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[English version] (Μελήσιππος). Spartiat, Sohn des Diakritos, Mitglied der letzten spartan. Gesandtschaft nach Athen 431 v.Chr. vor Ausbruch des Peloponnesischen Krieges (Thuk. 1,139,3). Er wurde in demselben J. während des Anmarsches der Armee des Archidamos [1] erneut zu Verhandlungen nach Athen geschickt, jedoch vor der Stadt abgewiesen. Beim Verlassen Attikas soll er prophezeit haben, daß mit diesem Tag großes Unglück für Hellas beginne (Thuk. 2,12). Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)

[English version] (Ναυκλείδας). Spartiat, Sohn des Polybiades, begleitete als Ephor 403 v.Chr. König Pausanias nach Athen und unterstützte dessen Politik einer Aussöhnung der athen. Bürgerkriegsparteien gegen die Intentionen des Lysandros [1], der ihn später aus Rache wegen Schwelgerei verklagte (Xen. hell. 2,4,35-36; Agatharchidas FGrH 86 F 11 = Athen. 12,550 d-e). Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)

[English version] (Πολύτροπος). Befehlshaber einer in Korinthos angeworbenen Söldnertruppe, die im Dienst Spartas 370/369 v. Chr. gegen das neu gegründete koinón der Arkader (s. auch Arkades, Arkadia mit Karte; [1. 80 ff.]) kämpfte und Orchomenos [3] besetzte, als diese Polis dem Bund der Arkader nicht beitreten wollte. P. fiel in einem Gefecht gegen Truppen der Mantineier (Xen. hell. 6,5,11-14; vgl. Diod. 15,62,1-3). Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum) Bibliography 1 H. Beck, Polis und Koinon, 1997.

[English version] (Χάριλλος, nach Hdt. 8,131 Χαρίλαος). Histor. nicht greifbarer spartanischer König, Eurypontide, soll nach Sosibios (FGrH 595 F 2) 874-811 v.Chr. geherrscht und zusammen mit König Archelaos die Perioikenstadt Aigys erobert haben (Paus. 3,2,5), aber den Tegeaten unterlegen sein (Paus. 8,5,9). Diese Nachrichten sind Ergebnisse von Legendenbildungen. Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)

(ἁρμοσταί, ion. ἁρμοστῆρες: Xen. hell. 4,8,39). [English version] [1] Spartanische Militärbefehlshaber Spartanische Militärbefehlshaber zur Beaufsichtigung bestimmter Gebiete. Die in den Scholien zu Pindar (O. 6,154) erwähnten 20 H. der Lakedaimonier können nicht mehr sicher als Aufsichtsbeamte über Perioikenpoleis identifiziert werden und sind eher als “Gouverneure” außerhalb des spartanischen Polisgebietes zu verstehen [1. 11f.; 2. 62f.]. Der im frühen 4. Jh. für Kythera belegte harmostḗs (IG V 1,937) bildete wohl eine Ausnahme aus mil. Gründen. Nach d…

(Κλεόμβροτος). [English version] [1] Agiade, spartanischer Kommandeur vor Salamis Agiade (Agiadai), Bruder des bei den Thermopylen 480 v.Chr. gefallenen Leonidas I. und Vormund für dessen Sohn Pleistarchos. K. leitete als Kommandeur des peloponnes. Heeres vor der Schlacht bei Salamis die Befestigung des Isthmos von Korinth, starb aber Ende des J. oder im Winter 480/79 (Hdt. 5,41; 7,205,1; 8,71; 9,10; Paus. 3,3,9). Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum) [English version] [2] K. I. spartan. König 380-371 v. Chr. Agiade, nach Verbannung seines Vaters Pausanias 394 v.Chr. unter Vo…

