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[German Version] (Jan 5, 1914, Kattowitz – Aug 28, 2002, Erlabrunn, near Würzburg), Catholic theologian. He received his Dr.theol. at Breslau (Wrocław) and was ordained to the priesthood; he received his habilitation in Munich in 1947. He held professorships in Dillingen (1951), Bamberg (1955), and Würzburg (1957–1982). Schnackenburg had enormous influence on the development of Catholic New Testament exegesis in the decades after World War II, through his revival of the Biblische Zeitschrift in 1957 (with Vinzenz Hamp), his publications (on the church, the kingdom o…

[German Version] I. Old Testament The concept of stubbornness in the Old Testament has several Hebrew equivalents, most of which denote “hardening,” usually of the heart as the center of human volition (esp. כבד לב/ kbd lb, “make the heart heavy”; חזק לב/ ḥzq lb, “harden the heart”; קשׁה ערף/לב/ qšh ʿrp/ lb, “stiffen the neck/heart”). The most important OT foci for stubbornness are Exod 4–14, Pharaoh’s stubbornness or “hardness of heart” during the plague series, and Isa 6:9, Isaiah’s commission to speak so as not to be understood (cf. Ezek 3:7ff.). The conflict narrative in Exod 4–14,…

[German Version] I. History of Religion – II. Greco-Roman Antiquity – III. New Testament – IV. Dogmatics and Ethics – V. Practical Theology I. History of Religion The original meaning of the word, (divine) “joint knowledge, knowledge, consciousness, and self-consciousness” (Gk syneídēsis, Lat. conscientia), had already changed in antiquity to refer to an evaluative consciousness of one's own actions. Western philosophical and theological discourse formed various metaphors: the internal; the inner voiced ( daimónion; daimon), also interpreted as the voice …