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Aśoka

(126 words)

Author(s): Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki)
[German version] (Ashoka). Maurya emperor of India (269/268-233/232 BC), also called Piyadassi/Priyadarōsi (Greek Πιοδάσσης; Piodássēs). Famous for his edicts, many examples of which have been found in many parts of southern Asia, written in Middle Indian dialect, and in the north-west (today Afghanistan) also several fragments in Aramaic, and also an Aramaic-Greek bilingual inscription [3] and a Greek fragment [4] in Kandahar. The edicts convey a lively image of A.'s empire and its administration, and also i…

Punjab

(172 words)

Author(s): Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki)
[German version] (Neo-Persian panǧāb). The land of the five rivers Indus [1], Jhelum (Hydaspes), Chenāb (Acesines [2]), Rāvī (Hydraotes) and Sūtlaj-Beas (Zadadrus, Ptol. 7,1,27, Sydrus, Plin. HN 6,21,63 and Hyphasis). Although it was already known to the Achaemenids, P. entered the Greek geographical consciousness only through the campaigns of Alexander. In 326 BC Alexander [4] conquered P. as far as the Hyphasis, though it hardly resulted in founding any Greek settlements; P. was instead administe…

Hyphasis

(137 words)

Author(s): Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki)
[German version] (H. in Arr.,  Hypanis in Str., Diod. Sic. and Dionys. Per., Hypasis in Curt. and Plin. HN, Bipasis in Ptol.; all of them possibly passed down from Old Indian Vipāśā- through Iranian); one of the five main rivers of the Punjab, modern Satlaǧ/Beas. At the upper reaches (modern Beas) was the point from which Alexander returned to the  Hydaspes. Thus the Satlaǧ ( Zaradrus of Ptol.), which lies further to the east, remained unknown for the most part to the Alexander historians, and also the lower course, which bot…

Zaradrus

(90 words)

Author(s): Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki)
[German version] (Ζάραδρος/ Záradros, in manuscripts also Ζάδαδρος/ Zádadros). Indian river in Ptol. 7,1,27 and 42; Sydrus in Plin. HN 6,21,63; Old Indo-Iranian Śutudrī (in the Veda), Śatadru (in Epic), modern Sutlej, an eastern tributary of the Indus [1] in the Punjab. The river rises in the western Himalayas, flows through the Kulindrene region and then into the Indus. As the easternmost of its tributaries it was not noticed by Alexander [4] the Great and therefore not mentioned in Alexander literature. Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki) Bibliography H. Treidler, s. v. Z., RE 9 A, 23…

Caspapyrus

(82 words)

Author(s): Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki)
[German version] (Town in India, Hecat. in Steph. Byz.; Caspatyrus of Hdt. 4,44). Here Scylax had begun his journey with the fleet of Darius I down the Indus and through the sea to Egypt. An identification with Multan (as Kāśyapapura) in the Punjab hardly is possible; C. should rather be looked for west of the Indus, perhaps on the Kabul River, as the journey first took an easterly direction. Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki) Bibliography K. Karttunen, India in Early Greek Literature, 1989, 41-46.

Thrason

(36 words)

Author(s): Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki)
[German version] (Θράσων; Thrásōn). Indo-Greek king in the Punjab at about the beginning of the 1st cent. BC, recorded only on a number of coins, Middle Indic Thrasa. Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki) Bibliography Bopearachchi, 106 f.; 310.

Oaxes

(78 words)

Author(s): Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki)
[German version] River ‘at the eastern edge of the world’ (Verg. Ecl. 1,65); probably not in Crete (as stated correctly by Serv. Aen. ad loc., rather it was a variation on Oxus, old Iranian Vaxshu, which, according to Plin. HN 6,48 and Iust. 1,8,2 flows out of the Oaxus lacus. A further variation is Araxes [2]. Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki) Bibliography E. Kirsten, s.v. O. (1), RE 17, 1686f.  E. Meyer, s.v. O. (1), RE Suppl. 12, 897f.

Dardae

(116 words)

Author(s): Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki)
[German version] (Δάρδαι; Dárdai). A people in north-west India, Darada in Old Indo-Aryan, today known as the Dards and resident in the region known as Dardistan on the upper reaches of the Indus. Hdt. 3, 102ff. places them in the region below the sources of the Indus where the Δαράδραι ( Darádrai) mentioned by Ptol. 7,1,4 are also to be found. Also mentioned by Plin. HN 6,67 and 11,111 ( Dardae, probably following Megasthenes), Dionys. Per. 1138, Steph. Byz. i.a. According to Megasthenes (F 23b bei Str. 15,1,44), the Δέρδαι ( Dérdai) live on a high plateau in the east and steal gold …

Graeco-Bactria

(566 words)

Author(s): Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki)
[German version] A. History The area of  Bactria in north-east Iran is a country with an old culture with an early developed city culture and an Iranian population. Greeks settled there sporadically as early as under the  Achaemenids [2]; however, one cannot as yet speak of a Greek population, with [1]. Not until under Alexander [4] the Great, who conquered the country in a gruelling two-year war, were several settlements started for the veterans of his army. Bactria became a Hellenistic satrapy und…

Acesines

(157 words)

Author(s): Manganaro, Giacomo (Sant' Agata li Battiata) | Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki)
(Ἀκεσίνης; Akesínēs). [German version] [1] River in Sicily River in  Sicily (Thuc. 4,25,8 Ἀχεσίνης; Achesínēs, Plin. HN 3,88 Asines), the modern Alcantara, which rises north of Randazzo, runs along the northern foot of Mount  Aetna [1] [2. 137], and flows, south of  Naxos, into the  Ionios Kolpos, identical with the Assinus (depicted as a horned youth on the obverse of a coin from Naxos, bearing the legend ΑΣΣΙΝΟΣ [1. 65 f., 93 f.]. Manganaro, Giacomo (Sant' Agata li Battiata) Bibliography 1 H. A. Cahn, Die Mz. der sizilischen Stadt Naxos, 1944 2 G. Manganaro, Per una storia de…

Eudamus

(218 words)

Author(s): Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki) | Günther, Linda-Marie (Munich)
(Εὔδαμος; Eúdamos). [German version] [1] Macedonian general under Alexander the Gr. Macedonian general ( dux Thracium in Curt. 10,1,21), appointed in 323 BC by Alexander [4] the Great as military commander together with Taxiles (Arr. Anab. 6,27,2). He slew Porus and took 120 elephants west when he followed the call of Eumenes [1] together with other eastern satraps in 317 BC (Diod. Sic. 19,14). He fought under Eumenes and was killed together with him by Antigonus [1] (Diod. Sic. 19,27-44). According to Bernard…

Moeris

(396 words)

Author(s): Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki) | Baumbach, Manuel (Zürich)
[German version] [1] Indian prince of the Patalii Indian prince of the Patalii at the mouth of the Indus, a companion of Alexander [4] (Curt. 9,8,28). The name M. is said to have been derived from Maurya [1. 25-27], but this is extremely unlikely. India Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki) Bibliography 1 P.H.L. Eggermont, Alexander's Campaigns in Sind and Baluchistan, 1975, 25-27. [German version] [2] Grammarian and lexicographer, 2nd/3rd cent.? (Μοῖρις; Moîris). Greek grammarian and lexicographer of the late 2nd or early 3rd cent. AD. Author of an alphabetically ordere…

Monsoon

(184 words)

Author(s): Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki)
[German version] The regular seasonal winds of the  Indian Ocean. By using the summer southwesterly monsoon it was possible to sail quickly and safely from southern Arabia to India and return in the winter with the northeasterly monsoon. In a similar way the winds could also be used between India and southeastern Asia. The Indians and southern Arabians had probably known these winds for a long time, but their discovery was ascribed by the Greeks to a navigator called Hippalus [2] (ὁ λιβόνοτος/ libόnotos, Latin libonotus; Peripl. m. r. 57). In Plin. HN 6,100; 104 the wind itself is called Hippa…

Emodus

(103 words)

Author(s): Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki)
[German version] (Ἠμωδός/ Ēmōdós, Ἠμωδὸν ὄρος/ Ēmōdòn óros, [ H] emodus; derived through Middle Indian from the Old Indian Haimavata, also Imaos, Ἴμαον ὄρος; Ímaon óros, Imaus, from Old Indian Himavān, ‘covered with snow’). Name of the eastern part of the Hindukuš-Pamir-Himalaya taken as one single mountain range. There were several views about the location of this mountain range; sometimes Imaos was named as the more easterly (Eratosth. in Str. 15,1, 11; Plin. HN 6, 64; Arr. Ind. 2, 3 et al.), sometimes Emodos. (Ptol.). Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki) Bibliography O. von Hinüber, in: G. W…

Calingae

(74 words)

Author(s): Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki)
[German version] People on the east coast of India, Sanskrit Calinga, lived about where Orissa is today; capital city Pertalis (Plin. HN 6,64; 65; 7,30, perhaps following Megasthenes). Their land was conquered in 261 BC by  Aśoka in a bloody war and incorporated into the empire of the  Mauryas; probably identical with the Calliga of Ptol. (7,1,93, in the  Maesolia in eastern India). Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki) Bibliography A. Herrmann, s.v. Kalingai, RE 10, 1604f.

