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[English version] [1] Hetäre des Priesterkönigs Archelaos [6] von Komana Hetäre des Priesterkönigs Archelaos [6] von Komana und Mutter des Archelaos [7], den Antonius [I 9] 36 v.Chr. zum König von Kappadokien erhob (Cass. Dio 49,32,3; App. civ. 5,7). Octavianus tadelte das Verhältnis des Antonius mit G. (Mart. 11,20). OGIS 361. Strothmann, Meret (Bochum) [English version] [2] Tochter des Königs Archelaos [7] von Kappadokien Tochter des Königs Archelaos [7] von Kappadokien, Enkelin von G. [1], war in erster Ehe verheiratet mit Alexandros, dem ältesten Sohn K…

[English version] [1] Enkelin des Aristobulos II. und des Iohannes Hyrkanos II. (hebr. Mirjam; die Form Mariamne in Fr. Hebbels Drama ist Korruptel späterer Hss.); Enkelin des Aristobulos [2] II. und des Iohannes Hyrkanos [3] II. Geb. um 53/52 v.Chr. wurde M., eine berühmte Schönheit, mit Herodes [1] d.Gr. verheiratet und geriet in die Intrigen und Konflikte zw.Hasmonäern und Herodeern. 29 ließ Herodes sie aufgrund der Verleumdungen seiner Schwester Salome wegen Verdachts der Untreue hinrichten (Ios. ant. Iud. 15,218-236). Bringmann, Klaus (Frankfurt/Main) Bibliography A. Scha…

[English version] (Μάλιχος, Namensvariante: Malchos, Μάλχος). Vertrauter und heimlicher Rivale des Antipatros [4], diente diesem 57 v.Chr. als Truppenführer gegen den hasmonäischen Prinzen Alexandros (Ios. bell. Iud. 1,162; Ios. ant. Iud. 14,84) und 43 bei der Eintreibung der vom Caesarmörder C. Cassius [I 10] geforderten Tribute (Ios. bell. Iud. 1,220; Ios. ant. Iud. 14,273-276). In demselben Jahr ließ er Antipatros vergiften (Ios. bell. Iud. 1,226; Ios. ant. Iud. 14,281) und fiel der Rache des S…

(Γοργίας; Gorgías). [German version] [1] Sculptor, late 6th cent. BC Sculptor who created bronze and marble votive offerings on the Athenian acropolis in the late 6th cent. BC. The bases are the only extant parts and suggest mostly statues of horses or riders. Pliny (HN 34,49) refers to G. with wrong biographical dates, or perhaps refers to a homonymous sculptor. Neudecker, Richard (Rome) Bibliography Overbeck, no. 356a (sources) Loewy, no. 36 A. E. Raubitschek, Dedications from the Athenian Akropolis, 1949, no. 5, 65, 77, 147 B. S. Ridgway, The Archaic Style in Greek Sculpture…

(τετράρχης/ tetrárchēs, τετραρχία/ tetrarchía). [German version] I. Definition The noun tetrarches (from τετράς/ tetrás = 'entity of four parts' and ἄρχειν/ árchein = 'rule') designates a military rank, but specifically the head of a tribal area within a fourfold alliance ( tetrás or tetrarchía); subsequently a ruler of lesser rank (see below III.). The two meanings were brought together at the time of Diocletian, so that the term now meant rule in four parts of the Roman Empire, but with differentiated competencies for each ruler (see below IV.). Bringmann, Klaus (Frankfurt/Main) …

[German version] I. Historic M. Tullius C., born on 3 January 106 BC in  Arpinum. The Tullii Cicerones maintained manifold relations with the Roman urban aristocracy. They enabled C. to prepare for a public career in close association with the most important speakers of his time, L. Licinius Crassus ( cos. 95) and M. Antony ( cos. 99), as well as the leading authorities in civil and sacred law, Mucius Scaevola Augur and Mucius Scaevola Pontifex. The Social Wars and the subsequent civil war turmoil kept C. away from the forum. He was initiated into co…

