Onomasticon Arabicum, ii. 731. (K. V. Zettersteen)

, Abu ’l-Faḍl Asʿad b. Muḥammad al-Barāwistāni, finance minister of the Sald̲j̲ūḳ Sulṭān Barkiyārūḳ. As early as 485 (1092—1093) we find Mad̲j̲d al-Mulk mentioned among the high officials, and in time he became more and more powerful, while Barkiyārūḳ’s weakness and incapacity became more and more obvious. But as a S̲h̲īʿī Mad̲j̲d al-Mulk became suspected of being the real instigator of the murders committed by the Ismāʿīlīs and after the amīr Bursuḳ [q. v.] had fallen a victim to Ismāʿīlī fanaticism,…

b. Badrān, ʿAlam al-Dīn Abu ’l-Maʿālī, an ʿUḳailid. After the death of Badrān in 425 (1033/1034) Ḳurais̲h̲ was recognised as lord of Naṣībīn. In the struggle between his two uncles, Ḳarwās̲h̲ [q. v.] and Abū Kāmil, he took the former’s part. After the death of Abū Kāmil in 443 (1052) al-Mawṣil and Naṣībīn were united under the rule of Ḳurais̲h̲. Soon afterwards 444 (1052/1053) he became involved in a war with his brother al-Muḳallad and another ʿUḳailid, Kāmil. The war did not last long and the situa…

, Abū Aḥmad ʿAbd Allāh b. al-Mustanṣir, the last ʿAbbāsid caliph of Bag̲h̲dād, born in 609 (1212/3). After the death of his father in Ḏj̲umādā I or II 640 (Nov./Dec. 1242) he was raised to the caliph’s ¶ throne but he had neither the talent nor the strength to avert the catastrophe threatening from the Mongols; he allowed himself to be guided by bad councillors who were not agreed among themselves but working against one another. In 683 (1255/6) the Mongol Ḵh̲ān Hūlāgū [q. v.] demanded that the Muslim rulers should make war on the …

, S̲h̲araf al-Dīn Abū Ḏj̲aʿfar Aḥmad b. Muḥammad b. Saʿīd, al-Mustand̲j̲id’s vizier. In 563 (1166-8) Ibn al-Baladī, who at that time was Nāẓir in Wāsiṭ, was appointed vizier. There was an old feud between him and the Ustād-dar ʿAḍud al-Dīn Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allāh. After the murder of the caliph in Rabīʿ II 566 (December 1170) by ʿAḍud al-Dīn and the Emīr Ḳuṭb al-Dīn, they forced his successor al-Mustaḍīʾ to appoint ʿAḍud al-Dīn vizier, whereupon Ibn al-Baladī was executed. (K. V. Zetterstéen) Bibliography Ibn al-Ṭiḳṭaḳā, al-Fak̲h̲rī (ed. Derenbourg), p. 426—9 Ibn al-At̲h̲īr (ed. Tornb…

Further Bibliography in Caetani and Gabrieli, Onomasticon Arabicum, ii. 171. (K. V. Zetterstéen)

, Abū Mūsā ʿAbd Allāh b. Ḳais, governor. Abū Mūsā belonged to Yemen and early accepted Islām. According to the usual tradition, after his conversion in Mekka he joined the emigration to Abyssinia and only retured on the conquest of Ḵh̲aibar. Thereupon he was appointed governor of a district by Muḥammad. In the year 17 (638) ʿOmar conferred on him the governorship of Baṣra on the deposition of al-Mug̲h̲īra b. S̲h̲uʿba. It was no light task however to hold the restless Beduin in check, and when Abū Mūsā…

b. Marwān, son of Caliph Marwān I. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz was appointed governor of Egypt by his father, and after ʿAbd al-Malik had ascended the throne, the latter confirmed the appointment. During his twenty years’ sojourn in Egypt, ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz proved himself a good ruler who really had the welfare of his province at heart. When in the year 69 (689) ʿAbd al-Malik, after the assassination of the rebellious governor ʿAmr b. Saʿīd, was going to have the latter’s relatives executed also, ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz int…

bi ’llāh, Abu ’l-Faḍl Ḏj̲aʿfar b. Aḥmad, ʿAbbāsid caliph, son of al-Muʿtaḍid and a slave named S̲h̲ag̲h̲ab. After the death of his brother al-Muktafī in Ḏh̲u ’l-Ḳaʿda 295 (Aug. 908), al-Muḳtadir who was only 13 at the time was proclaimed caliph. Many however preferred ʿAbd Allāh, son of the caliph al-Muʿtazz, and after the murder of the vizier al-ʿAbbās b. al-Ḥasan b. Aḥmad [q. v.], al-Muḳtadir was declared to be deposed and Ibn al-Muʿtazz elected caliph. The eunuch Muʾnis [q. v.] came forward to save…