Chaberis

(61 words)

Author(s): Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: India, trade with (Χαβηρὶς ἐμπόριον; Chabērìs empórion). Harbour town of the Soringoi at the mouth of the Chaberos (Kāveri) in southern India, in Ptol. 7,1,13. Old Indian (Tamil) Kāveripaṭṭinam or Pumpuhar; port of the Chola Empire. A Greek settlement is mentioned in classic Tamil poetry. Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki)

Apollophanes

(252 words)

Author(s): Hidber, Thomas (Berne) | Nutton, Vivian (London) | Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki)
[German version] [1] Attic poet of the Old Comedy Attic poet of the Old Comedy, who according to the witness of Suda wrote five pieces (Δαλίς, Δανάη, Ἰφιγέπων, Κένταυροι, Κρῆτες; Dalís, Danáē, Iphigépōn, Kéntauroi, Krêtes; 1. test. 1), all of which are lost, except for a few remnants. On the inscription list of the Lenaean victors A. figures between Nicophon and Amipsias [1. test. 3]. Hidber, Thomas (Berne) Bibliography 1 PCG II, 1991, 518-523. [German version] [2] Personal physician of Antiochos III Son of A. of Seleucia, personal physician ( archiatros) and tropheus of Antiochus III;…

Erannoboas

(58 words)

Author(s): Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki)
[German version] (Ἐραννοβόας; Erannobóas). Tributary of the Ganges according to Arr. Ind. 4,3 and Plin. HN 6,65; Middle Indian Hiraññāha, another name for Śoṇa, the modern Son; although the latter is mentioned separately by both authors as Sonus (Σῶνος; Sônos). Ancient Palibothra/Pāṭaliputra was situated at the confluence of the Son and the Ganges. Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki)

Taxila

(183 words)

Author(s): Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Achaemenids | Alexander | Graeco-Bactria | Graeco-Bactria | India, trade with | Mauryas (Τάξιλα/ Táxila, Skt. Takṣaśilā, Middle Ind. Takkasilā, Takṣaila). City in the Punjab between the Indus and the Hydaspes, near modern Islamabad, visited in the spring of 326 BC (Arr. Anab. 5,8; Str. 15,1,28) by Alexander [4] the Great (with map); its young king Taxiles became his faithful follower. T. was already inhabited in prehistoric times, and excavations have reveal…

Limyrice

(78 words)

Author(s): Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki)
[German version] (Λιμυρική; Limyrikḗ). Indian region on the Malabar coast between Naoura and Nelcynda, with Carura [2] as capital (Ptol. 7,1,8; 85; Peripl. m.r. 53f.). It has been suggested that L. should be regarded as an incorrect reading of Damyrice (Old Indo-Aryan Damila, cf. modern Tamil), but the name is preserved only as L. In this country, modern Kerala, lay the famous harbour town of Muziris. Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki) Bibliography O. Wecker, s.v. Limyrike, RE 13, 711f.

Theodorus

(7,286 words)

Author(s): Knell, Heiner (Darmstadt) | Folkerts, Menso (Munich) | Baumhauer, Otto A. (Bremen) | Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld) | Blume, Horst-Dieter (Münster) | Et al.
[German version] I Greek (Θεόδωρος; Theódōros). [German version] [I 1] Of Samos, Greek architect, bronze sculptor and inventor, Archaic period Multitalented Greek inventor, architect, bronze sculptor and metal worker ( toreutḗs; Toreutics) of the Archaic period from Samos (for the occupational image cf. architect). His father was Telecles (Hdt. 3,41; Paus. 8,14,8; 10,38,6) or according to other sources (Diog. Laert. 2,103; Diod. Sic. 1,98) Rhoecus [3]; his name is so frequently mentioned in conjunction with the latter that …

Hippostratus

(186 words)

Author(s): Schulte-Altedorneburg, Jörg (Marburg) | Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) | Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki) | Meister, Klaus (Berlin)
(Ἱππόστρατος; Hippóstratos). [German version] [1] Seducer of Periboea Son of Amarynceus who seduced  Periboea, daughter of Hipponous (Apollod. 1,74; Hes. fr. 12 M-W). Schulte-Altedorneburg, Jörg (Marburg) [German version] [2] Nephew of Attalus [1] Nephew of  Attalus [1], brother of  Cleopatra, after whose death he was executed by  Alexander [4] the Great (cf. Iust. 11,5,1); not to be identified with other men by the same name. Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) Bibliography Berve 2, no. 390. [German version] [3] H. Soter Indo-Greek king in Gandhara in the 1st cent. BC One of the later I…

Zoilus

(701 words)

Author(s): Matthaios, Stephanos (Cologne) | Neudecker, Richard (Rome) | Ameling, Walter (Jena) | Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki) | Nutton, Vivian (London)
(Ζωίλος/ Zōílos). [German version] [1] Greek Sophist from Amphipolis, 4th cent. BC Greek Sophist from Amphipolis, 4th cent. BC; active in the area of historiography [1], rhetoric [3] and philology; pupil of Polycrates [3], teacher of Anaximenes [2] from Lampsacus and Demosthenes [2]. However, Z. owes his fame to his criticism of Homerus [1] in his work Κατὰ τῆς Ὁμήρου ποιήσεως/ Katà tês Homērou poiḗseōs ('Against Homer's verse'; 9 books; fragments in [2]) which earned him the epithet Ὁμηρομάστιξ ( Homēromástix, 'Scourge of Homer'). Motivated by the Cynic approach, Z. endeav…

Laodice

(2,285 words)

Author(s): Harder, Ruth Elisabeth (Zürich) | Mehl, Andreas (Halle/Saale) | Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki)
(Λαοδίκη; Laodíkē). I. Mythology [German version] [I 1] Daughter of Priamus and Hecuba Daughter of Priamus and Hecabe; her husbands are given as Helicaon (Hom. Il. 3,122-124; 6,252), through whom she was spared enslavement after the fall of Troy (Paus. 10,26,3), or Acamas (Parthenius 16 MythGr), Demophon [2] (Plut. Thes. 34,2) or Telephus (Hyg. Fab. 101). According to Apollodorus (Epit. 5,25), after the fall of Troy she was swallowed up by a cleft in the earth (cf. also Lycoph. 316f.; Tryphiodorus 660f.). Harder, Ruth Elisabeth (Zürich) [German version] [I 2] Daughter of Agamemnon …

Orthura

(82 words)

Author(s): Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: India, trade with (Ὄρθουρα/ Órthoura). City in the interior of the Soringi in Southern India, residence of King Sornas (Ptol. 7,1,91); probably the Greek form of Uraiyūr, capitol of the Choḷā empire on the Kāveri River, with the port of Chaberis at the mouth of the river. Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki) Bibliography K. Karttunen, Early Roman Trade with South India, in: Arctos 29, 1995, 81-91  O. Stein, s.v. Ὄρθουρα, RE 18, 1503-1505.

