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(Μακάριος; Makários). I. Greek [German version] [1] Spartiate, in 426/5 BC in the council of war of Eurylochus Spartiate, in 426/5 BC he took part in the council of war of Eurylochus [2] in the campaign of the armed forces of Spartan allies against Naupactus and the Acarnanians and fell in battle at Olpae (Thuc. 3,100,2; 109,1). Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum) Bibliography J. Roisman, The General Demosthenes and his Use of Military Surprise, 1993, 27ff. [German version] [2] M. of Alexandria Monk, 4th cent. AD According to the Historia monachorum in Aegypto [1. § 23], a certain M. (4th …

(πίναξ/ pínax, 'board, painted or inscribed tablet'; extended meaning, 'inscription, register'). [German version] [1] (Greek 'notice-board') Notice-board, board for announcements of all kinds (Hdt. 5,49,1; Plut. Theseus 1,1). Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum) [German version] [2] Athenian register of citizens ( pínax ekklēsiastikós). At Athens, the register of citizens entitled to take part in the popular assembly ( ekklēsía ) (Dem. Or. 44,35). It was kept for the 139 dḗmoi ( dḗmos [2]) by the dḗmarchos . After 338 BC, enrolment was conditional upon completion of service in the ephēbe…

(Λίχας; Líchas). [German version] [1] Messenger of Hercules Herald of Hercules [1]; he brings Hercules the garment which Deianira, jealous of Iole, had painted with the blood of the centaur Nessus (Hes. Cat. fr. 25,20-25 M-W; Soph. Trach.; Bacchyl. 16; for possible precursors and variants, see [1]). The supposed love charm causes the death of Hercules, who, in his agony, smashes the innocent L. against a rock in the sea (Soph. Trach. 772ff.; Apollod. 2,7,7? corrupt text). Later sources (Ov. Met. 9,2…

(Τεισαμενός/ Teisamenós, Lat. Tisamenus). [German version] [1] Son of Thersander Son of Thersander, the king of Thebes and of Demonassa [1] (Paus. 9,5,15) and therefore a grandson of Polyneices (Hdt. 6,52). After the death of his father in Mysia, Peneleus at first led the Theban contingent to Troy in place of T. who was still too young (Hom. Il. 2,494). T. became king of Thebes only after Peneleus died. Under his rule, the curse on his lineage was supposedly dormant. His son Theras is said to have settled the island of Thera (Hdt. 4,147; Paus. 3,15,6 f.). Binder, Carsten (Kiel) …

(Λυσανδρίδας; Lysandrídas). [German version] [1] Spartan military commander, 4th cent. BC (Plut.: Λυσανορίδας; Lysanorídas). Spartan, one of the three harmostai of the Spartan occupation in Thebes, who could not prevent this polis from being liberated by Pelopidas in 379 BC. L. was condemned to a big fine in Sparta and left the Peloponnese (Plut. Pel. 13; Theopomp. FGrH 115 F 240; cf. Xen. Hell. 5,4,13; Diod. Sic. 15,27). Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum) [German version] [2] From Megalopolis, end of the 3rd cent. BC L. from Megalopolis ( Megale Polis); in 223/2 BC L. wanted to l…

[German version] [1] Horrific monster Female monster in Greek mythology. According to the canonical version of the myth (Apollod. 2,4,1-2),  Perseus must get the head of  Medusa, the mortal sister of Sthenno and Euryale (Hes. Theog. 276f.; POxy. 61, 4099), the daughters of Phorcys and Ceto (cf. Aeschylus' drama Phorcides, TrGF 262). The three sisters live on the island of Sarpedon in the ocean (Cypria, fr. 23; Pherecydes FGrH 3 F 11), although Pindar (Pyth. 10,44-48) located them among the Hyperboraeans ( Hyperborei). Their connection to the s…

(Δωριεύς; Dorieús). [German version] [1] Spartan, son of Anaxandridas II Spartan, Agiad, son of Anaxandridas II and his first wife, older brother of the kings Leonidas and Cleombrotus, younger half-brother of Cleomenes I, who was born before D., but to the second wife of Anaxandridas, whom he due to the initial infertility of his first wife had additionally married at the direction of the ephors and gerontes. After Cleomenes as the eldest son had succeeded to the throne (Hdt. 5,41f.; Paus. 3,3,9f.), D. organized ─ allegedly due to outrage over this ruling ─ a colonist campaign to Libya c. 51…