, Abū Burda ʿĀmir b. ʿAbī Mūsā, judge and traditionist. When S̲h̲abīb b. Yazīd appeared at the head of the Ḵh̲ārid̲j̲ites in the year 76 (695-696) and surprised Kūfa, Abū Burda had also to pay homage to the insurgent. Later he was appointed judge in Kūfa. Through his personal ¶ qualities he gained great regard as occupant of this office; besides he was considered to be well versed in Muḥammadan tradition. According to the usual account he died in the year 103 (721-722); but 104, 106 and 107 are also given as the year of his death. (K. V. Zetterstéen) Bibliography Ibn Saʿd, vi. 187 Ṭabarī (ed. de Go…

bi-Amr Allāh Abū Naṣr Muḥammad b. al-Nāṣir, an ʿAbbāsid Caliph. As early as Ṣafar 585 (March-April 1189) the caliph al-Nāṣir had designated his eldest son Muḥammad as his successor. Later however, he changed his mind in favour of his younger son ʿAlī but since the latter died in 612 (1215—1216) and al-Nāṣir had no other male heirs, he had to come back to Muḥammad and again have homage paid to him as heir-apparent. Regarding the treatment given the future commander of the faithful in his father’s house…

b. ʿAbd Allāh b. al-ʿAbbās was the ancestor of the ʿAbbāsides. According to Muḥammedan tradition, ʿAlī was born in the year 40 (661), the very same night, in which the caliph ʿAlī was assassinated; but there are also other statements concerning the year of his birth. His ¶ mother was called Zurʿa bint Mis̲h̲raḥ. His grandfather ʿAbbās was the uncle of the Prophet, and on account of his high birth and his personal gifts ʿAlī attained to great distinction. He was looked upon as the handsomest and most pious Ḳurais̲h̲ite of his time, and receive…

b. Muḥammad, the last of the Omaiyad caliphs in Damascus. He was the grandson of the caliph Marwān b. al-Ḥakam. As governor of Mesopotamia and Armenia his ¶ father Muḥammad for several years directed the campaigns against the Byzantines. His mother was a Kurdish slave-girl. Maslama b. ʿAbd al-Malik [q. v.] was one of those who followed Muḥammad b. Marwfin to war; it is not till 115 (733—734) that we find Marwān coming to the front as governor of Armenia and Ād̲h̲arbāid̲j̲ān. In this position, which he held for 12 years, h…

b. Wahb b. Saʿīd Abū Aiyūb, an ʿAbbāsid vizier. He belonged to a family which had originally been Christian but had later gone over to Islām. His father had been in the service of the Barmecide Ḏj̲aʿfar b. Yaḥyā [q. v.] and later in that of al-Faḍl b. Sahl [q.v.]. On the latter’s death he was given the governorship of Fārs and Kirmān. At the age of 14 Sulaimān became secretary to the Caliph al-Maʾmūn; he later entered the service of the generals Ītāk̲h̲ and As̲h̲nās, the former of whom held several i…

b. Ziyād, an Omaiyad governor. ʿUbaid Allāh was the most distinguished of the sons of the favourite of Muʿāwiya I, Ziyād b. Abīhi [q. v.], celebrated for his rigour and severity, and was appointed governor of Ḵh̲urāsān at the age of five and twenty. According to the usual statement, this took place in 54 (673—674). Soon afterwards he crossed the Oxus with an Arab army and advanced as far as Buk̲h̲ārā [q. v.]. But he did not remain long in Ḵh̲urāsān; in 55 (674—675) or according to others 56 (675-…

, a once celebrated city south of the ruins of Babylon, on the western arm of the Euphrates (cf. al-furāt), which later disappears in the, swamps west of Wāsiṭ. After the battle of al-Ḳādisīya [q. v.] the Arabs by command of ʿOmar built a strongly defended camp on this site in order to control more easily the people of the newly conquered province, while the old capital Ctesiphon was ruthlessly destroyed, and the capital of the Lak̲h̲mid dynasty, Hīra, only a few Arab miles south of Kūfa gradually lost its former importance. For military reasons this settlement which was called al-Kūfa and the…

the name of two viziers: 1. al-Ḥasan b. Mak̲h̲lad b. al-Ḏj̲arrāḥ of Dair Ḳunnā, administrator of the domains from 243 (857-8) onwards. After the death of ʿUbaid Allāh b. Yaḥyā in Ḏh̲u ’l-Ḳaʿda 263 (July 877) [see ibn k̲h̲āḳān, 1.] al-Ḥasan was appointed vizier by al-Muʿtamid. At the same time he was secretary to the latter’s brother al-Muwaffaḳ but after about a month he fled to Bag̲h̲dād on the arrival of Mūsā b. Bog̲h̲ā in Sāmarrā, the capital of that time. Sulaimān b. Wahb then took over the vizierate and his son ʿUbaid Allāh the…

b. Bulbul, Abu’l--Ṣaḳr, vizier of al-Muʿtamid. In 265 (878—9) Abu ’l-Ṣaḳr was appointed vizier; but the real ruler was al-Muwaffaḳ, the Caliph’s brother. At the beginning of Ṣafar 278 (May 891) a rumour gained currency that al-Muwaffaḳ, who was then very ill, had died in Bag̲h̲dād. His son Abu’l-ʿAbbās, the future caliph al-Muʿtaḍid, had also a strong following among the population of the capital and, when Abu’l-Ṣaḳr had the Caliph brought with his family from al-Madāʾin to Bag̲h̲dād and placed th…