Cathaei

(108 words)

Author(s): Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki)
[German version] (Καθαῖοι; Kathaîoi). Indian people in the Punjab either east of the  Hydraotes or between  Hydaspes and  Acesines [2], subjugated by Alexander the Great (Arr. Anab. 5,22; Diod. Sic. 17,91,2; Curt. et al.); perhaps to be identified with Sanskrit Kāthaka (attested as a Vedic school, as also the Kambistholoi and Madyandinoi). Their customs (burning of widows, bride selection, wearing jewellery and high regard for physical beauty) were described by Onesicritus (fr. 34 in Str.) who also reports that there were many metals …

Ganges

(224 words)

Author(s): Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki) | Treidler, Hans (Berlin)
[German version] (Γάγγης; Gángēs, Sanskrit Gaṅga). The largest river in India, known to the west (Arr. Anab. 5,4,1; 5,6,7; 5,9,4; 5,26,1; Curt. 8,9,5, et passim) since Alexander's campaign ( Alexander [4], with map), if not already in Ktesias (in Plin. HN 37,39). Its length was measured in the early Hellenistic period and calculated to be 10,000 stadia (Str. 15,689). According to Str. 15,719 its source lay in the Ēmōdá órē (Himalaya). The G. is mentioned several times by Ptolemy (7,1,29; 30; 42; 51 Nobbe, et passim), its delta described as having five arms (7,1,18), and also the Gangētikós…

Peucelaotis

(176 words)

Author(s): Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Alexander | Graeco-Bactria | Graeco-Bactria | Hellenistic states | India, trade with (Πευκελαῶτις/ Peukelaôtis: Arr. Anab. 4,22,7-8,28,6; also Πευκελαῖτις/ Peukelaîtis: Arr. Ind. 1,8; 4,11; Πευκελαῖτις/ Peukelaîtis: Str. 15,1,27; also e.g. Προκλαίς/ Proklaís: Ptol. Geog. 7,1,44; Ποκλαίς/ Poklaís: Peripl. m. Eux. 47f.). City in Gandhāra (in modern Pakistan, west of the Indus; Gandaritis), Old Indian Puṣkalavatī, Middle Indian Pukkhalāvatī, Greek form probably influenced by names with Peuko- ( Peukolaos, Peukésta…

Zamirae

(96 words)

Author(s): Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki)
[German version] (Ζαμῖραι/ Zamîrai, perhaps better Γαμῆραι/ Gamêrai). A tribe, described by Ptol. 7,2,16 as cannibal, in India extra Gangem, beyond the Cirrhadia, roughly in modern Burma ( Argyrâ chṓra, 'silver land' in Ptol. 7,2,17). It is almost impossible to identify the individual peoples and places of southeastern Asia named in Ptol. (attempts in [1] and [2]), because most other sources are from a substantially later period. Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki) Bibliography 1 A. Berthelot, L'Asie ancienne centrale et sud-orientale d'après Ptolémée, 1930 2 A. Herrmann, Das Land …

Kanishka

(77 words)

Author(s): Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki)
[German version] (Kaniṣka). Most prominent ruler of the Indo-Scythians; exact date controversial, begin of his reign approximately AD 100. His empire stretched from Bactria and Sogdiana to the heartland of India, with Bactra, Surkh Kotal, Taxila and Mathurā as important centres. K. maintained relations with Rome and probably used - apart from Indian and Iranian titles - the Greek title kaísar. Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki) Bibliography A. L. Basham (ed.), Papers on the Date of K., 1968.

Ozene

(80 words)

Author(s): Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: India, trade with (Ὀζήνη/ Ozḗnē). Indian city in the interior of the country east of Barygaza, a former capital city (Peripl. m. Eux. 48); Hellenized form of central Indian Ojjenī (for Old Indian Ujjayinī), the famous metropolis in western India. In Ptol. 7,1,63, O. is the capital city of Tiastanes, identical with the epigraphically attested Kṣatrapa prince Caṣṭana. Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki) Bibliography O. Stein, s.v. Ὀζήνη, RE 18, 2048f.

Palimbothra

(199 words)

Author(s): Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Graeco-Bactria | Graeco-Bactria | India, trade with | Mauryas (Παλίμβοθρα/ Palímbothra, also Παλίβοθρα/ Palíbothra; name derived from an early Middle Indian form of Old Indian Pāṭaliputra [1. 34]). City of the Prasii, located in a position favourable for communications in the densely populated state of Magadha at the confluence of the Son and Ganges in modern Patna in Bihar. Made by Sandracottus the capital city of the Maurya empire (Mauryas), often mention…

Nicaea

(1,521 words)

Author(s): Frey, Alexandra (Basle) | Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) | Dreyer, Boris (Göttingen) | Daverio Rocchi, Giovanna (Milan) | Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) | Et al.
(Νίκαια; Níkaia). [German version] [1] Naiad Naiad, daughter of the Phrygian river god Sangarius and the goddess Cybele. As a huntress, N. spurns love and remains a virgin. In Memnon of Heracleia, she does not yield to Dionysus and so he resorts to a ruse and turns into wine the spring from which N. is accustomed to drinking. She becomes drunk and falls asleep. Dionysus overpowers her in her sleep and fathers with her 'satyrs and others' (Memnon FGrH 434 F 41, 8f.). In Nonnus, Dion. 15,169-16,405, the…

Colchi

(68 words)

Author(s): Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: India, trade with Trading city on the south-eastern coast of India, situated opposite  Taprobane (Ptol. 7,1,10; 7,1,95: Kolchikòs kólpos). Peripl. m. r. 58f. made reference to the fact that the coast of  Komarei up to and including C. was important for pearl fishing. C. was probably the city today known as Koṟkai. Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki)

Indo-Greeks

(114 words)

Author(s): Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki)
[German version] The Greeks of Hellenistic Bactria ( Graeco-Bactria), who conquered southeastern Afghanistan (Paropamisadae and Arachosia) and northwestern India (modern Pakistan) in the 2nd cent. BC. After the first and most important kings ( Demetrius [10] and Menander) the kingdom disintegrated into several parts whose numerous rulers (almost 40) are mostly attested only by coins. The I. held on until the 1st cent. BC or even the 1st cent. AD, when territories were conquered by the  Parthians a…

Euthydemus

(540 words)

Author(s): Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld) | Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki) | Cassin, Barbara (Paris) | Nutton, Vivian (London)
(Εὐθύδημος; Euthýdemos). [German version] [1] Athenian strategos 418/7 BC Athenian strategos of 418/17 BC. He took part in the Sicilian campaign, during which in 414/13 both he and Menander became commanders to serve alongside Nicias. They were defeated before  Demosthenes [1] even arrived. They failed in their attempt to force their departure out of Syracuse's great harbour (Thuc. 7,16,1; 69,4; Diod. Sic. 13,13,2-4; Plut. Nicias 20). Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld) Bibliography D. Kagan, The Peace of Nicias and the Sicilian Expedition, 1981. [German version] [2] E. I. Greek ki…

Maesolus

(94 words)

Author(s): Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki)
[German version] (Μαισῶλος; Maisôlos). Indian river, has its source in the Orudia mountain range (unclear according to [1]) and flows south to the Gulf of the Ganges (Ptol. 7,1,15; 37). Either modern Godavari or rather Kistna (Krishna) at whose delta the city of Masulipatam still lies today. Dey [2] also equates the name of the river M. with Old Indian Mahāósāla, a place of pilgrimage on the Godavari. Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki) Bibliography 1 O. Stein, s.v. Ὀρούδια, RE 18, 1526f. 2 N. L. Dey, The Geographical Dictionary of Ancient and Mediaeval India, 1927.

Cabura

(62 words)

Author(s): Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki)
[German version] (Κάβουρα, Ptol. 6,18,5, erroneously there also Károura), also called Ortospana; probably what is now Kabul on the  Cophen (Sanskrit Kubhā). In the Alexander histories, C. is never mentioned; following the  Bematistai however it is cited by Plin. HN 6,61 as Ortospanum. Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki) Bibliography A. Herrmann, s.v. Kabura, RE 10, 1452f. O. Stein, s.v. Ortospanum, RE 18, 1507f.

