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b. al-Ḥusain al-Barzīkānī, a Kurd chief, founder of a dynasty which bears his name, which maintained itself for about half a century. Two other chiefs of his tribe, the brothers Wandād and G̲h̲ānim were also particularly distinguished. When Wandād died in 349 = 960-961 he was succeeded by his son ʿAbd al-Wahhāb, who had soon to cede his territory to Ḥasanwaih. The power of the latter now increased more and more. His rule extended over a great part of Kurdistan and included the towns of Dīnawar, Ha…

, Abū Saʿīd Ḳawām al-Dawla, lord of al-Mawṣil. In the war waged by Tutus̲h̲ b. Alp Arslān, Barkiyārūḳ’s uncle [q. v.], against the two rebellious governors Aḳ Sonḳor and Būzān which ended with the capture and execution of these two, the amīr Kurbuḳa who had been sent to their help by Barkiyārūḳ was also taken prisoner. After Tutus̲h̲ had fallen in Ṣafar 488 (February 1095) (cf. barkiyārūḳ), Kurbuḳa was released by his son Riḍwān, and with his brother Altūntās̲h̲ collected a band of adventurers and occupied Ḥarrān. Muḥammad b. Muslim b. Ḳurais̲h̲ lord of Naṣībī…

Further Bibliography in Caetani and Gabrieli, Onomasticon Arabicum, ii. 973. (K. V. Zetterstéen)

, Abu ’l-ʿAbbās Aḥmad (Muḥammad) b. al-Muḳtadir, the twentieth ʿAbbāsid caliph. He was born in Rabīʿ II 297 (Dec. 909); his mother was a slave named Ẓalūm. He was proposed for the caliphate immediately after the assassination of his father al-Muḳtadir [q. v.] but the choice fell upon al-Ḳāhir [q. v.]. The latter had him thrown into prison; after the fall of al-Ḳāhir, he was released and put upon the throne (Ḏj̲umādā I 322 = April 934). As his adviser in this difficult period al-Rāḍī chose al-Muḳtadir’s vizier ʿAlī b. ʿĪsā [see the art. ibn al-d̲j̲arrāḥ, 2] who however asked to be excused …

Yaʿḳūb. See also Ibn al-Ṭiḳṭaḳā, al-Fak̲h̲rī, ed. Derenbourg, p. 250—255, 257, according to whom Yaḳūb died in 186. (K. V. Zetterstéen)

b. al-Walīd, son of Caliph al-Walīd I. Under the generalship of his uncle Maslama b. ʿAbd al-Malik, in 91 (709-710), ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz made the campaign against the Byzantines, and is also said to have later on taken part in the battles against the same enemy. In 96 (714-715) his father endeavored to exclude from the succession Sulaimān b. ʿAbd al-Malik, who had already been appointed as his successor, in ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz’s favor; the effort proved fruitless though. After Sulaimān’s death in Dābiḳ(99 = …

b. al-Ḥusain Zain al-ʿĀbidīn is the name of an ʿAlide. ʿAlī, frequently called ʿAlī the Younger in order to distinguish him from an elder brother, received the surname “Zain al-ʿĀbidīn” (the ornament of the worshippers of God), on account of his piety, and is revered as one of the twelve S̲h̲īʿfite Imāms. After the death of his father Ḥusain b. ʿAlī in 61 (680) at the battle of Kerbelāʾ, S̲h̲amir b. Ḏh̲i ’l-Ḏj̲aws̲h̲an also wished to put to death the young ʿAlī who lay sick; but the latter was save…

