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[English version] Oskischer Stamm zw. Daunii und Frentani (Strab. 6,3,8), der nach Errichtung der röm. Herrschaft (Liv. 8,25; 37; 9,12 ff.; 20,4 ff. für 317 v. Chr.) der Landschaft von der Adria (mit den Diomedeae insulae, h. Isole Tremiti) bis zum Appenninus mit dem in den Golf von Tarentum mündenden Bradanus (h. Brádano), vom Tifernus bis Calabria den Namen gab. Geologisch bestimmen mesozoischer Kalk und Dolomit den Boden am mons Garganus (h. Monte Gargano mit dem Montenero 1012 m) und ihre Überdeckungen in der apulischen Tafel. Oft von Erdbeb…

[English version] (Korinthischer Meerbusen, Κορινθιακὸς κόλπος). Nach Strab. 8,2,3 rechnete man den K.G., dessen Ostteil h. K.G., dessen Westteil h. “Golf von Patra” (Πατραϊκὸς κόλπος) heißt, von der Mündung des Acheloos oder des Euenos an der mittelgriech. Küste und von Araxos (h. das gleichnamige Kap Ἄκρα Ἄραξος) an der peloponnes. Küste aus mit einer Breite von 10 km und einer maximalen Tiefe von 133 m. Die beiden Küstenlinien nähern sich bei Antirrhion und Rhion auf ca. 2 km (ant. Angaben: 5 S…

[English version] (Χάλυβες; Χάλυβοι, Hekat. FGrH 1 F 203). Für seine Eisenverarbeitungskunst berühmter Volksstamm, dem man auch die Erfindung des Eisens zuschrieb; sogar Gewinnung und Verarbeitung von Gold und Silber wurden mit den Ch. in Verbindung gebracht. Gelegentlich an der Nordküste des Schwarzen Meeres (die ursprüngliche Heimat? Aischyl. Prom. 714f.), allg. im nordanatolischen Gebirge westl. vom Halys (Hdt. 1,28), östl. bis in die Höhe von Pharnakeia und Trapezus (Strab. 12,3,19ff.), südl. bis an das Gebiet der Armenier lokalisiert.…

[German version] I. Geography (Πόντος Εὔξεινος; Póntos Eúxeinos), modern Black Sea. The ancient description may trace back to the Iranians, who described the sea as achshaenas, 'dark'; transcription into Greek gives áxeinos 'inhospitable'(cf. Ov. Tr. 4,4,55), a description which was euphemistically reinterpreted by sailors as eúxeinos, 'hospitable'; the Greeks also knew the PE as the 'Black Sea' (Eur. Iph. T. 107: πόντος μέλας; póntos mélas). The PE, a subsidiary sea of the Mediterranean (Mare Nostrum), extends, including Lake Maeotis, over an area of about 450,000 km2 (extent …

[German version] Ligurian Celtic tribe (Liv. 5,35,2; Liv. Per. 60 f.; 73: S.; Str.  4,1,3; 4,1,5 f.; 4,1,9; 4,1,11 f.; 4,6,3 f.: Σάλυες/ Sályes; Plin. HN 3,36: S.; 3,47; 124: Sallui; Flor. Epit. 1,19,5: S.; App. Celt. 12,1; Avien. 701: Salyes; Ptol. 2,10,15: Σάλυες/ Sályes; Obseq. 90; 92: Sallyes; Amm. Marc. 15,11,15: S.) in the hinterland of Massalia between the Rhodanus (modern Rhône) and the Alpes Maritimae. Their central oppidum has been excavated near Entremont; there was probably a local cult connected with the têtes coupées ( cf. the cephalophoric stones in the Museum of Aix-en-Provence); comparable indigenous cults can b…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Sicily | Christianity | Coloniae | Etrusci, Etruria | Commerce | Phoenicians, Poeni | Punic Wars | Punic Wars (Λιλύβαιον/ Lilýbaion, Λιλύβη/ Lilýbē; Latin Lilybaeum, -on). Foothills (modern Capo Boeo) and town (modern …

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Achaeans, Achaea (Ῥύπες/ Rhýpes). Town in Achaea (Achaeans, Achaea [1], with map), probably to be identified with the few ancient remains (including traces of Mycenaean settlement [2. 123-127; 3. 35]) on the plateau of Trapeza at Koumaris, c. 6 km southwest of Aegium. The find sites on the fortified hill on the left bank of the Phoenix, c.…

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[German version] (Φρύγες/ Phrýges, Φρυγία/ Phrygía). An Indo-European people who emigrated from Thracia, and an area on the Anatolian plateau in central Anatolia. Previously, scholars believed that the P. were identical with the Muški known from cuneiform sources, and that the Muški king Mita attested for the 8th cent. BC was identical with the Phrygian king Midas - on the assumption that the P. initially moved eastwards from Anatolia via the Euphrates [2] before they were stopped by Tiglath-Pileser …