, Abū Ḏj̲aʿfar, called Ibn al-Zaiyāt, vizier to several ʿAbbāsids. Ibn al-Zaiyāt began his career as secretary in the chancellery in Bag̲h̲dād and when the caliph al-Muʿtaṣim noticed his ability and learning he appointed him his vizier (219—220 = 834—835). He also filled this office in the reign of al-Wāt̲h̲iḳ; but as he treated the latter’s brother Ḏj̲aʿfar, the future caliph al-Mutawakkil, with a lack of respect he earned his hatred. After the death of al-Wāt̲h̲iḳ in Ḏh̲u ’l-Ḥid̲j̲d̲j̲a 232 (Aug…

b. Abī Waḳḳāṣ, an Arab general. His father’s full name was Mālik b. Wuhaib b. ʿAbd Manāf b. Zuhra b. Kilāb b. Murra. Saʿd, who had become a convert to Islām at the age of seventeen (cf. al-Buk̲h̲ārī, Manāḳib al-Anṣār, bāb 31; Ibn Mād̲j̲a, Sunan, introductory chapter, bāb 11), was one of the oldest companions of the Prophet, being a special favourite of his and one of those who had been promised Paradise (Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal, i. 193; ii. 222); he took part not only in the battles of Badr and Uḥud but also in the campaigns that followed. When a…

, the name of several viziers. 1. ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusain, Abu ’l-Ḥasan. Like his ¶ father, ʿAlī was one of the intimate friends of the Hamdānid Saif al-Dawla of Ḥalab. He had also great influence with his son Saʿd al-Dawla, but when a cloud came over their friendship, ʿAlī left Ḥalab and went to al-Raḳḳa to Bakd̲j̲ūr, who had been one of Saif al-Dawla’s Mamlūks and persuaded him to enter into negotiations with the Fāṭimid caliph al-ʿAzīz bi ’llāh [q. v.] with whom ʿAlī had had relations for a long time. When Bakd̲…

ʿAbd Allāh b. Muḥammad. See also Yaʿḳūbī, ed. Houtsma, ii. 356-358. (K. V. Zetterstéen)

b. al-Ḥuṣaib, one of Muḥammad’s Companions, chief of the tribe of Aslam b. Afṣā. When the Prophet migrated from Mecca and was passing the settlement of the Aslam in al-G̲h̲amīm, Buraida became converted to Islām, with about eighty families, who were with him. He did not go to Medīna till after the battle of Uḥud but thereafter then he took part in all Muḥammad’s campaigns. In the year 9 (630) he was sent to collect taxes from the Aslam and G̲h̲ifār and is said to have accompanied ʿAlī’s expeditio…

b. ʿAbd Allāh Amīn al-Dawla Ẓahīr al-Dīn Abū Manṣūr, founder of the dynasty of the Būrids. Ṭug̲h̲tegīn began his military career as a mamlūk in the service of the Sald̲j̲ūḳ Sulṭān Tutus̲h̲ [q.v.] who afterwards manumitted him, entrusted him with the education of his son Duḳāḳ and even gave him the latter’s mother Ṣafwat al-Mulk as a wife. After Tutush had fallen in battle with his nephew Barkiyārūḳ (488 = 1095) Duḳāḳ was recognised as lord of Damascus. He showed the greatest respect for his stepfather a…

b. ʿOmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz, son of the caliph ʿOmar II. In the year 126 (744) ʿAbd Allāh was appointed governor of the ʿIrāḳ by Yazīd III, but in a short time aroused the discontent of the Syrian chiefs in that place, who felt that they were unfavorably treated by the new governor compared with the inhabitants of the ʿIrāḳ. After the accession of Marwān II, ʿAbd Allāh b. Muʿāwiya [q. v.], a descendant of ʿAlī’s brother Ḏj̲aʿfar, rebelled in Kūfa in Muḥarram 127 (October 744), but was expelled by ʿAbd…

b. Abī Duʾād, Muʿtazilite ḳāḍī, a native of Baṣra, born according to some statements in 160 (776-777). Owing to his scholarship and merits he acquired influence over Caliph al-Maʾmūn, and became soon one of the latter’s most intimate friends. Al-Maʾmūn also advised his brother and successor al-Muʿtaṣim to place Aḥmed, who was a fervent adherent of the Muʿtazilite teaching among his counsellors and never to leave him. After his accession in 218 (833) al-Muʿtaṣim consequently appointed Aḥmed chief ḳ…

b. al-Walīd, Umaiyad general, son of the caliph Walīd I. ʿAbbās owes his celebrity principally to the energetic part he took in the continual struggles of the Umaiyads with the Byzantines. With regard to the details, the Arab and Byzantine sources do not, certainly, always agree. In the early part of the reign of Walīd I, he and his uncle, Maslama b. ʿAbd al-Malik, seized Ṭuwāna, the most important fortress of Cappadocia. The Mussulmans had begun to be discouraged and ʿAbbās had to display the gr…