[German version] [1] J. Maccabaeus Son of Mattathias, leader of rebels in the 2nd cent. BC (The epithet probably from Hebrew maqqaebaet, ‘the hammer’, owing to military success). Third son of the priest Mattathias ( Hasmonean), in 167/166 BC he took over leadership of the Jewish rebels who rose against the desecration of the Temple in Jerusalem, the ban on the Jewish religion and the pressure of taxation under  Antiochus IV [6]. J. proved himself to be a master of guerrilla tactics and politics as well as a charisma…

[German version] 140-67 BC, first married to  Aristoboulus [1] I, then in her second marriage to  Alexander Iannaeus [II 16], succeeded him on the throne in 76 and named her son  Hyrcanus II high priest. She ended the inherited conflict with the  Pharisees and made them participate in the government. Their intent to execute the advisors of Alexander Iannaeus was hindered by the intervention of the Jerusalem aristocracy. She was protected from the expansion plans of  Tigranes I of Armenia through m…

Name of an old patrician family, probably connected with the name of the god  Jupiter [1. 281; 2. 729]. The gens was one of the so-called ‘Trojan families’, who were said to have moved from Alba Longa to Rome under king Tullus Hostilius [I 4] (see below). The Iulii were prominent in the 5th and 4th cents. BC. Their connection to the family branch of the Caesares, which rose to prominence from the 3rd cent. and whose outstanding member was the dictator  Caesar (with family tree), is unclear. Caesar's adoptive son,…

(Διογένης; Diogénēs). Known personalities: the Cynic D. [14] of Sinope, the philosophical historian D. [17] Laertius. I. Politically active personalities [German version] [1] Macedonian troop commander in Attica since 233 BC Athenian (?) [1. 341,1], Macedonian troop commander in Attica since 233 BC, who is supposed to have demanded Corinth from the Achaeans (Plut. Arat. 34,1-4) [2. 168,63] at the rumour of the death of  Aratus [2]; after the death of  Demetrius [3] II in 229, he facilitated the liberation of Athens from Maced…

(Ἰώσηπ(π)ος; Iṓsēp(p)os, Ιώσηφ(ος); Iṓsēph(os)). From Hebrew yosep yosipyah ‘may God add (further children)’, a prevalent Jewish name in memory of the biblical patriarch Joseph (Gen. 35; 37-50), e.g. in the Herodian family. [German version] [1] Uncle and brother-in-law of Herod [1] the Gr. Uncle and brother-in-law of  Herod [1]  the Great (Jos. Ant. Iud. 15,65; 81). He acted as his deputy for the duration of Herod's journey to M.  Antonius [I 9] in 34 BC. He became involved in the intrigues surrounding Queen  Mariamme, his wife Salome pr…

(epigraphically hritt = Haritat, Greek Ἀρέτας; Arétas, also Ἀρέθας; Aréthas). Name of several rulers of the Arabian  Nabataeans. [German version] [1] I. King of the Nabataeans (1st half 2nd cent. BC) A. I, mentioned in the oldest Nabataean inscription as ‘king of the Nabataeans’ [1. 545 f.], is probably identical to the A., ‘tyrant of the Arabs’, mentioned in 2 Macc 5,8, with whom the deposed Jewish High Priest  Jason vainly sought refuge after his failed attempt on Jerusalem in 168 BC. Bringmann, Klaus (Frankfurt/Main) [German version] [2] II. (Herotimos) King of the Nabataeans…

[German version] [1] Imperator Caesar C.P. Niger Iustus Augustus, Roman emperor 193-194 AD, see Pescennius see  Pescennius Bringmann, Klaus (Frankfurt/Main) [German version] [2] I. of Tiberias Jew. historian, 1st cent. AD Jewish historian of the 1st cent. AD, wrote a ‘Jewish War’ (66-70/74), in which he dealt critically with the work of the same name by  Josephus [4] Flavius (this made Josephus write a retort in his autobiography: Vita 65), and a chronological-genealogical work on Jewish kings from Moses to  Iulius [II 5] Agrippa II. This work, which appears to…