Maesolia

(73 words)

Author(s): Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki)
[German version] (Μαισωλία; Maisōlía, Ptol. 7,1,15; Masalia, Peripl. m.r. 62); the land of the Maesolians (Ptol. 7,1,79; 93) on the east coast of India. For the name and the position see Maesolus. From an unnamed harbour there, the ships departed, according to Ptolemy, for Chryse Chersonesus (Malacca). Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki) Bibliography 1 B. Chatterjee, The Point of Departure for Ships Bound for ‘Suvarnabhumi’, in: Journ. of Ancient Indian History 11, 1977-1978, 49-52.

India

(1,809 words)

Author(s): Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki)
[German version] I. Name Old Indian Sindhu as the name for the Indus river, is attested (with Iranian h) as Hindu in the ancient Persian inscriptions; from this came Greek Ἰνδός ( Indōs; with the Ionian loss of h) for the river and then Ἰνδική ( Indikḗ) for the country. The Latin terms are Indus and India. Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki) [German version] II. Early relationships Whilst relationships between north-western I. and Mesopotamia go back to the 3rd millennium BC, I. became known in Greece only in the late 6th cent. through Scylax (FGrH 709), who visited …

Apollodotus

(78 words)

Author(s): Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki)
[German version] Name of two Indo-Greek kings. The first, who is mentioned in literary sources (Peripl. M. Rubr. 47, Just. Epit. Prologue B. 41), ruled in Paropamisadae around 180-160 BC; the second, who is known only from coins, ruled about 100 years later in the Punjab. The legends on the coins minted under both of them generally read ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΑΠΟΛΛΟΔΟΤΟΥ ΣΩΤΗΡΟΣ / maharajasa apaladatasa tratarasa. Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki) Bibliography O. Bopearachchi, 62-64, 188-194 (Appendix I), 135 f., 346-355 (Appendix II).

Amyntas

(921 words)

Author(s): Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) | Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki) | Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart)
(Ἀμύντας; Amýntas). [German version] [1] Macedonian king (end of 6th cent. BC) First historically verifiable king of Macedonia, friend of the  Peisistratids. Upon Darius' appearance in Europe he became his vassal-satrap and was rewarded with an expansion of his territory and the marriage of his daughter to a member of the  Achaemenids. His son  Alexander [2] invented a novelistic history (Hdt. 5,17 ff.), in order to make this credible for the Greeks. Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) Bibliography Borza, 98 ff. E. Badian, Herodotus on Alexander I of Macedon, in: S. Hornblower (ed.), G…

Sophytes

(101 words)

Author(s): Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki)
[German version] (Σωπείθης; Sōpeíthēs). Indian king in the Punjab to the east of the Cathaei, allied with Alexander [4] (Arr. Anab. 6,2,2; Str. 15,1,30; Diod. Sic. 17,91; Curt. 9,1, 24-30). His land is described very positively, to some extent idealised. There is particularly frequent mention of the fearless dogs he presented to Alexander. The ancient identification of S. with the Old Indo-Iranian Saubhūti is quite uncertain, and that with the prince Sophytes (recorded only numismatically) is certainly mistaken [1. 60-72]. Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki) Bibliography 1 R. B. White…

Orthagoras

(445 words)

Author(s): Stein-Hölkeskamp, Elke (Cologne) | Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki)
(Ὀρθαγόρας/ Orthagóras). [German version] [1] Tyrant of Sicyon, 6th cent. BC O. of Sicyon is said to have established the tyrannís there around 650 BC. The ruling dynasty thus established was called the 'Orthagorids' after him. An anonymous ‘history of tyranny (FGrH 105 F 2) preserved on papyrus, and probably deriving from Ephorus, reports that O. had first distinguished himself as a border guard on the frontier with a neighbouring city, and later rose to become commander of the watch and polémarchos . Whether he had the support of the hoplítai for his seizure o…

Patala

(116 words)

Author(s): Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Alexander | Graeco-Bactria | Graeco-Bactria | Hellenistic states | India, trade with | Mauryas (τὰ Πάταλα; tà Pátala). City and military base of Alexander [4] the Great at the mouth of the Indus, probably Pātāla in Old Indian (Arr. Anab. 5,4,1; Arr. Ind. 2,6; Str. 15,1,33 among others). The name was also used for the entire region and later also for the island of Patalene (Ptol. 7,1,55), but the city is never mentioned again. In P.'s place, Barabara became the …

Oxydracae

(220 words)

Author(s): Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki)
[German version] (Ὀξυδράκαι; Oxydrákai). Indian ethnic group in the Punjab, organized as an 'aristocratic republic'; together with the Malli, subjugated by Alexander [4] the Great in ferocious battles. The name has not been passed down to us in a uniform manner: aside from Oxydrákai in Arr. Anab. 5,22; 6,11 und from time to time, they are called Sydrákai in Str. 15,1,8, Diod. Sic. 17,98 and Arr. Ind. 4, Sudracae in Curt. 9,4,15, Sydraci in Plin. HN 6,25,92, Sugambri in Justin. 12,9,3, and Oxidragae in the Epitome Mettensis 78. In ancient Indian lists of Punjab peoples, those …

Aornus

(146 words)

Author(s): Brentjes, Burchard (Berlin) | Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki)
[German version] [1] City in Bactria A city in Bactria, named only by Arr. Anab. 3,29,1, apart from Bactra (today Balch) the greatest city of this land, and probably identical with the present-day Tashkurgan [1]. In the castle of A., Alexander left behind a garrison in 329 BC. Brentjes, Burchard (Berlin) Bibliography 1 Atlas of the World II, Pakistan, Kashmir, Afghanistan, 1959, pl. 31. [German version] [2] Mountain fortress near the Indus Mountain fortress near the Indus, allegedly conquered by Hercules and then by Alexander 328 BC (Arr. Anab. 4,28,1; Ind. 5,10; A…

Antimachus

(718 words)

Author(s): Graf, Fritz (Columbus, OH) | Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki) | Fantuzzi, Marco (Florence) | Selzer, Christoph (Frankfurt/Main)
(Ἀντίμαχος; Antímachos). [German version] [1] Trojan, opponent of Antenor Trojan, opponent of  Antenor. When, before the war, Menelaus and Odysseus demanded the return of Helen in Troy, he advised, contrary to custom and tradition, killing the envoys (Hom. Il. 3,205; 11,138). Later, bribed by Paris, he prevented the handing over of Helen, then under consideration by the Trojans (Hom. Il. 11,123 ff.). His three sons were killed by the Greeks (Hom. Il. 12,188). Graf, Fritz (Columbus, OH) [German version] [2] Two Indo-Greek kings in the 2nd cent. BC Two Indo-Greek kings in the 2nd c…

Nagara

(280 words)

Author(s): Toral-Niehoff, Isabel (Freiburg) | Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki)
[German version] [1] City in southern Arabia (Νάγαρα μητρόπολις/ Nágara mētrópolis, Ptol.6,7,37; Nagara, Amm. Marc. 23,47; πόλις Νεγράνων/ pólis Negránōn, Str. 16,4,24). Urban centre in ancient southern Arabia, modern Naǧrān, located in the wadi of the same name. N.'s importance was due to its geographical location at the crossing of two caravan routes from the Hadramaut to the Mediterranean over the Ḥiǧāẓ and into Iraq over the Yamama. It was conquered by Aelius Gallus in 24 BC (Plin. HN 6,160), but retained its …

Nandas

(138 words)

Author(s): Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki)
[German version] Indian dynasty in Magadha (approx. modern Bihār) on the Ganges, toppled by Chandragupta Maurya (Mauryas) late in the 4th cent. BC. In the Alexander histories, Indian allies told of the great military power of the Nandas who may thus have contributed to the mutiny on the Hyphasis. A legendary tale of the end of the Nandas is found in Indian sources and in Justin (15,4,16 according to Pomp. Trog.; [1]). Though different in many details, all sources agree on the low origins and unpopularity of the Nandas (including Curt. 9,2,6f.). India Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki) Bibliograph…

Sandracottus

(181 words)