Further Bibliography: Masʿūdī, Murūd̲j̲, Paris, vi. 41 sq., 67 sq., 109; Kitāb al-Ag̲h̲ānī, see Guidi, Tables alphabétiques; Wellhausen, Die religiös-politischen Oppositionsparteien im alten Islām, in Abh. G. W. Gött., v. 2, p. 98 sq.; cf. also Caetani and Gabrieli, Onomasticon Arabicum, ii. 853. (K. V. Zetterstéen)

Bint Ḏj̲aʿfar b. Abī Ḏj̲aʿfar al-Manṣūr, Umm Ḏj̲aʿfar, wife of the caliph Hārūn al-Ras̲h̲īd and mother of his successor Muḥammad al-Amīn [q. v.]. She was born in 145 (762 — 763) and her real name was Amat al-ʿAzīz “the slave of the Almighty”, but on account of her youthful and fresh complexion she was nicknamed by her grandfather, the caliph al-Manṣūr, zubaida (diminutive of zubda “cream”, “fresh butter”; also the name of the marigold, Calendula officinalis). Her marriage with Hārūn was celebrated in 165 (781—782) and she died in Bag̲h̲dād in Ḏj̲umādā I 216 (June—July …

, Muḥammad b. Īldegiz, S̲h̲ams al-Dīn, Atābeg of Ād̲h̲arbāid̲j̲ān. His father Īldegiz [q. v.] had in course of time risen to be the real ruler in the Sald̲j̲ūḳ empire; the widow of Sulṭān Ṭug̲h̲ri̊l [q. v.] was Pehlewān’s mother and Arslān b. Ṭug̲h̲ri̊l [q. v.] his step-brother. In the fighting between Īldegiz and the lord of Marāg̲h̲a, Ibn Aḳ Sunḳur al-Aḥmadīlī, Pehlewān played a prominent part [cf. the article marāg̲h̲a]. From his father he inherited in 568 (1172—1173) Arrān, Ād̲h̲arbāid̲j̲ān, al-Ḏj̲ibāl, Hamad̲h̲ān, Iṣfahān and al-Raiy with their dependent ter…

, the name of four viziers: 1. Fak̲h̲r al-Dawla Abū Naṣr Muḥammad b. Muḥammad b. Ḏj̲ahīr, born in Mōṣul in 398 (1007-8). He first entered the service of the ¶ Banū ʿUḳail, who had been ruling in his native city since 386 (996); but when the ʿUḳailid Ḳurais̲h̲ b. Badrān wished to throw him into prison he fled to Aleppo where the Mirdāsid Muʿizz al-Dawla b. Ṣāliḥ appointed him his vizier. He next left Aleppo and was appointed vizier to Naṣr al-Dawla Aḥmad b. Marwān, lord of Diyār Bakr. After the latter’s death in 453 (1061-2)…

, the name of three viziers: 1. Ḏj̲alāl al-Dīn ʿAmīd al-Dawla Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥasan b. ʿAlī, al-Mustars̲h̲id’s vizier. In 513 (1119-20), he was appointed vizier, but in Ḏj̲umādā I 516 (July-August 1122) the Caliph dismissed him. His house was plundered and his nephew Abu ’l-Riḍā fled to Mōṣul. The office was then given to ʿAlī b. Ṭirād al-Zainabī and in S̲h̲aʿbān (Oct.-Nov.) of the same year, to Aḥmad b. Niẓām al-Mulk. When the latter demanded that Ibn Ṣadaḳa should leave the capital, he went to Hadīt̲h̲at ʿĀna to…