Name given to the three wars between Rome and Carthage (264-241, 218-202 and 149-146 BC), which established Rome’s rise as the leading Mediterranean power and were terminated by the destruction of Carthage. [German version] I. The 1st Punic War (264-241) The 1st PW was ignited by a conflict with Messana [1] standing at its centre. After the death of Agathocles, the ruler of Syracuse, [2] in 278 BC, his discharged Oscan mercenaries, the Mamertini (named after the god of war Mars) took over the town, and from there undertook plundering …

(Ζηνόδωρος/ Zēnódōros). [German version] [1] Greek mathematician, probably at the beginning of the 2nd cent. BC Greek mathematician, probably at the beginning of the 2nd cent. BC [5; 6. 604 f.]. He wrote a work 'Isoperimetric figures' (Περὶ ἰσοπεριμέτρων σχημάτων, Perì isoperimétrōn schēmátōn) in which he proved that of all figures of the same circumference the circle has the greatest area, and formulated the proposition that of all bodies of the same surface area the sphere has the greatest volume [3; 4; 7]. Substantial parts of the …

(Μονόβαζος; Monóbazos). [German version] [1] King of the Parthian vassal state of Adiabene, until ca. 36 AD King of the Parthian vassal state of Adiabene who married his sister Helena with whom he had two sons, Monobazus [2] and Izates [2] (Jos. Ant. Iud. 20,18-27); he reigned until c. AD 36. Bringmann, Klaus (Frankfurt/Main) [German version] [2] M. II. King of the Parthian vassal state, since about 59 AD Oldest son of [1] and successor to Izates [2] since about AD 59; like Izates and Helena he had converted to Judaism (Jos. Ant. Iud. 20,75). In AD 64, M. was inv…

(Σόαιμος/ Sóaimos, Σόεμος/ Sóemos). [German version] [1] Ituraean, under Herodes [1] the Great, executed in 29 BC Ituraean (Ituraea), in a position of trust under Herodes [1] the Great, who in 30 BC gave him the duty of guarding him and, should he not return from his visit to Octavianus [1], of killing his wife Mariamme [1] and mother-in-law Alexandra. S. revealed the order to them and in 29 was executed by Herod (Jos. Ant. Iud. 15,185; 204-229). Bringmann, Klaus (Frankfurt/Main) [German version] [2] Tetrarch of the Ituraeans, 1st cent. AD Tetrarch of the Ituraeans (Ituraea) AD 38-49,…

(Κλεοπάτρα; Kleopátra, Lat. Cleopatra). I. Mythology [German version] [I 1] Daughter of Boreas and Oreithyia Daughter of  Boreas and  Oreithyia, first wife of  Phineus. C. was rejected in favour of  Idaea [3], whom Phineus married as his second wife; her sons were blinded (Apollod. 3.200; Hyg. Fab. 18). Prescendi, Francesca (Geneva) [German version] [I 2] Daughter of Idas and Marpessa Daughter of  Idas and  Marpessa, wife of  Meleager. After her abduction by Apollo she was also called ‘Alcyone’ after her mother's …

(Νικάνωρ; Nikánōr). [German version] [1] Military official under Alexander the Great, died 330 BC Second son of Parmenion. Under Alexander [4] the Great he led the hypaspistaí of the hetaîroi in the major battles. During the pursuit of Darius [3], Alexander commanded him to pursue the Persian king with a group of riders who had given up their horses and the Agrianes under Attalus [2] as fast as possible (Arr. Anab. 3,21,7-8). He died soon after (330 BC). His brother Philotas stayed behind with an escort for his funeral. Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) Bibliography Berve 2, no. 554. …

[German version] Leader of the great Jewish uprising of 132-135. Documentary evidence exists regarding the name form Simon Bar Kosiba. The name forms Bar Kochba (‘son of the star’) and Bar Koziba (‘son of lies’), known from Christian and rabbinical literature, are tendentious interpretations of the original patronymic. They reflect the Messianic expectations ( Messiah), which are linked with his person and the disappointment about the false Messiah, which followed the failure of the uprising. The …