(θώραξ; thṓrax). [German version] [1] Cuirass Cuirass. As a part of Greek hoplite armour, the thorax protected the chest and the back. In the Geometric and Archaic Periods, it was commonly a bell-shaped armour made of bronze; it consisted of two hip-length plates that widened towards the bottom and were attached to each other at the sides. This thorax offered excellent cover against blows from lances and swords or shots from arrows, but it was extremely heavy and cumbersome and limited the soldiers' mobility to a great extent. It was therefore replaced…

(πάρεδρος/ páredros, plural πάρεδροι/ páredroi, 'assessor' of political office-holders or deities). A. Politics [German version] 1. Athens (a) In the 5th and 4th cents. BC two paredroi were appointed each by the eponymous árchōn , the polémarchos and the basileús (see árchōn basileús) as assistants and deputies ([Aristot.] Ath. pol. 56,1). Their position had an official character, as they were subordinate to the dokimasía and they were liable to account. (b) In the 4th cent. BC a pair of paredroi for each ten eúthynoi of the Council (see eúthynai ) of the 500 were chosen from the bouleutaí …

(Τιμοκράτης/ Timokrátēs). [German version] [1] From Sparta, advisor of Cnemus, 2nd half of the 5th cent. BC Spartan, one of the three advisors of the nauarchos Cnemus who, following the defeat off the Acarnanian coast in 429 BC, were supposed to make strategic and logistical preparations for a new naval battle (Thuc. 2,85,1). T. committed suicide after the devastating defeat in 429 against the Athenian fleet near Naupactus (Thuc. 2,92,3). Peloponnesian War Beck, Hans (Cologne) [German version] [2] From Rhodos, legate of Pharnabazus [2], c. 400 BC Rhodian. In the winter of 396/5 BC…

(Μηνᾶς; Menâs). [German version] [1] Spartiate, 421 BC One of the Spartiates who in 421 BC swore the Peace of Nicias and the symmachy with Athens (Thucyd. 5,19,2; 5,24,1). In the interval between these treaties he was one of the emissaries who, by the terms of the peace, were to guarantee the transfer of Amphipolis to Athens, but owing to the resistance of Clearidas, the commandant there, failed (Thucyd. 5,21). Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum) [German version] [2] see Menodorus [1] see Menodorus [1] Neudecker, Richard (Rome) [German version] [3] Sculptor from Pergamum, 2nd cent. BC Son of A…

(Χίλων; Chílōn). [German version] [1] Spartan politician, 6th cent. BC From Sparta; son of Damagetus; owing to his leading role in the politics of Sparta (ephor c. 556 BC), in the middle of the 6th cent. he became first ephor (Sosicrates FHG IV 502 [1]); also ascribed to him was the strengthening of the ephorate in relation to the kings (Diog. Laert. 1,68). Owing to his elegiac poetry and his wisdom he was counted among the ‘Seven Sages’ of archaic Greece (Pl. Prt. 343a; Diog. Laert. 1,68-73). Rylands papyrus 18 (= FGrH …

(πόλις, πτόλις/ pólis, ptólis; pl. πόλεις/ póleis; 'city state'). [German version] I. Topographical background and early development Depending on the particular context, p olis may have topographical, personal or legal-political connotations: a) a fortified settlement on a height, Homeric pólis akrḗ or akrotátē (Hom. Il. 6,88; 20,52), synonymous with the Acropolis in Athens until the late 5th cent. (Thuc. 2,15,3-6); b) an urban settlement; c) an urban settlement including environs, 'state territory'; d) municipal community, community of polîtai (see below II.). In the sense …

(πίναξ, “Brett, bemalte oder beschriebene Tafel”; davon abgeleitet “Inschrift, Verzeichnis”). [English version] [1] (griech. »Anschlagbrett«) Anschlagbrett, Tafel für Aufzeichnungen aller Art (Hdt. 5,49,1; Plut. Theseus 1,1). Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum) [English version] [2] athen. Bürgerregister ( pínax ekklēsiastikós). In Athen Register der Bürger, die zur Teilnahme an der Volksversammlung ( ekklēsía ) berechtigt waren (Demosth. or. 44,35). Es wurde für die 139 dḗmoi ( dḗmos [2]) vom dḗmarchos [3] geführt. Nach 338 v.Chr. war die Absolvierung des Ephebendienstes ( ep…