[German version] Tribe in south-western Gaul on the middle Garumna (Caes. B Gall. 7,7,2; 46,5; Str. 4,2,2; Ptol. 2,7,14: Νιτιόβριγες/ Nitióbriges; Tab. Peut. 2,4f.; Sid. Apoll. Epist. 2,11,1: Nisiobroges) where they settled during the 4th cent. BC. Their neighbours to the north were the Bituriges Vivisci and the Cadurci, to the east were the Cadurci and Ruteni, to the south the Volcae Tectosages and the Ausci (to the r…

[German version] (Νεβρώδη ὄρη/ Nebrṓdé όrē). Densely-wooded mountains, which ‘rise opposite Etna, lower than it, but broader’ (Strab. 6,2,9); the modern Monti Nébrodi and Monti Madoníe in north-western Sicily (north-west of Etna), where according to Sil. 14,236f. both rivers known as Himeras rose. Probably named after …

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Caesar | Caesar | Christianity | Wine | | Coloniae | Gallia/Gaul | Commerce | Limes | Pilgrimage | Punic Wars | Rome | Rome City in Gallia Narbonensis on the right bank of the lower Atax in the territory of the Volcae Arecomici (Strab. 4,1,12), modern Narbonne. In the pre-Roman period there was a settlement here on the mythical road of Heracles from Spain to the Rhône. From the 6th cent. BC, 4 km from N., there was an oppidum on the Montlaurès Hill, which was known by the name of Naro (Avien. 587; [1]). The lagoon between…

(Εὐρώπη; Eurṓpē). [German version] [1] Geographic concept Originally reserved for the female mythological figure ( E. [2]; cf. Hes. Theog. 357, 359), as a geographical term E. initially referred to central Greece (cf. Hom. H. ad Apollinem 251, 291) and the Thracian-Macedonian north (cf. Hdt. 6,43; 7,8), as opposed to the Peloponnese in the s…

[German version] [1] Town in Umbria This item can be found on the following maps: Umbri, Umbria Town in  Umbria between  Tiber and Nera, on the via Amerina (a branch of the   via Cassia , which led to  Tuder) 56 miles out from Rome (CIL IX 5833), today Amelia (Terni). According to Cato very old (HRR Cato fr. 49; Plin. HN 3,114). 406 m high chalk walls, which especially on the north side offer protection; these were strengthened with massive polygonal masonry.   Municipium of the   tribus Clustumina . Cults of Jupiter, Mars, Fortuna and seviri augustales are attested. Base of a temple (S. Mar…

[German version] (Φεά/ Pheá, Φαιά/ Phaiá, Φεαί/ Pheaí). Foothills and port on the coast of Elis [1] on the isthmus of the peninsula of Ichthys (modern Katak…

This item can be found on the following maps: Hellenistic states [German version] [1] City in Cataonia This item can be found on the following maps: Christianity | Coloniae | Education / Culture (Κόμανα; Kómana). City in  Cataonia (Str. 12,2,3), Hittite Kummanni; temple state of the goddess Ma-Enyo (Artemis Tauropolios;  Enyo; Roman  Bellona). Bishopric as early as the Severian period (2nd/3rd cents AD); today's Şar. Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography …

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Social Wars | Villa | Coloniae | Etrusci, Etruria | Pilgrimage Town in Campania, north east of the Vesuvius (Str. 5,4,8; It. Ant. 109,2; Tab. Peut. 6,4); it still bears the same name today. N. lies at the foot of the Appennines, on a broad plain approximately halfway from Capua to Nuceria, on a major traffic artery leading from Etruria to Poseidonia/Paestum, subsequently known as via Popilia. We do not know what part the inhabitants of Chalcis [1] played in its foundation (Sil. Pun. 12,161; Just. Epit. 20,1,13). It is certain, however, that N. was originally founded by the Ausones (Hecat. FGrH 1 F 61; Pol. 2,17,1). The town may at times have been under Etruscan rule (Soph. in Dion. Hal. Ant. Rom. 1,72; Cato Agr. Orig. fr. 69: from 471 BC), but was firmly in Samnite hands by the end of the 5th cent. (under the name of novla). In 327 BC, it was drawn into the disputes t…

[German version] (Προκόννησος/ Prokónnēssos, Lat. Proconnesus). Largest island of the Propontis, with an area of c. 130 square km, c. 10 km to the northwest of Arctonnesos, present-day Marmara Adası. The name P. is derived from πρόξ/ próx, 'doe' (Schol. Apoll. Rhod. 148); Plin. (HN. 5,151) in addition also calls the island Elaphonnesos (derived from ἔλαφος/ élaphos, 'stag', cf. Ἐλαφόνησος/ Elaphónēsos, Schol. ibid.) and Neuris (from νεῦρον/ neûron, 'sinew, bow-string'). EM s. v. Προικόννησος/ Proikónnēsos offers a derivation from προΐξ/ proḯx, 'gift' (namely 'of marble'); a…

[German version] (Προποντίς; Propontís). A sea between the Pontos Euxeinos (Black Sea) in the northeast (Bosporus [1]) and the Aigaion Pelagos (Aegean) in the southwest (Hellespontus), between Thrace in the north and Mysia in the south, greatest length (from Callipolis to Nicomedia) 252 km, greatest …