Abū Ḏj̲aʿfar al-Manṣūr b. al-Mustars̲h̲id, ʿAbbāsid caliph. On the 2th Rabīʿ II, 513 (July 13, 1119) the caliph al-Mustars̲h̲id [q. v.] had homage paid to his twelve-year-old son Abū Ḏj̲aʿfar al-Manṣūr as heir-apparent and in Ḏh̲u ’l-Ḳaʿda 529 (Aug.— Sept. 1135) the latter was acclaimed caliph under the name al-Rās̲h̲id bi ’llāh. When the Sald̲j̲ūḳ Sulṭān Masʿūd b. Muḥammad [q. v.] soon afterwards demanded 400,000 dīnārs from him, al-Rās̲h̲id refused, because, as he said, he had no money. Masʿūd’s envoy …

b. ʿAbd al-Malik, ʿUmaiyad Caliph, son of the Caliph ʿAbd al-Malik b. Marwān and ʿĀʾis̲h̲a, daughter of His̲h̲ām b. Ismāʿīl, governor of Medīna. He was proclaimed Caliph in S̲h̲aʿbān 105 = January 724 and began his reign by dismissing ʿUmar b. Hubaira, governor of the ʿIrāḳ. Ḵh̲ālid b. ʿAbd Allāh al-Ḳasrī was appointed his successor and ruled the province for nearly fifteen years and earned the gratitude of the populace by its peaceful development under him. His enemies, however, ultimately succee…

, Abū Bakr, a chief of police in Bag̲h̲dād. In 318 (930) Muḥammad, whose father was chief chamberlain to the Caliph al-Muḳtadir was appointed chief of police. The maintenance of order in the capital at this time was much neglected and the praetorians conducted a regular reign of terror. In a fracas between infantry and cavalry Muḥammad intervened on behalf of the latter; their opponents were cut down, some driven from the city and only a small contingent of negroes, who at once surrendered, remain…

b. Māhān Abū Hās̲h̲im, one of the most zealous propagandists of the ʿAbbāsids. Bukair was originally employed as secretary or interpreter with Ḏj̲unaid ʿAbd al-Raḥmān, governor of India when the latter was dismissed, Bukair went to Kūfa in 105 (723-724) where he was won over to the ʿAbbāsid faction and placed his great wealth at their disposal. After the death of the ʿAbbāsid emissary Maisara, he was entrusted by Muḥammad b. ʿAlī, the leader of the ʿAbbāsids, with charge of the propaganda in ʿIraḳ.…

bi-Amri ’llāh, Abu ’l-Ḳāsim ʿAbd Allāh b. Muḥammad, ʿAbbāsid caliph. His father was a son of the caliph al-Ḳāʾim and his mother an Armenian slave girl named Urd̲j̲uwān. After the death of his grandfather al-Ḳāʾim in S̲h̲aʿbān 467 (April 1075), al-Muḳtadī succeeded him as caliph. The real ruler was the Sald̲j̲ūḳ sulṭān Māliks̲h̲āh [q. v.] to whose daughter al-Muḳtadī was married in 480 (1087). By 482(1089) however, she had returned to her father because ¶ she was neglected by the caliph. Māliks̲h̲āh, who wished to prevent the caliph interfering in affairs of state, end…

b. Muʿād̲h̲ b. al-Nuʿmān b. Imrūʾ al-Ḳais b. Zaid b. ʿAbd al-As̲h̲hal al-Ansārī al-Awsī, a contemporary of Muḥammad’s. He was head of the great clan of the Banū ʿAbd al-As̲h̲hal in Medīna. Saʿd was won over to the new faith by Maṣʿab b. ʿUmair, who accompanied ¶ the twelve Medīna participants in the first meeting at al-ʿAḳaba [q. v.] when they returned home and made a successful propaganda for Islām. From the very first he showed great zeal for the faith and when Muḥammad undertook an expedition against Buwāṭ, he appointed Saʿd (or, accordi…

Yaʿküb b. Dāwūd, a vizier. Yaʿḳūb, who is eulogized by Arabian writers not only on account of his learning but also for his noble and amiable character, had joined the two ʿAlide rebels Muḥammed and Ibrāhīm b. ʿAbd Allāh. He was on account of this, together with his brother ʿAlī, thrown into prison by Caliph al-Manṣūr after the suppression of the uprising, and only received his liberty from the latter’s son and successor Muḥammed al-Mahdī. By means of giving skilful advice he managed to win the co…

b. Abī Ṭālib, whose epithet was al-Ṭaiyār (“he who flies into Paradise”), a cousin of Muḥammad. Ḏj̲aʿfar was one of the first converts of the Prophet and took part in the second migration of believers to Abyssinia. According to the usual story he was actually the leader of the emigrants and was spokesman at the audience with the Negūs. Some say that he also took part in the battle of Badr; but he was still in Abyssinia at this time. He did not return to Arabia till 7 (628), immediately after the battl…