Author(s): Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki)
[German version] (Arr. Anab. 5,6,2: Σανδράκοττος/ Sandrákottos, Str. 15,1,36: Σανδρόκοττος/ Sandrókottos, Plut. Alexander 62: Ἀνδράκοττος/ Andrákottos, Just. Epit. 15,4: Sandracottus, Old Indo-Iranian Tschandragupta). Indian king ( c. 320-298 BC) of the Mauryan Dynasty, king of the Prasii and founder of the Mauryan Empire (Mauryas with map). In Indian sources, his life is connected with legends, and parts of a S. legend are also found in Justin (15,4). He concluded a peace with Seleucus following a conflict of which no d…

Polyxenus

(397 words)

Author(s): Käppel, Lutz (Kiel) | Stanzel, Karl-Heinz (Tübingen) | Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki)
(Πολύξενος/ Polýxenos, 'he who has many guests'). [German version] [1] Sobriquet for Hades Poetic epithet for the god of the underworld (Hades, Pluto): Aesch. Supp. 156 f. etc. (cf. Polydectes [2]). Käppel, Lutz (Kiel) [German version] [2] Mythical king of Elis Mythical king of Elis; holds in safekeeping the cattle stolen from Electryon; Amphitryon releases them and receives Electryon's daughter Alcmene in return (Apollod. 2,55 f.; Schol. Lycoph. 932). Käppel, Lutz (Kiel) [German version] [3] Mythical king of Elis Mythical king of Elis, grandson of Augeias; suitor of Helen…

Nahapāna

(101 words)

Author(s): Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki)
[German version] Indian king of the Kṣatrapa dynasty, who ruled in and around Gujarāt in the 1st or 2nd cent. AD and was then deposed by the Sātavāhana king Gautamīputra Sātakarṇi. He has often been identified with the king Manbanes(-nus?) of Barygaza in Peripl. m.r. 41 (most recently in [1], but the question remains uncertain, latest critique in [2]). Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki) Bibliography 1 J. Cribb, Numismatic Evidence for the Date of the Periplus, in: D.W. McDowall (ed.), Indian Numismatics, History, Art and Culture, 1992, 131-145 2 G. Fussman, Le Périple et l'histoire poli…

Dachinabades

(59 words)

Author(s): Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki)
[German version] Region of India to the south of  Barygaza, with the cities of Paithana and Tagara. Mentioned only in Peripl. m.r. 50f., where δάχανος has also been correctly explained as the Indian word for south, Old Indian dakṣiṇa. Probably following Middle Indian Dakkhiṇābadha (Old Indian dakṣiṇāpatha) as a term for the Indian peninsula. Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki)

Imaon

(16 words)

Author(s): Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki)
[German version] Greek name of the Himalaya, old Indian Himavān,  Emodus. Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki)

Prasii

(123 words)

Author(s): Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki)
[German version] (Πράσιοι/ Prásioi; Lat. Prasii). People in eastern India on the lower reaches of the Ganges in modern Bihār, Old Indian p rāchya, 'the Easterners' (e.g. in the Mahābhārata). Situated in their territory wasPalimbothra, the capital of the kingdom of Maurya (Mauryas). The first information about the P. comes from the Alexander historians (Diod. Sic. 17,93, Curt. 9,2,3); from the time of Megasthenes (in Str. 15,1,36), they were considered to be the most powerful people in India. Their territory was known as Πρασιακή/ Prasiakḗ (Ael. NA 17,39, Ptol. 7,1,53). Many pas…

Larice

(61 words)

Author(s): Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki)
[German version] Indian region in Gujarāt, bordering on Indo-Scythia in the west, with the capital Ozene (Ptol. 7,1,62f., see also Peripl. m.r. 41 (Ariake) and Ptol. 7,1,4f.). The name is obviously related to Old Indian Lāṭa, South Gujarāt. In this country the famous harbour town of Barygaza was situated. Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki) Bibliography O. Wecker, s.v. L., RE 12, 837f.

Heliocles

(97 words)

Author(s): Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki)
[German version] (called Díkaios, Middle Indian Heliyakriya). Greek king of Bactria in the 2nd cent. BC, attested only by his coins. According to Tarn [1] son of Eucratides I and the last Greek king of Bactria, overthrown by nomads in 141/128. Narain [2] and Bopearachchi [3] differentiate between two H.s on numismatic grounds. The second was supposedly a son of the first and ruled in the south of the Hindu Kush. Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki) Bibliography 1 W. W. Tarn, The Greeks in Bactria and India, 21951 2 A. K. Narain, The Indo-Greeks, 1958 3 Bopearachchi, 74-76, 222-225 (H. I.), 9…

Sambus

(143 words)

Author(s): Nissen, Hans Jörg (Berlin) | Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki)
[German version] [1] Tributary of the Ganges (Σάμβος/ Sámbos). Tributary of the Ganges (Arr. Ind. 4,4: Megasthenes), possibly identical to the Sarabus (Ptol. 7,1,29; 2,13) corresponding to the Sarayū (Agoranis). Nissen, Hans Jörg (Berlin) [German version] [2] Indian king, 4th cent. BC (Σάμβος/ Sámbos in Arr. Anab. 6,16,3 f., Σάβος/ Sábos in Diod. Sic. 17,102,6 f. and Str. 15,1,33, Σάββας/ Sábbas in Plut. Alexander 64, Sambus in Curt. 9,8,13 and 9,8,17, Ambus in Just. Epit. 12,10, etc.). Indian king; his kingdom, with its capital at Sindimana, lay in the mountain …

Indus

(317 words)

Author(s): Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki) | Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart)
(Ἰνδός; Indós). [German version] [1] The Indus The River Indus. Probably from Old Indian Sindhu (for the etymology cf.  India); the Indian name is better attested as Sindus in Plin. HN 6,71, than Σίνθος; Sínthos in Peripl. m.r. 38; 40 and as Σίνδων/Σίνθων; Síndōn/ Sínthōn in Ptol. 7,1,2 (here a branch of the delta). According to general Greek opinion (with the exception of  Megasthenes), the I. is the largest river in India, known to the Greeks since the end of the 6th cent. BC (Scylax in Hdt. 4,44). The lower reaches for instance downstr…

Muziris

(125 words)

Author(s): Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki)
[English version] Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Indienhandel | Mauryas (Μουζιρίς). Hafenstadt an der SW-Küste Indiens im h. Kerala; das indische Muciri der alttamilischen Sangam-Gedichte [1]. Sowohl griech. als auch tamilische Quellen beschreiben M. als eine der wichtigsten südindischen Hafen- und Handelsstädte. Von dort führte ein wichtiger Handelsweg zur Ostküste Indiens. Eine Papyrus-Urkunde (PVindob. 40822) aus Äg. berichtet von einem Darlehen, das in M. gewährt wurde [2]. Wegen der Unstetigkeit der Küste bleibt die genaue Lage immer noch unbekannt. …

Oaxes

(69 words)

Author(s): Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki)
[English version] Fluß ‘am östl. Rand der Welt’ (Verg. ecl. 1,65); wohl nicht in Kreta (so richtig schon Serv. zur Stelle), sondern eine Namensvariante für Oxos, altiran. Vaxschu, der nach Plin. nat. 6,48 und Iust. 1,8,2 aus dem Oaxus lacus herausfließt. Eine weitere Namensvariante ist Araxes [2]. Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki) Bibliography E. Kirsten, s.v. O. (1), RE 17, 1686f.  E. Meyer, s.v. O. (1), RE Suppl. 12, 897f.

Palimbothra

(166 words)

Author(s): Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki)
[English version] Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Graeco-Baktrien | Graeco-Baktrien | Indienhandel | Mauryas (Παλίμβοθρα, auch Παλίβοθρα; Name von einer frühmittelindischen Form des altindischen Pāṭaliputra abgeleitet [1. 34]). Verkehrsgünstig gelegene Stadt der Prasioi im dichtbevölkerten Land von Magadha am Zusammenfluß von Son und Ganges im h. Patna in Bihar. Von Sandrakottos zur Hauptstadt des Maurya-Reiches (Mauryas) gemacht, oft in der griech. und röm. Lit. erwähnt; die meisten Informatio…

Dachinabades

(50 words)

Author(s): Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki)
[English version] Teil Indiens im Süden von Barygaza, mit den Städten Paithana und Tagara. Nur im peripl. m. r. 50f. genannt, wo man auch δάχανος richtig als ind. Wort für Süden, altind. dakṣiṇa, erklärt hat. Wohl nach mittelind. Dakkhiṇābadha (altind. dakṣiṇāpatha) Bezeichnung der indischen Peninsula. Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki)

Bazira

(59 words)

Author(s): Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki)
[English version] Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Alexandros (Βάζιρα). Stadt in Nordwest-Pakistan, am Swatfluß zw. Indus und Hindukusch, von Alexandros [4] d.Gr. erobert und befestigt (Arr. an.). Wohl bei Bīr-kōt̥-Ġundai, wo hell. Mauern, Keramik und Graffiti gefunden wurden. Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki) Bibliography P. Callieri, in: A. Gail, G. Mevissen (Hrsg.), South Asian Archaeology 1991, 1993, 339-348.