(Ἀλκίδας). [English version] [1] Spartanischer Nauarch 428/7 v. Chr Spartanischer Nauarch 428/27 v. Chr., sollte im Frühsommer 427 zeitgleich mit einem Einfall eines peloponnesischen Heeres nach Attika der von Athen abgefallenen und belagerten Polis Mytilene auf Lesbos Entsatz bringen (Thuk. 3,16,3; 26,1), erhielt aber unterwegs die Nachricht von der Kapitulation Mytilenes. Er landete beim kleinasiatischen Erythrai, stieß aber nicht mit der gebotenen Eile in sein Einsatzgebiet vor (Thuk. 3,29), vielleic…

[English version] (Κυνίσκα). Reiche Spartanerin, geb. um 442 v.Chr., Tochter des Archidamos [1] II., Schwester des Agesilaos [2] II. K. ließ als erste Frau Gespanne am Wagenrennen in Olympia teilnehmen, wo sie zweimal siegte (Xen. Ag. 9,6; Plut. Agesilaos 20; Paus. 3,8,1f.; 6,1,6; SGDI 4418). Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)

[English version] (Ἀγιάτις). Reiche Spartanerin, Erbin des ca. 241 v. Chr. verstorbenen Spartiaten Gylippos. In erster Ehe mit dem Reformkönig Agis [4] IV. vermählt. Nach dessen Tod zwang Leonidas II. sie, seinen noch jugendlichen Sohn, den späteren Reformkönig Kleomenes III., zu heiraten. Nach Plut. Kleom. 1,1-3; 22,1-3, der sie als überaus schön und charaktervoll schildert, soll sie ihren zweiten Mann durch Erzählungen über die Reformpläne des Agis angeregt haben, dessen Programm wieder aufzuneh…

(Θίβρων/ Thíbrōn). [German version] [1] Spartan commander, around 400 BC Spartan, who inaugurated Sparta’s war against the Persians in the autumn of 400 BC, but only had command of a small force (Isoc. Or. 4,144), He had some successes only after he had taken on Cyrus’ [3] former mercenaries (about 5000-6000 men) (Xen. An. 7,6,1; 7,8,24; Xen. Hell. 3,1,4-6; Diod. Sic. 14,36,1-37,4). He then went to Caria on the instructions of the éphoroi (Xen. Hell. 3,1,6-7), but was replaced in Ephesus by Dercylidas and punished in Sparta by being exiled be…

(δεκαδαρχία; dekadarchía). [German version] [1] Rule by ten c. 400 BC ‘Rule by ten’; commissions of ten men, used in 405/04 BC by the oligarchically inclined Spartan Lysander, especially in the former Athenian sphere of influence; according to Diodorus (14,13,1), besides dekadarchia he also set up oligarchies, but according to Xenophon (Hell. 3,5,13; 6,3,8), Plutarch (Lys. 13) and Nepos (Lys. 1,4-2,1) dekadarchia persisted ‘everywhere’. This is improbable, as Sparta had proclaimed freedom and autonomy as its goal in the war against Athens, and in Greek constitutional conceptions d…

(πράκτωρ/ práktōr, πρακτήρ/ praktḗr: Poll. 8,114, 'executor', 'manager', from práttein, 'do'). [German version] I. Classical Period Greek official of a state executory authority, who, on instruction, recovered state claims, particularly fines. In Athens ten práktores chosen by lot annually were in service. Informed by the authorized court magistrate of penalties imposed, they entered them in the list kept on the Acropolis when state debtors did not pay immediately (IG II2 45; And. 1,77-79; Dem. Or. 25,4; 25,28; 43,71) [1. 270 f.]. An authority of the same name wi…

(ξένοι/ xénoi). 'Alien', i.e. free-born person not belonging to the Greek citizenship structure, who voluntarily stayed in a place and enjoyed certain rights there. Non-free aliens (slaves, prisoners of war) were not members of the group of xenoi, which was primarily defined in terms of rights. [German version] I. Classical Greece The term xenoi generally describes large groups of free-born people, staying permanently or temporarily in a particular community, without being citizens of it (Thuc. 2,31,1; 2,36,4; 6,30,2; Aristot. Pol. 1300b 31 f.), often used in contrast to ἀστοί/ ast…