Abū Ṭāhir b. Bahāʾ al-Dawla, a Būyid, born in 383 = 993-994. When Sulṭān al-Dawla was appointed Amīr al-Umarāʾ on the death of his father Bahāʾ al-Dawla in 403 = 1012, he allotted the governorship of Baṣra to his brother Ḏj̲alāl al-Dawla. The latter remained here for several years without taking any part in the dissensions within the Būyid family. In 415=1024-1025 Sulṭān al-Dawla died and his brother Mus̲h̲arrif al-Dawla also died in the following year. Ḏj̲alāl al-Dawla was then proclaimed Amīr al-U…

b. Ziyād, governor, nephew of the caliph Muʿāwiya I. His uncle made him governor of Sid̲j̲istān and he occupied the position for seven years. He undertook expeditions against the East and conquered Ḳandahār. Yazīd b. Muʿāwiya, on succeeding his father, dismissed him in 61 (680-681), and in his place appointed his brother Salm b. Ziyād as governor of Sid̲j̲istān and Ḵh̲orāsān. (K. V. Zetterstéen) Bibliography Ṭabarī, ii. 191 et seq. Belād̲h̲orī (ed. de Goeje), pp. 365, 397, 434 Ibn Ḳotaiba (ed. Wüstenf.), p. 177 Ag̲h̲ānī, xvii. 53 et seq.

called al-Saʿīd, a Sāmānid. After the murder of his father in Ḏj̲umādā II, 301 (Jan. 914) the eight year old Naṣr was put on the throne and the able vizier Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad b. Aḥmad al-Ḏj̲aihānī given the regency. Soon afterwards the people of Sīstān rebelled against the Sāmānids and placed themselves under the rule of the governor Badr al-Kabīr appointed by the caliph al-Muḳtadir. At the same time the caliph’s generals al-Faḍl b. Ḥumaid and Ḵh̲ālid b. Muḥammad al-Marwazī occupied the to…

, Nāṣir al-Dīn Abu ’l-Maʿālī Muḥammad b. al-Malik al-ʿĀdil, an Aiyūbid, was born in Rabīʿ I 576 (Aug. 1180) and knighted with full ceremony on Palm Sunday (May 29) 1192 in ʿAkkā by Richard Cœur-de-Lion who was on friendly terms with his father. A few years later his name begins to appear in the history of the Aiyūbid wars. When his father, who was besieging Māridīn [q. v.] with his army, left it after the death of al-ʿAzīz, Saladin’s brother, on 27th Muḥarram 595 (Nov. 29, 1198) to seize the capital, Damascus, for himself, he entrusted the conduct of the siege of Māridīn to …

, the name of two viziers: 1. ʿAwn al-Dīn Abu ’l-Muhẓaffar Yaḥyā b. Muḥammad b. Hubaira al-S̲h̲aibānī, born in 490 (1096-1097) or, according to another statement, in 497 (1103-1104). He was a native of Dūr Banī Àwḳar, a place five parasangs from Bag̲h̲dād, and studied in the latter city. After filling several offices he was installed in 542 (1147-1148) as chief of the Dīwān al-Zimām and in Rabīʿ II 544 (August 1149) the Caliph al-Muḳtafī appointed him vizier. After the death of the Sald̲j̲ūḳ Sulṭān Masʿūd b. Muḥammad in Rad̲j̲ab 547 (Oct. 1152) the governor …

, the name of two viziers: 1. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. ʿĪsā b. Dāʾūd. After the dismissal of Ibn Muḳla in 324 (936) the Caliph al-Rāḍī offered the vacant office to the former vizier ʿAlī b. ʿĪsā; but as he declined the offer, on the grounds of old age and feeble health, the office was given to his brother ʿAbd al-Raḥmān. But the latter was not fit for the onerous duties and only held office for three months; he was then thrown into prison with his brother and condemned to pay a heavy fine. In 329 (941) he again ap…

b. Abī Sufyān , Abū Ḥarb , Umayyad general. Muʿāwiya appointed him governor of Sid̲j̲istān, where he stayed seven years; in the course of his expeditions to the East, he conquered Ḳandahār. In 61/680-1 he was dismissed by Yazīd b. Muʿāwiya who appointed in his place his brother Salm b. Ziyād to be governor of Sid̲j̲istān and Ḵh̲urāsān. In 64/684, he joined in the battle of Mard̲j̲ Rāhiṭ [ q.v.], at the head of a contingent formed by his own gens . Afterwards he wished to retire to Dūmat al-Ḏj̲andal, but he was obliged to combat a lieutenant of al-Muk̲h̲tār b. Abī ʿUbayd [ q.v.]. The date of his de…