Kalliena

(71 words)

Author(s): Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki)
[English version] Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Indienhandel Nach peripl. m. r. 52f. ein empórion an der Westküste Indiens, in der Nähe des h. Bombay, altindisch Kalyāṇa. K. wurde vom älteren Saraganes als wichtiger Handelshafen angelegt, unter Sandanes im 1. Jh.n.Chr. zu Gunsten Barygazas vernachlässigt. Auch bei Kosmas [2] Indikopleustes als Kalliana belegt (11,16; 11,22). Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki) Bibliography H.P. Ray, Monastery and Guild. Commerce under the Sātavāhanas, 1986.

Nikaia

(1,336 words)

Author(s): Frey, Alexandra (Basel) | Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) | Dreyer, Boris (Göttingen) | Daverio Rocchi, Giovanna (Mailand) | Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) | Et al.
(Νίκαια). [English version] [1] Naiade Naiade, Tochter des phrygischen Flußgottes Sangarios und der Göttin Kybele. Als Jägerin verschmäht N. die Liebe und bleibt Jungfrau. Bei Memnon von Herakleia wird Dionysos von ihr nicht erhört, so daß er zu einer List greift und die Quelle, aus der N. zu trinken pflegt, in Wein verwandelt. Sie wird betrunken und schläft ein. Dionysos überwältigt sie im Schlaf und zeugt mit ihr ‘Satyrn und andere’ (Memnon FGrH 434 F 41, 8f.). Bei Nonn. Dion. 15,169-16,405 ist der…

Nahapāna

(92 words)

Author(s): Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki)
[English version] Indischer König der Kṣatrapa-Dyn., der im 1. oder 2. Jh.n.Chr. in und um Gujarāt herrschte und dann von dem Sātavāhana-König Gautamīputra Sātakarṇi beseitigt wurde. Man hat ihn oft mit König Manbanes(-nos?) von Barygaza in peripl. m.r. 41 identifiziert (zuletzt [1], aber die Frage bleibt unsicher; Kritik zuletzt bei [2]). Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki) Bibliography 1 J. Cribb, Numismatic Evidence for the Date of the Periplus, in: D.W. McDowall (Hrsg.), Indian Numismatics, History, Art and Culture, 1992, 131-145 2 G. Fussman, Le Périple et l'histoire politi…

India

(1,614 words)

Author(s): Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki)
[English version] I. Name Altindisch Sindhu als Name des Indus-Flusses ist (mit iran. h) als Hindu in den altpers. Inschriften belegt, daraus entstand griech. Ἰνδός (mit ion. Verlust des h) für den Fluß und dann Ἰνδική für das Land. Die lat. Bezeichnungen sind Indus bzw. India. Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki) [English version] II. Frühe Beziehungen Während Beziehungen zwischen NW-I. und Mesopot. bis ins 3. Jt. v.Chr. zurückreichen, wurde I. in Griechenland erst im späten 6. Jh. durch Skylax (FGrH 709) bekannt, der NW-I. im Dienst des Dareios [1] I. sel…

Maisolia

(70 words)

Author(s): Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki)
[English version] (Μαισωλία, Ptol. 7,1,15; Masalia, peripl. m. r. 62); das Land der Maisoloi (Ptol. 7,1,79; 93) an der Ostküste Indiens. Für den Namen und die Lage s. Maisolos. Von einem ungenannten dortigen Hafen fuhren nach Ptolemaios die Schiffe nach Chryse Chersonesos (Malakka) ab. Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki) Bibliography 1 B. Chatterjee, The Point of Departure for Ships Bound for “Suvarnabhumi”, in: Journ. of Ancient Indian History 11, 1977-1978, 49-52.

Kalingai

(67 words)

Author(s): Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki)
[English version] Volk an der Ostküste Indiens, altind. Kalinga, lebte etwa im heutigen Orissa; Hauptstadt Pertalis (Plin. nat. 6,64; 65; 7,30, vielleicht nach Megasthenes). Ihr Land wurde 261 v.Chr. von Aśoka in blutigem Krieg erobert und dem Reich der Mauryas eingegliedert; wahrscheinl. mit der Kalliga des Ptol. (7,1,93, in der Maisolia im östl. Indien) identisch. Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki) Bibliography A. Herrmann, s.v. K., RE 10, 1604f.

Akesines

(153 words)

Author(s): Manganaro, Giacomo (Sant' Agata li Battiata) | Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki)
(Ἀκεσίνης). [English version] [1] Fluß in Sicilia Fluß in Sicilia (Thuk. 4,25,8 Ἀχεσίνης, Plin. nat. 3,88 Asines), der h. Alcantara, der nördl. von Randazzo entspringt und am Nordfuß der Aitne [1] entlangfließt [2. 137] und südl. von Naxos in den Ionios Kolpos mündet, identisch mit Assinos (als gehörnter Jünglingskopf auf dem Av. einer Mz. aus Naxos dargestellt, Legende ΑΣΣΙΝΟΣ [1. 65 f., 93 f.]. Manganaro, Giacomo (Sant' Agata li Battiata) Bibliography 1 H. A. Cahn, Die Mz. der sizilischen Stadt Naxos, 1944 2 G. Manganaro, Per una storia della “chora Katanaia”, in: E. Olshausen, H.…

Aśoka

(117 words)

Author(s): Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki)
[English version] (Aschoka). Maurya-Kaiser Indiens (269/268-233/232 v.Chr.), auch Piyadassi/Priyadarōsi (griech. Πιοδάσσης) genannt. Berühmt durch seine Edikte, von denen man viele Exemplare, in mittelindischen Dial. geschrieben, in vielen Teilen Südasiens gefunden hat, im Nordwesten (h. Afghanistan) auch mehrere Fragmente auf Aram., sowie eine aram.-griech. Bilingue [3] und ein griech. Fragment [4] in Kandahar. Die Edikte vermitteln ein lebendiges Bild von A.s Reich und dessen Verwaltung, auch seine engen Beziehungen zu den hell. Reichen sind genannt [1; 2]. Karttunen,…

Aï Chanum

(140 words)

Author(s): Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki)
[English version] Ruinenstätte im Norden Afghanistans am Zusammenfluß von Amu Darja (Araxes) und Koktscha. Gegr. wahrscheinlich von Alexander selbst, wohl Alexandreia [12]. A. war eine griech. Polis mit Tempeln, Gymnasium, Theater und Akropolis, mit griech. Monumental- und Grabinschr. [1]; unter den Funden zahlreiche Ostraka ökonomischen Inhalts [2], Reste zweier lit. Papyri [3], hell., iran., indische und indo-gr. Münzen A. war Hauptstadt der östl. Prov. Baktriens. In der Mitte des 2. Jh. v. Chr. wurde A. im Zusammenhang mit dem Fall des griech. Baktrien zerstört. Baktrien Kart…

Barygaza

(121 words)

Author(s): Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki)
[English version] Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Graeco-Baktrien | Graeco-Baktrien | Indienhandel | Mauryas (Βαρύγαζα ἐμπόριον, Ptol. 7,1,62 und Steph. Byz.), Hafenstadt am Golf von Cambay in Gujarat, alt- und mittelind. Bharukaccha, h. Broach. Bei Peripl. m. r. 43-49 ausführlicher Bericht über Route und Handel; ein Münzfund bestätigt die Angabe über Gültigkeit der indogriech. Münzen [1]. B. war der Hafen von Ozene und sein Handel reichte bis Gandhāra und Baktria. Wohl identisch mit Βαργόση bei Strab. 15,1,73. Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki) Bibliography 1 J.S…