, a Persian dynasty. Their ancestors came from Arabia and had settled in Ḵh̲urāsān at the time of the Muslim conquest, where they lived for several centuries. On the approach of the Mongols, the emīr G̲h̲iyāt̲h̲ al-Dīn Ḥād̲j̲d̲j̲ī, with his three sons Abū Bakr, Muḥammad and Manṣūr, retired to Yazd. The two first named entered the service of the Atābeg of Yazd, ʿAlāʾ al-Dawla, and when Hūlāgū [q. v.] marched on Bag̲h̲dād, Abū Bakr followed him with 300 horse. After the capture of Bag̲h̲dād he was…

b. al-Muhallab b. Abī Ṣufra al-Azdī, governor of Ḵh̲urāsān. Yazīd was born in 53 (672—673) and after the death of his father al-Muhallab [q. v.] at the end of 82 (702) was appointed governor of Ḵh̲urāsān. With his brotherin-law, the powerful al-Ḥad̲j̲d̲j̲ād̲j̲ b. Yūsuf [q. v.], his relations were strained and in 85 (704) the caliph ʿAbd al-Malik, after some hesitation, was persuaded by the latter to remove Yazīd from his office which was given first to his brother al-Mufaḍḍal b. al-Muhallab and a few…

b. abī Dulaf, a governor. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz was the son of an officer, Abū Dulaf, who had served under the caliph al-Amīn and then retired to Karad̲j̲, a town between Iṣpahān and Hamad̲h̲ān, where as chief of his clan he occupied an independent position. In the year 252 (866) ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz, who had joined al-Mustaʿīn’s party during the struggle for the throne, was entrusted by Waṣīf, the governor of Persian ʿIrāḳ, with the administration of that province. When in the following year al-Muʿtazz conferre…

, chief Emīr, commander-in-chief of the army. As the name shews this dignity was originally confined to the military command. But the pretorians continued to become more powerful, and already the first bearer of the title, the eunuch Mūnis, soon became the real ruler, for it was to him that the weak and incapable Caliph al-Muḳtadir owed his rescue on the occasion of the conspiracy on behalf of ʿAbd Allāh b. al-Muʿtazz in 296 (908). After the appointment of Muḥammed b. Rāʾiḳ the governor of Wāsiṭ…

Abū S̲h̲ud̲j̲āʿ b. Bahā ʾ al-Dawla, a Būyid. After the death of Bahāʾ al-Dawla on Ḏj̲umādā II, 5, 403 (= Dec. 22, 1012) in Arrad̲j̲ān, his son Sulṭān al-Dawla succeeded him as amīr of Fārs and al-ʿIrāḳ. He at once left Arrad̲j̲ān for S̲h̲īrāz and appointed his brother Ḏj̲alāl al-Dawla [q. v.] governor of Baṣra and his other brother Abu ’l-Fawāris governor of Kirmān. The latter was persuaded by the Dailamī troops to rebel against Sulṭān al-Dawla; he went to Fārs and entered S̲h̲īrāz but was immediatel…

, King of Susiana. As a commander of a Persian division he took part in the battle of al-Ḳādisīya in 16 = 637, but escaped by flight and retired to his country of Ḵh̲ūzistān, from which he offered a vigorous resistance to the Muslims. According to the usual statement, he invaded Maisān and Dastmaisān, but was driven out by the united forces of Baṣra and Kūfa and had to sue for peace and cede the Muslims a considerable portion of his lands. In consequence of a border feud with the Banu ’l-ʿAm, he…

or Buwaihids, a Persian dynasty whose founder Abū S̲h̲ud̲j̲āʿ Būya (Buwaih) is represented by some to have been a descendant of the Sāsānian king Bahrām Gōr. The alleged genealogical table of the Būyids, who were originally freelances in Dailam, does not go back to the Sāsānian king himself but only to his ¶ first minister Mihr Narsē; little reliance is to be placed on this table however and the whole is apparently only an attempt to glorify the dynasty. As chief of a warlike horde, which consisted mainly of Dailamites, Abū S̲h̲ud̲j̲āʿ had alread…

b. Muḥammad also called al-Ṣādiḳ (“the Trustworthy”), the sixth of the twelve Imāms. Ḏj̲aʿfar was born in 80 (699-700) or 83 (702-703) and succeeded his father Muḥammad al-Bāḳir as Imām. He played no part in politics. On the other hand he was celebrated for his thorough knowledge of Muḥammadan Tradition and is said also to have occupied himself with astrology, alchemy, and other secret sciences; but the works which bear his name are later forgeries. He died in Medīna in 148 (765). The members of the…

b. Ḳi̊li̊d̲j̲ Arslān, Mug̲h̲īt̲h̲ al-Dīn, a Sald̲j̲uḳ ruler in Asia Minor. When the old king Ḳi̊li̊d̲j̲ Arslān II [q. v.] divided his kingdom among his many sons, Ṭug̲h̲ri̊ls̲h̲āh received the town of Abulustain. In 597 (1200—1201) his brother Rukn al-Dīn Sulaimān [q. v.] conquered Erzerūm which he handed over to Ṭug̲h̲ri̊ls̲h̲āh, while he himself took Abulustain. A few years later Balaban, lord of Ḵh̲ilāṭ (Ak̲h̲lāṭ), was attacked by the Aiyūbid al-Awḥad Aiyūb b. al-ʿĀdil [q. v.]. As he was unable t…