(Λίχας). [English version] [1] Bote des Herakles Bote des Herakles [1]; er überbringt diesem das Gewand, das Deianeira aus Eifersucht auf Iole mit dem Blut des Kentauren Nessos bestrichen hat (Hes. cat. fr. 25,20-25 M-W; Soph. Trach.; Bakchyl. 16; zu möglichen Vorläufern und Varianten s. [1]). Der vermeintliche Liebeszauber verursacht den Tod des Herakles, der, von Qualen ergriffen, den unschuldigen L. gegen einen Felsen im Meer schmettert (Soph. Trach. 772ff.; Apollod. 2,7,7? Text korrupt). Spätere Qu…

(πόλις, πτόλις; Pl. πόλεις/ póleis; “Stadtstaat”). [English version] I. Topographische und frühe Entwicklung P. hat je nach Kontext top., personale und polit.-rechtliche Konnotationen: a) Befestigte Höhensiedlung, homer. pólis akrḗ bzw. akrotátē (Hom. Il. 6,88; 20,52), in Athen bis ins späte 5. Jh. v. Chr. synonym mit Akropolis (Thuk. 2,15,3-6); b) urbane Siedlung; c) urbaner Siedlungskern mit Umland, “Staatsgebiet”; d) Gemeinwesen eines Bürgerverbandes, Gemeinschaft der polítai (s.u. II.). In der Bed. von a) geht p. wohl zurück auf ein myk. Wort po-to-ri-jo, das aber nur …

[English version] [1] Häßliches Ungeheuer Weibliches Ungeheuer der griech. Myth. Gemäß der kanonischen Fassung des Mythos (Apollod. 2,4,1-2) muß Perseus den Kopf der Medusa, der sterblichen Schwester von Sthenno und Euryale (Hes. theog. 276f.; POxy. 61, 4099), der Töchter von Phorkys und Keto, holen (vgl. auch Aischylos' Drama Phorkides, TrGF 262). Die drei Schwestern leben auf der Insel Sarpedon im Ozean (Kypria, fr. 23; Pherekydes FGrH 3 F 11), nach Pindar (P. 10,44-48) jedoch bei den Hyperboräern (Hyperboreioi); ihre Verbindung mit dem Mee…

(πάρεδρος, Pl. πάρεδροι, “Beisitzer” von polit. Funktionsträgern oder Gottheiten). A. Politik [English version] 1. Athen (a) Je zwei p. wurden im 5. und 4. Jh.v.Chr. vom eponymen árchōn , vom polémarchos und vom basileús (s. árchōn basileús) als Assistenten und Stellvertreter benannt ([Aristot.] Ath. pol. 56,1). Ihre Position hatte Amtscharakter, da sie der dokimasía unterlagen und rechenschaftspflichtig waren. (b) Je zwei p. wurden im 4. Jh.v.Chr. für jeden der zehn eúthynoi des Rates (s. eúthynai ) der 500 aus den buleutaí (“Ratsmitgliedern”) ausgelost ([Aristot.] Ath. …

(Δωριεύς). [English version] [1] Spartiat, Sohn des Anaxandridas II. Spartiat, Agiade, Sohn des Anaxandridas II. und dessen erster Frau, älterer Bruder der Könige Leonidas und Kleombrotos, jüngerer Halbbruder des Kleomenes I., der vor D., aber von der zweiten Frau des Anaxandridas geboren wurde, die dieser wegen anfänglicher Unfruchtbarkeit der ersten auf Weisung der Ephoren und Geronten zusätzlich geheiratet hatte. Nachdem Kleomenes als ältester Sohn die Thronfolge angetreten hatte (Hdt. 5,41f.; Paus. 3…

(Μηνᾶς). [English version] [1] Spartiat, 421 v.Chr. Einer der Spartiaten, die 421 v.Chr. den Nikias-Frieden und die Symmachie mit Athen beschworen (Thuk. 5,19,2; 5,24,1); in der Zeit zwischen den Verträgen war er einer der Gesandten, die vertragsgemäß die Übergabe von Amphipolis an Athen garantieren sollten, aber infolge des Widerstandes des dortigen Kommandanten Klearidas keinen Erfolg hatten (Thuk. 5,21). Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum) [English version] [2] s. Menodoros [1] s. Menodoros [1] Neudecker, Richard (Rom) [English version] [3] Bildhauer aus Pergamon, 2. Jh.…