Emodos

(93 words)

Author(s): Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki)
[English version] (Ἠμωδός, Ἠμωδὸν ὄρος, [ H] emodus; abgeleitet über das Mittelind. von altind. Haimavata, auch Imaos, Ἴμαον ὄρος, Imaus, von altind. Himavān, “mit Schnee versehen”). Name des östl. Teils des als einheitliches Gebirge verstandenen Hindukuš-Pamir-Himalaya. Es gab verschiedene Meinungen von der Lage dieser Gebirgszüge; bald wurde Imaos als östl. von beiden (Eratosth. bei Strab. 15,1, 11; Plin. nat. 6, 64; Arr. Ind. 2, 3 u.a.), bald Emodos genannt. (Ptol.). Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki) Bibliography O. von Hinüber, in: G. Wirth, O. von Hinüber (Hrsg. und Übers.), A…

Ozene

(67 words)

Author(s): Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki)
[English version] Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Indienhandel (Ὀζήνη). Indische Stadt im Binnenland östl. von Barygaza, eine ehemalige Hauptstadt (peripl. m. E. 48); gräzisierte Form des mittelindischen Ojjenī (für altindisch Ujjayinī), der berühmten Metropolis des westl. Indien. Bei Ptol. 7,1,63 ist O. die Hauptstadt des Tiastanes, identisch mit dem epigraphisch belegten Kṣatrapa-Fürsten Caṣṭana. Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki) Bibliography O. Stein, s.v. Ὀζήνη, RE 18, 2048f.

Imaon

(14 words)

Author(s): Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki)
[English version] Griech. Name des Himalaja, altind. Himavān, Emodos. Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki)

Archebios

(24 words)

Author(s): Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki)
[English version] Indogriech. König im 1. Jh. v. Chr., nur durch seine Münzen belegt, mittelind. Arkhebiya. Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki) Bibliography Bopearachchi, 110-112, 319-324.

Kamara

(103 words)

Author(s): Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) | Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki)
(Καμάρα). [English version] [1] Hafenort in Ost-Kreta Hafenort in Ost-Kreta, urspr. Lato (Λατὼ πρὸς bzw. ἐπὶ Καμάραι, Ptol. 3,17,5; Hierokles, Synekdemos 650,1), h. Agios Nikolaos. Enge polit. Anbindung an Lato [1. Nr. 72, S. 428]. Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) Bibliography 1 A. Chaniotis, Die Verträge zw. kret. Poleis in der hell. Zeit, 1996. F. Gschnitzer, Abhängige Orte im griech. Alt., 1958, 49-51. [English version] [2] empórion an der SO-Küste Indiens Nach peripl. m. r. 60 ein empórion an der SO-Küste Indiens, vielleicht mit Chaberis des Pto…

Heliokles

(86 words)

Author(s): Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki)
[English version] (gen. Díkaios, mittelind. Heliyakriya). Griech. König Baktriens im 2. Jh. v.Chr., nur durch seine Mz. belegt. Nach Tarn [1] Sohn des Eukratides I. und der letzte griech. König Baktriens, 141/128 von Nomaden gestürzt. Narain [2] und Bopearachchi [3] unterscheiden aus numismat. Gründen zwischen zwei H. Der zweite sei ein Sohn des ersten und habe im Süden des Hindukusch geherrscht. Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki) Bibliography 1 W.W. Tarn, The Greeks in Bactria and India, 21951 2 A.K. Narain, The Indo-Greeks, 1958 3 Bopearachchi, 74-76, 222-225 (H. I.), 97-99, 2…

Kathaioi

(95 words)

Author(s): Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki)
[English version] (Καθαῖοι). Indisches Volk im Pandschab entweder östl. des Hydraotes oder zw. Hydaspes und Akesines [2], von Alexander d.Gr. unterworfen (Arr. an. 5,22; Diod. 17,91,2; Curt. u.a.); vielleicht zu identifizieren mit altindisch Kāthaka (belegt als vedische Schule, wie auch die Kambistholoi und Madyandinoi). Ihre Sitten (Witwenverbrennung, Brautwahl, das Tragen von Schmuck und hohes Ansehen der körperlichen Schönheit) wurden von Onesikritos (fr. 34 bei Strab.) beschrieben, der auch berichtet, daß es in ihrem Land v…

Magnus Sinus

(76 words)

Author(s): Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki)
[English version] (μέγας κόλπος/ mégas kólpos, Ptol. 7,2,1; 7,3,1). Ein großer Meerbusen in India extra Gangem, angrenzend an die Sinae, d.h. Südostasien, mit drei Flüssen: Daonas, Dorias und Seros (Ptol. 7,2,7). Während die Geographie Südostasiens bei Ptolemaios gänzlich entstellt erscheint und alle Deutungen dortiger Ortsnamen sehr hypothetisch bleiben, läßt sich doch der M.S. mit den Gewässern zwischen der Malakka-Halbinsel und Südchina gleichsetzen. Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki) Bibliography H. Treidler, s.v. Μέγας κόλπος, RE Suppl. 10, 385ff.

Maniolai nesoi

(104 words)

Author(s): Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki)
[English version] (Μανιόλαι νῆσοι). Eine Indien vorgelagerte Inselgruppe jenseits des Ganges (Ptol. 7,2,31). Daneben in der griech. Lit. nur bei Pseudo- Palladios ( Perí tōn tēs Indíēs ethnṓn 1,5) belegt, aber bei ihm in der Nähe von Sri Lanka (etwa Malediven oder in den gefährlichen Gewässern um die Südspitze Indiens) lokalisiert, später oft von Arabern, Persern etc. genannt. Seit Ptolemaios glaubte man, daß diese Inseln so magnetisch seien, daß sie die eisernen Nägel aus Schiffen herauszögen. Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki) Bibliography A. Herrmann, s.v. Μανιόλαι νῆσοι, RE 14,…

Kolchoi

(51 words)

Author(s): Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki)
[English version] Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Indienhandel Handelsstadt an der SO-Küste Indiens, gegenüber von Taprobane (Ptol. 7,1,10; 7,1,95: Kolchikós kólpos). Peripl. m. r. 58f. wußte, daß die Küste von Komarei bis K. für die Perlenfischerei wichtig war. K. ist wohl das h. Koṟkai. Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki)

Indoskythen

(57 words)

Author(s): Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki)
[English version] (in chin. Quellen Yuezhi); urspr. ein zentralasiatisches Volk, im 2. Jh. v.Chr. nach Westen gewandert. Die I. eroberten Graeco-Baktrien und zogen später nach Indien, wo sie die mächtige Kuschanen-Dynastie (Kuschan) gründeten (Kanischka). Ihr indisches Reich wird als Indoskythia bei Ptolemaios u.a. genannt. Skythes Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki) Bibliography J.E. van Lohuizen-de Leeuw, The Scythian Period, 1949.

Eudamos

(206 words)

Author(s): Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki) | Günther, Linda-Marie (München)
(Εὔδαμος). [English version] [1] Makedonischer General unter Alexander dem Gr. Makedonischer General ( dux Thracium bei Curt. 10,1,21), 323 v.Chr. von Alexandros [4] dem Gr. an die Seite des Taxiles als mil. Befehlshaber gestellt (Arr. an. 6,27,2). Er erschlug Poros und brachte 120 Elefanten nach Westen, als er 317 v.Chr. zusammen mit anderen östl. Satrapen dem Ruf des Eumenes [1] folgte (Diod. 19,14). Er kämpfte unter Eumenes und wurde zusammen mit diesem von Antigonos [1] getötet (Diod. 19,27-44). Nach Bern…

Chryse

(56 words)

Author(s): Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki)
[English version] (Χρυσῆ χερρόνησος). Halbinsel in Südwestasien (peripl. m. r. 63; Ptol. 7,2,5, u.a.), lat. Promunturium Chryse (Plin. nat. 6,20,55), wohl auf h. Malakka-Halbinsel; vgl. altindisch Suvarṇabhūmi “Goldland” und Suvarṇadvı̄pa “Goldinsel” in Südwestasien. Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki) Bibliography P. Wheatley, The Golden Khersonese. Studies in the historical geography of the Malay Peninsula before A.D. 1500, 1961.

