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[German Version] I. Church History – II. Law – III. Practical Theology – IV. Systematic Theology…

[German Version] (1112/1116, Neuburg, Austria – Sep 22, 1158, Morimond, France). Son of Margrave Leopold III of Austria and Agnes, daughter of Emperor Henry IV; uncle of Emperor Frederick Barbarossa. ¶ After studies in Paris (under Hugh of St. Victor) and Chartres (?, under Gilbert of Poitiers), in 1133 Otto entered the Cistercian Order in Morimond, and in 1138 was called to become bishop of Freising. He paid attention to religious life in his diocese and took part in the Second Crusade with Emperor Conrad III. Otto had a thorough knowledge of philosophy and theology. He wrote two historical works: the Historia de duabus civitatibus (also called Chronica; covering the period to 1146) and Gesta Friderici imperatoris (extending to 1156, completed by Rahewin). His work marks the peak of medieval historiography, characterized by the German sense of the universality of the Empire. He understands history as the theater of divine action and, following Augustine, as the history of two cities, the divine and the earthly (Two kingdoms doctrine). The two are united in the church as civitas permixta: this communion of the two states represents in the higher union of the civitas permixta the ple…

[German Version] I. Church History In Christian usage, the term sacrament has two meanings: a broad meaning corresponding to the New Testament term μυστήριον/ mystḗrion (“mystery”), used as a term for mysteries of the faith in general, and a narrower meaning in the sense of certain liturgical actions that enable believers to share in the salvific grace effected by Christ. While medieval Scholastic theology in the West developed the narrower understanding …

[German Version] (first traceable 1318 – after 1331), Dominican, lecturer in Cologne (?). As official visitor for the Dominican province of Teutonia, Nicholas was involved in the trial of Meister Eckhart. Some …

[German Version] (Ulrich Ungelberti; c. 1225, Straßburg [Strasbourg] – 1277, Paris), OP, student of Albertus Magnus, lecturer in Straßburg, Dominican provincial from 1272 to 1277. In De summo bono, his main work, he produced a summa (incomplete) based on Aristotle’s Ethica Nicomachea and Albert’s Ethica. In it he moves from fundamental questions of philosophy and theology to a treatise on the Christian faith, integrating a philosophical system into his theological system. In it Ulrich presents general knowledge of the highest good; ethics…

[German Version] (1401, Kues [today part of Bernkastel-Kues] – Aug 11, 1464, Todi). I. Life The son of a boatman, Nicholas studied law in Heidelberg and Padua, where he met Italian Humanists and began to collect ancient manuscripts. In 1423 he received the degree of Doctor decretorum. In 1425 he began studying ¶ the works of Albertus Magnus, R. Lull, and Meister Eckhart with Heymeric de Campo in Cologne. Later he was appointed legal secretary to the archbishop of Trier. He turned down appointment to the chair of canon law the University of Leuven.…

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[German Version] (c. 1006, Lorraine [?] – May 5, 1061, Rome). Humbert, a monk in Moyenmoutier, was called to Rome by Leo IX. In 1050 he became archbishop of Sicily and cardinal of Silva Candida, and in 1054 leader of the Roman delegation to Constantinople; negotiations concerning liturgical questions and an alliance against the Normans failed. Humbert composed a dialogue between a Roman and a Constantinopolitan in responding to the attacks by the Byzantine Patriarch Michael I Kerullarios against l…