, Abū Kālīd̲j̲ār al-Marzubān, a Būyid. After the death of the Būyid ruler ʿAḍud al-Dawla in S̲h̲awwāl, 372 (March, 983), his son Abū Kālīd̲j̲ār was recognised as Amīr al-Umarāʾ under the name Ṣamṣām al-Dawla. The latter then gave his two brothers Abu ’l-Ḥusain Aḥmad and Abū Ṭāhir Fīrūz S̲h̲āh the province of Fārs as a fief and ordered them to go there at once. But when they arrived in Arrad̲j̲ān the fourth brother, S̲h̲araf al-Dawla, had anticipated them and already taken possession of Fārs so that…

b. Muḥammad b. al-Muṭṭalib, Mad̲j̲d al-Dīn Abu ’l-Maʿālī, vizier of the caliph al-Mustaẓhir. Hibat Allāh was appointed vizier in Muḥarram 501 = Aug.-Sept. 1107 but dismissed in Ramaḍān at the instigation of the Sald̲j̲ūḳ Sulṭān Muḥammad b. Maliks̲h̲āh. The caliph restored him his office soon after on condition that he pledged himself not to take any d̲h̲immī into his service, but he was again dismissed in 502 = 1108-1109 or 503 = 1109-1110 and forced to seek asylum for himself and his family with the Sulṭān. (K. V. Zetterstéen) Bibliography Ibn al-At̲h̲īr (ed. Tornberg), x. 305, 309,…

bi ’llāh, Abū Ḏj̲aʿfar al-Manṣūr b. al-Zāhir, ʿAbbāsid caliph; like his father whom he succeeded on the 14th Rad̲j̲ab 623 (July 11, 1226), he is described as a just and devout man and was generally liked although he played no great part in politics. He acquired Irbil by a legacy in 630 (1232—1233) and eight years later his lands were increased by the acquisition of the town of ʿĀna which he bought from its previous owner. About this time the Mongols began to threaten the lands of Islām. Čingiz-Ḵh̲ān [q. v.] had …

, Abū Ṭāhir b. Fak̲h̲r al-Dawla, a Būyid. After the death of Fak̲h̲r al-Dawla [q. v.] the amirs proclaimed as his successor his four-year-old son Mad̲j̲d al-Dawla under the guardianship of his mother Saiyida and gave the governorship of Hamad̲h̲ān and Kirmāns̲h̲ahān to S̲h̲ams al-Dawla who was also a minor. When Mad̲j̲d al-Dawla grew up, he sought to overthrow his mother and with this object made an arrangement with the vizier al-Ḵh̲aṭīr Abū ʿAlī b. ʿAlī b. al-Ḳāsim in 397 (1006/1007). But when they …

b. Muḥammad al-Ḥakam b. Abī ʿAḳīl b. Masʿūd al-T̲h̲aḳafī, governor of the ʿIrāḳ. Yūsuf was a parent of the famous al-Ḥad̲j̲d̲j̲ād̲j̲ b. Yūsuf [q. v.] and governed the province of the Yaman for many years before he was transferred to the ʿIrāḳ by the caliph al-His̲h̲ām b. ʿAbd al-Malik. On Ramaḍān 27, 106 (Feb. 15, 725) he arrived as governor in the Yaman and in Ḏj̲umāda I, 120 (April—May 738) he was appointed governor of the ʿIrāḳ, and took up his quarters in al-Ḥīra while his son al-Ṣalt remained as hi…

, the name of two Mamlūk sulṭāns. I. al-Malik al-Nāṣir Nāṣir al-Dīn Muḥammad, ¶ the ninth sulṭān of the Baḥrī Mamlūks, son of Sulṭān Ḳalāʾūn [q. v.] and a Mongol princess named Aslūn (As̲h̲lūn) Ḵh̲ātūn. Born in the middle of Muḥarram 684 (Dec. 1285), he received homage as sulṭān after the assassination of his brother al-Malik al-As̲h̲raf Ḵh̲alīl in Muḥarram 693 (Dec. 1293). After the two emīrs Zain al-Dīn Ketbog̲h̲a al-Manṣūrī and ʿAlam al-Dīn Sand̲j̲ar al-S̲h̲ud̲j̲āʿī had agreed that the former should hold the office of administrator of the government ( niyābat al-salṭana) and the lat…

b. Saʿīd al-As̲h̲daḳ, governor of Mekka at the time of Yazīd b. Muʿāwiya’s accession to the throne in the year 60 (680). In the same year he was also appointed governor of Medīna, ¶ and at the command of Yazīd sent an army to Mekka against ʿAbdallāh b. al-Zubair, the rival caliph. He entrusted the command of this expedition to a brother of ʿAbdallāh, ʿAmr b. al-Zubair, who was taken prisoner and, with the consent of his brother, flogged to death at Mekka by his personal enemies. ʿAmr b. Saʿīd was deposed at the end of the follo…