(I) bi ’llāh , Abu ’l-ʿAbbās Aḥmad b. Muḥammad , ʿAbbāsid caliph, reigned 248-52/862-6, grandson of the caliph al-Muʿtaṣim [ q.v.] and the son of a slave concubine of Ṣaḳlabī origin named Muk̲h̲āriḳ. When his cousin al-Muntaṣir [ q.v.] died, the Turkish commanders in Sāmarrā plucked al-Mustaʿīn from a life of obscurity (he is said to have made a living as a copyist of manuscripts) to become caliph (6 Rabīʿ II 248/9 June 862). The choice aroused discontent in Sāmarrā and unrest broke out among those who supported al-Muʿtazz [ q.v.] which was only put down after much bloodshed and fina…

, properly Kür-Bug̲h̲a (T. “stouthearted bull, stallion”) Abū saʿīd Ḳiwām al-Dawla , Turkish commander of the Sald̲j̲ūḳ period and lord of al-Mawṣil. In the war waged by Tutus̲h̲ b. Alp Arslan, Berk-yaruḳ’s uncle [ q.v.], against the two rebellious governors Aḳ Ṣonḳor and Būzān, which ended with the capture and execution of these two, the amīr Kurbuḳa, who had been sent to their help by Berk-yaruḳ, was also taken prisoner. After Tutus̲h̲ had fallen in Ṣafar 488/February 1095 (cf. barkyārūḳ ), Kurbuḳa was released by his son Riḍwān, and with his brother…

b. Alï , cousin of the caliphs Abu ’l-ʿAbbās al-Saffāḥ and Abū Ḏj̲aʿfar al-Manṣūr. In the reign of Hārūn al-Ras̲h̲īd ʿAbd al-Malik led several campaigns against the Byzantines, in 174/790-1, in 181/797-8, and according to some authorities also in 175/791-2, although other sources assert that in this year the forces were commanded not by ʿAbd al-Malik but by his son ʿAbd al-Raḥmān. He was also for some time governor of Medina and held the same office in Egypt. At length, however, he could not escap…

bi ’llāh , Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad b. Hārun al-Wāt̲h̲iḳ , ʿAbbāsid caliph, reigned 255-6/869-70. After al-Wāt̲h̲iḳ’s death, a number of officials wished to pay homage to the young Muḥammad, son of the deceased caliph and a Greek slave; instead, however, al-Wāt̲h̲iḳ’s brother al-Mutawakkil [ q.v.] was proclaimed his successor and only after the deposition and murder of the unfortunate al-Muʿtazz ¶ (1 S̲h̲aʿbān 255/15 July 869) did Muḥammad ascend the throne on 7-8 S̲h̲aʿbān/21-2 July with the name al-Muhtadī. His ideal was the Umayyad ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzī…

, S̲h̲araf al-Dīn Abū D̲j̲aʿfar Aḥmad b. Muḥammad b. Saʿīd , vizier of al-Mustand̲j̲id. In 563/1167-8 Ibn al-Baladī, who at that time was Nāẓir in Wāsiṭ, was appointed vizier. There was an old feud between him and the ustād-dār ʿAḍūd al-Dīn Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allāh. After the murder of the caliph in Rabīʿ II 566/December 1170 by ʿAḍud al-Dīn and the amīr Ḳuṭb al-Dīn, they forced his successor al-Mustaḍīʾ to appoint ʿAḍud al-Dīn vizier, whereupon Ibn al-Baladi was executed. (K.V. Zetterstéen) Bibliography Ibn al-Ṭiḳṭaḳā, al-Fak̲h̲rī, ed. Derenbourg, 426-9 (Eng. tr. Whitting, 305 f.) Ibn al…

, chief Emīr, commander-in-chief of the army. As the name shews this dignity was originally confined to the military command. But the pretorians continued to become more powerful, and already the first bearer of the title, the eunuch Mūnis, soon became the real ruler, for it was to him that the weak and incapable Caliph al-Muḳtadir owed his rescue on the occasion of the conspiracy on behalf of ʿAbd Allāh b. al-Muʿtazz in 296 (908). After the appointment of Muḥammed b. Rāʾiḳ the governor of Wāsiṭ…