(κληροῦχοι; klēroûchoi, proprietors of a klêros , of a ‘land allotment’). I. Athens [German version] A. 5th cent. BC Apart from its metaphorical meaning in Sophocles (Soph. Aj. 508: ‘having a certain fate’) first mentioned in literature by Herodotus (5,77,2) as a designation of 400 Athenians, who received fields in Chalcis [1] after the Athenian victory over the Chalcidians in 506/505 BC. The number is probably exaggerated, and cannot be corrected from Aelianus (Var. 6,1), who reports that 2,000 Athenians were settled on lands of the Chalcidian hippobótai . These kleroûchoi had to re…

(γερουσία; gerousía, ‘Council of Elders’). [German version] I. Graeco-Roman In Sparta the gerousia was probably originally an assembly of representatives from leading families. There it gained its institutional character from early on and consisted of the two kings and 28   gérontes (γέροντες), who were appointed for life and were at least 60 years old. Election took place on the basis of the volume of the acclamation in the   apélla (ἀπέλλα), with ‘electoral officials’ in a closed room deciding who got the strongest applause (Plut. Lycurgus …

(Θρασυδαῖος/ Thrasydaîos). [German version] [1] From Elis, c. 400 BC T. from Elis. Leader of anti-Spartan democrats in the war between Elis and Sparta (402-400 BC), after initial successes in 400 he had to conclude a peace in which the Eleans abandoned dependent towns with the exception of Olympia (Xen. Hell. 3,2,21-31; Diod. 14,17,4-12; 34,1; Paus. 3,8,3-5). Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum) [German version] [2] Perhaps from Pharsalus, second half of the 4th cent. BC In the 340s BC T., who may have been from Pharsalus (cf. Syll.3 240 H), was a Thessalian tetrarch under Philippus […

[German version] [1] One of the Tyrrhenian pirates One of the Tyrrhenian pirates who, together with them abducts Dionysius who is disguised as a drunken boy. As a punishment all pirates are transformed into dolphins by the wine god, except the helmsman Acoetes ( Acoetes [1]) who wants to keep them from the outrage (Ov. Met. 3,605-691; Hyg. Fab. 134). Frey, Alexandra (Basle) [German version] [2] Brother of Lysander, Spartan nauarch 403 BC Brother of Lysander, as Spartan nauarch he blockaded Piraeus in 403 BC in order to combat the revolt of Thrasybulus and his suppo…

(κόσμοι; kósmoi). [German version] [1] Official in Cretan cities Name of the highest official in Cretan poleis, before the 3rd cent. BC, also attested as ho kósmos (singular) or hoi kosmíontes (plural). Kosmoi had political and military leadership functions in addition to their representative and judicial duties. The department of the kosmoi could include up to 10 officials and a ‘leader’ ( startagétas = stratēgós; later prōtókosmos). It made political decisions and was subject to the control of the people. If they performed their office well, the kosmoi could be elected to the co…

(ἑταιρία/ hetairía, also ἑταιρεία/ hetaireía). [German version] [1] In Crete a sub-category of citizenry In Crete a sub-category of citizenry, with communal meals ( andreia or syssitia: Aristot. Pol. 1272a 12ff.; Ath. 4,143a-b = Dosiadas FGrH 458 F 2) and a common cult of Zeus Hetaireîos (Hsch. s.v. ἑταιρεῖος/ hetaireîos), but neither an association of family members nor part of a phyle, as was the hetairia in Thera or Cyrene (ML 5, l. 16). Acceptance into the hetairia took place after those fit for military service had left the   agélai and it was a prerequisit…

(Καλλικρατίδας; Kallikratídas). [German version] [1] Spartan nauarch, 407/6 BC Spartan nauarch (naval commander) in 407/6 BC, was only able to relieve  Lysander of his command in the spring of 406 and was confronted through the latter's intrigues with extremely serious problems while preparing his operations. However, he was as unimpressed by these as by the affront he suffered from Cyrus the Younger. C. secured the finances for his warfare and took the initiative. After relocating his naval base from Ep…