, the name of two Aiyūbids. I. al-Malik al-Nāṣir Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn Dāwūd b. al-Malik al-Muʿahẓhẓam, born in Ḏj̲umādā 1603 (Dec. 1205) in Damascus. After the death of his father at the end of Ḏh̲u ’l-Ḳaʿda 624 (Nov. 1227) Dāwūd succeeded him on the throne of Damascus and the Mamlūk ʿIzz al-Dīn Aibak acted as regent. Dāwūd’s uncles however, covetous of territory, did not leave him long in peace. Al-Malik al-Kāmil [q. v.] first of all claimed the fortress of al-S̲h̲awbak [q. v.] and when it was refused him he occupie…

See also Caetani, Annali dell’ Islām, index, ii. 1251. (K. V. Zetterstéen)

b. ʿAbd al-Raḥman al-Azdī, a governor. ʿAbd al-Ḏj̲abbār, who had already taken part in the battles against the partisans of the Umaiyads, was according to the usual accounts appointed governor of Ḵh̲orāsān in 140 (757-758) by Caliph al-Manṣūr, and there he soon made himself known through his cruelty. In the following year, however, the caliph grew suspicious of him, and after some correspondence, in which al-Manṣūr and his governor each tried to outwit the other, the caliph sent an expedition again…

b. ʿOmar b. al-Ḵh̲aṭṭāb, eldest son of the caliph ʿOmar I, and one of the most respected of all Muḥammed’s companions, generally called Ibn ʿOmar. ʿAbd Allāh was born several years before the Hid̲j̲ra, his mother’s name was Zainab bint Maẓʿūn. He became a convert ¶ to Islām in his boyhood at the same time as his father. At the battles of Bedr and Uḥud he was kept in the background by Muḥammed, because he was still too young, but he took part in the campaign of the Ditch and fought in all the battles of the Prophet. Subsequently also his na…

, wife of the Caliph al-Maʾmūn. According to some authorities, her real name was Ḵh̲adīd̲j̲a and Būrān was an added name. Born in Ṣafar 192 (December 807), while still a child ten years old she was betrothed to the Caliph at whose court her father Ḥasan b. Sahl was held in the highest esteem. The splendid wedding ceremony, which was celebrated on a scale hitherto unknown, did not take place till Ramaḍān 210 (825-826) at Fam al-Ṣilḥ, near Wasīṭ. The Arab writers delight in fabulous descriptions o…

b. Ardas̲h̲īr, Abū Naṣr, vizier of the Būyid Bahāʾ al-Dawla [q. v.]. Sābūr was appointed vizièr in 380 (990—991). He did not, however, remain long in office, for he was dismissed in the following year, but in 382 (992—993) was restored to his former rank. At the same time Bahāʾ al-Dawla also appointed Abu Manṣūr b. Ṣāliḥān vizier and the two then acted jointly as viziers of the Būyid Emīr. After some time, however, the Dailamī troops began to show their dissatisfaction with Sābūr; his house was sac…

, Abu ’l-’Abbās Aḥmad b. Ṭalḥa, ʿAbbāsid caliph, son of al-Muwaffaḳ, co-regent with the caliph al-Muʿtamid [q. v.], and a Greek slave named Ḍirār. Al-Muʿtaḍid was already the real ruler in the two last years of al-Muwaffaḳ’s life and after the death of al-Muʿtamid in Rad̲j̲ab 279 (Oct. 892) he ascended the throne. The new caliph who had inherited his father’s gifts as a ruler and was distinguished alike for his economy and military ability is one of the greatest of the ʿAbbāsids in spite of his stric…

See also Lammens, Le califat de Yazîd Ier (M. F. O. B.), p. 213 sqq. (K. V. Zetterstéen)

b. al-Ḥad̲j̲d̲j̲ād̲j̲ b. ʿAbd al-Malik, an Umaiyad general. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz was a faithful partisan of his cousin Yazīd III and one of his most eminent assistants. Already in al-Walīd II’s reign he helped Yazīd, who headed the malcontents, to enlist troops against the caliph, and when they had succeeded in getting together an army in Damascus, ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz received the supreme command and marched against al-Walīd. Yazīd’s brother ʿAbbās, who was about to go to the caliph’s assistance, was attacked an…

b. Muḥammed b. al-Ḥusain b. ʿAbd al-Raḥīm, a vizier. Abū Saʿd was appointed vizier by the Būyide emīr D̲j̲alāl al-Dawla Abū Ṭāhir b. Bahāʾ al-Dawla shortly after the latter’s entry into Bagdad in Ramaḍān 418 (October 1027), but was soon deprived of his office. Nevertheless he shortly afterwards was reinstalled in this office and in the years following the same proceeding was repeated so often that Abū Saʿd is said to have occupied the vizierate no less than six times under the emirate of the weak and little esteemed Ḏj̲alāl al-Dawla. Abū Saʿd died in the year 439 (1048). (K. V. Zetterstéen) Bibl…