Moeris

(46 words)

Author(s): Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki)
[English version] Indischer Fürst der Patalii an der Indus-Mündung, ein Genosse des Alexandros [4] (Curt. 9,8,28). Der Name M. soll aus Maurya abgeleitet sein [1. 25-27]; dies ist jedoch äußerst unwahrscheinlich. India Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki) Bibliography 1 P.H.L. Eggermont, Alexander's Campaigns in Sind and Baluchistan, 1975, 25-27.

Nagadiba

(59 words)

Author(s): Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki)
(Ναγαδίβα). [English version] [1] Küstenstadt auf Taprobane Küstenstadt auf Taprobane (h. Sri Lanka); Ptol. 7,4,7. Es liegt nahe, hier mittelindisch Nāgadīpa “Schlangeninsel” zu sehen, aber eine Stadt solchen Namens ist nicht bekannt. Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki) Bibliography D.P.M. Weerakkody, Taprobanê, 1997, 85ff. [English version] [2] Insel bei Taprobane Eine der zahlreichen Inseln bei Taprobane, Ptol. 7,4,13. Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki)

Namades

(71 words)

Author(s): Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki)
[English version] (Ναμάδης). Fluß in Gujarāt, entspringt im Vindhya-Gebirge (Οὐίνδιον) und erreicht das Meer östl. von Barygaza (Ptol. 7,1,31, kurz auch 7,1,65); h. Narmadā. Der sog. Fluß Namnadios (peripl. m.r. 42) [1] ist nur eine Emendation von C. Müller (GGM 291) für hsl. Lamnaíos und kaum mit N. zu verbinden, obwohl auch hier der Fluß Narmadā gemeint sein könnte. Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki) Bibliography 1 O. Stein, s.v. Ναμάδης, RE 16, 1609.

Peukolaos

(32 words)

Author(s): Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki)
[English version] ( P. Díkaios kai Sōtḗr/“der Edle und Retter”; mittelindisch Peukalaüsa). Indogriech. König in Gandhāra (Gandaritis) Anf. des 1. Jh.v.Chr., nur durch seine Mz. belegt. Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki) Bibliography Bopearachchi, 106, 309.

Nosala

(62 words)

Author(s): Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki)
[English version] (Νόσαλα). Unbewohnte Insel an der gedrosischen Küste der Ichthyophagoi (Arr. Ind. 31), Lage unbekannt. Die Insel, die von Nearchos [2] besucht wurde, lag 100 Stadien vor der Küste und war nach Ansicht der Ichthyophagen der Sonne heilig. Nearchos' Besuch auf der Insel wird auch bei Strab. 15,2,13 erwähnt. Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki) Bibliography O. Stein, s.v. Νόσαλα, RE 17, 1051f.

Barabara

(42 words)

Author(s): Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki)
[English version] ( Barbara, auch Barbare). Hafenstadt an der Indusmündung (Ptol. 7,1,59), Ἐμπόριον Βαρβαρικόν oder Βαρβαρική des peripl. m. r. 38f., altindisch Varvara. B. scheint der Haupthafen des Indusgebietes gewesen zu sein, ist aber im Deltabereich spurlos verschwunden. Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki)

Nikias

(1,669 words)

Author(s): Stein-Hölkeskamp, Elke (Köln) | Hoesch, Nicola (München) | Albiani, Maria Grazia (Bologna) | Bäbler, Balbina (Göttingen) | Nutton, Vivian (London) | Et al.
(Νικίας). [English version] [1] bed. Feldherr im Peloponnesischen Krieg, ca. 470-413 v.Chr. Sohn des Nikeratos aus Athen, geb. ca. 470 v.Chr., gest. 413, einer der bedeutendsten Feldherren im Peloponnesischen Krieg. Nach dem Tode des Perikles konkurrierte N. mit Kleon [1] um Einfluß bei der Volksversammlung und die Zuweisung mil. Kommandos. Seine Politik zielte auf Beendigung der aggressiven athen. Expansionspolitik und Ausgleich mit Sparta ab. Seit 427 wurde N. regelmäßig zum stratēgós gewählt. Er leitete Expeditionen gegen das der Küste vo…

Peukelaotis

(156 words)

Author(s): Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki)
[English version] Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Alexandros | Graeco-Baktrien | Graeco-Baktrien | Hellenistische Staatenwelt | Indienhandel (Πευκελαῶτις: Arr. an. 4,22,7-8,28,6; auch Πευκελαῖτις: Arr. Ind. 1,8; 4,11; Πευκελαῖτις: Strab. 15,1,27; ferner z.B. Προκλαίς: Ptol. 7,1,44; Ποκλαίς: peripl. m. Eux. 47f.). Stadt in Gandhāra (im h. Pakistan westl. vom Indus; Gandaritis), altindisch Puṣkalavatī, mittelindisch Pukkhalāvatī, griech. Form wohl unter Einfluß von Namen mit Peuko- ( Peukolaos, Peukéstas). P. hatte eine wichtige Lage am alten Han…

Patala

(98 words)

Author(s): Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki)
[English version] Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Alexandros | Graeco-Baktrien | Graeco-Baktrien | Hellenistische Staatenwelt | Indienhandel | Mauryas (τὰ Πάταλα). Stadt und Stützpunkt Alexandros' [4] d.Gr. an der Indus-Mündung, wohl altindisch Pātāla (Arr. an. 5,4,1; Arr. Ind. 2,6; Strab. 15,1,33 u.a.). Der Name wurde auch für das gesamte Gebiet gebraucht, später auch für die Insel Patalene (Ptol. 7,1,55), aber die Stadt wird nie mehr erwähnt. Statt dessen war Barabara Zentrum und Hafen des Gebiets, was vielleicht auf der unsteten Natur der Mündung beruht. Kart…

Ganges

(196 words)

Author(s): Treidler, Hans (Berlin) | Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki)
[English version] (Γάγγης, sanskr. Gaṅga). Der größte Fluß Indiens, seit dem Alexanderzug (Alexandros [4], mit Karte) im Westen bekannt (Arr. an. 5,4,1; 5,6,7; 5,9,4; 5,26,1; Curt. 8,9,5 u.ö.), wenn nicht schon bei Ktesias (bei Plin. nat. 37,39). In frühhell. Zeit wurde sein ganzer Lauf vermessen und mit 10000 Stadien berechnet (Strab. 15,689). Seine Quelle lag nach Strab. 15,719 in den Ēmōdá órē (Himalaya). Von Ptolemaios wird der G. mehrfach erwähnt (7,1,29; 30; 42; 51 Nobbe u.ö.), das Delta mit fünf Armen beschrieben (7,1,18) und auch der Gangētikós kólpos (Bengalische Meerbuse…

Larike

(56 words)

Author(s): Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki)
[English version] Indische Region in Gujarāt, im Westen an Indoskythien angrenzend, mit Hauptstadt Ozene (Ptol. 7,1,62f., s. auch Peripl. m. r. 41 (Ariake) und Ptol. 7,1,4f.). Der Name ist offensichtlich verwandt mit dem altindischen Lāṭa, Süd-Gujarāt. In diesem Land lag die berühmte Hafenstadt Barygaza. Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki) Bibliography O. Wecker, s.v. L., RE 12, 837f.

Kalliope

(269 words)

Author(s): Walde, Christine (Basel) | Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki)
[English version] [1] eine Muse (griech. Καλλιόπη, Καλλιόπεια; lat. Calliopa; zur Etym. Diod. 4,3). K. wird unter den 9 Musen (Hes. theog. 79) am häufigsten erwähnt und bes. individualisiert dargestellt. Sie ist urspr. die Muse des Kriegstaten verherrlichenden Epos, später auch - in paradoxer Umkehr - der “friedlichen” röm. Liebeselegie (Prop. 3,3) oder der gehobenen Dichtung überhaupt (Ov. trist. 2, 568). K. wird als Schutzherrin der Dichtung angerufen, u.a. im homer. Hymnos an Helios (31,1-2), der …
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