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Phormion

(229 words)

Author(s): Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld) | Engels, Johannes (Köln)
(Φορμίων). [English version] [1] Athen. Stratege (Mitte 5. Jh. v. Chr.) Athenischer stratēgós , kommandierte 440/439 v.Chr. eine Flotte gegen Samos (Thuk. 1,117,2). Gegen das von Ambrakioten gehaltene amphilochische Argos führte er 30 Schiffe zur Unterstützung der Amphilochoi und Akarnanes, die die Stadt fortan besiedelten. Athener und Akarnanes schlossen eine Symmachie (Thuk. 2,68,7f.). Mit einem athen. Heer betrieb Ph. 432 von Land aus die Belagerung Poteidaias (Thuk. 1,64,2; 65,2; 2,…

Leogoras

(330 words)

Author(s): Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld) | Montanari, Franco (Pisa)
(Λεωγόρας). [English version] [1] Vater des Redners Andokides [1], 5. Jh. v. Chr. Vater des Redners Andokides [1], Mitglied einer altadeligen athen. Familie, die sich auf Telemachos und Hermes zurückführte und mit den Alkmaionidai in Heiratsverbindungen stand (Hellanikos FGrH 323a F 24a-c; schol. Aristoph. Nub. 109). L. wurde von Aristophanes [3] wegen seines ausschweifenden und bes. verschwenderischen Lebenswandels verspottet. 426/5 v.Chr. leitete er eine Gesandtschaft zum Makedonenkönig Perdikkas II. (IG I3 61, Z. 51; [1. 30; 2. 1f.]). Von dem Vorwurf, an der P…

Metaneira

(166 words)

Author(s): Stenger, Jan (Kiel) | Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld)
(Μετάνειρα). [English version] [1] Gattin des eleusinischen Königs Keleos Gattin des eleusinischen Königs Keleos (nach schol. Eur. Or. 964 des Hippothoon), Mutter des Demophon [1] und mehrerer Töchter. M. nimmt die nach Persephone suchende Demeter in ihrem Haus auf und vertraut ihr den kleinen Demophon an. Sie stört aber unwissentlich die Göttin bei dem Versuch, das Kind im Feuer unsterblich zu machen, worauf sich Demeter von ihm zurückzieht (Hom. h. 2,185-291; Ov. fast. 4,507ff., wo M. und Keleos einfac…

Conon

(985 words)

Author(s): Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld) | Hübner, Wolfgang (Münster) | Montanari, Franco (Pisa)
(Κόνων; Kónōn). [German version] [1] Athenian, after 411/10 BC repeatedly stratēgós Athenian, in 413 BC commander in Naupactus, after 411/10 repeatedly stratēgós. C. was bottled up in 406 by the Peloponnesian fleet in the port of Mytilene and lost 30 ships (Xen. Hell. 1,6,14-23; Diod. Sic. 13,77-79). After Athens' victory at the  Arginusae he was freed. Since he did not participate in the battle, he was not deposed and sentenced to death like the other generals (Xen. Hell. 1,6,38-7,1). He escaped the destruction of …

Iatrocles

(282 words)

Author(s): Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld) | Engels, Johannes (Cologne) | Binder, Gerhard (Bochum)
(Ἰατροκλῆς; Iatroklês). [German version] [1] Athenian, oligarch, 4th cent. BC Athenian, fled in 411 BC after the pro-democratic uprising of the Athenian fleet off Samos with the trierarch  Eratosthenes [1] and others, when the fleet was operating in the Hellespont, to Athens, where he supported the oligarchy (Lys. 12,42). Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld) Bibliography Traill, PAA 531050. [German version] [2] Son of Pasiphon, approx. 350 BC Son of Pasiphon, in 348 BC captured by  Philippus II during the conquest of  Olynthus but then released (Aeschin. Leg. 15-16…

Banks

(2,042 words)

Author(s): Neumann, Hans (Berlin) | Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld) | Andreau, Jean (Paris)
[German version] I. Ancient Orient Banks as institutions whose specific task consists of arranging payment transactions, accepting deposits and granting credits, did not exist in the Ancient Orient. There is evidence of deposit and credit operations in ancient oriental societies of differing quantity and intensity, both in the domain of palace and temple economy and in individual private legal and economic transactions, but they were always subordinate to the respectively dominating redistributive an…

Polystratus

(387 words)

Author(s): Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld) | Dorandi, Tiziano (Paris) | Albiani, Maria Grazia (Bologna)
(Πολύστρατος/ Polýstratos). [German version] [1] Wealthy Athenian, councillor 411 BC Wealthy Athenian, frequent office-holder, member of the boulḗ in 411 BC. After the oligarchic coup, he took part in the selection of the 5,000 citizens to whom political rights would in future be restricted. He was wounded in the naval battles against the Spartans off Eretria. After the fall of the Four Hundred (Tetrakosioi), P. was fined heavily; he was prosecuted again c. 410/409 at age 70, probably for his political activities. Parts of his defence survive in the 20th speech of t…

Thrasyllus

(670 words)

Author(s): Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld) | Lakmann, Marie-Luise (Münster) | Harmon, Roger (Basle)
(Θράσυλλος; Thrásyllos). [German version] [1] Athenian commander in the Peloponnesian War (also Θράσυλος; Thrásylos). From Athens, served as a hoplite in the armed forces on Samos in 411 BC and was significantly involved there in the overthrow of an oligarchic revolution (Thuc. 8,73). Together with Thrasybulus [3], he organized the resistance against the oligarchs in Athens ( tetrakósioi [2]) and, through an oath, obliged the Athenian forces and the Samians to defend their democracy and continue the war (Thuc. 8,75,2). After being elected stratēgoí (Thuc…

Eurymedon

(520 words)

Author(s): Bloch, René (Berne) | Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld) | Martini, Wolfram (Gießen)
(Εὐρυμέδων; Eurymédōn, ‘far-prevailing’ [2]). The name of several heroes, usable in hexameters. [German version] [1] King of the Giants King of the  Giants, by his daughter Periboea grandfather of Nausithous the son of Poseidon, ancestor of the Phaeacian kings. E. brought himself and his people to ruin (Hom. Od. 7,58-60 with schol. and Eust.). According to  Euphorion fr. 99 Powell (schol. Hom. Il. 14,295-296) he raped Hera, whereupon she bore  Prometheus. For this Zeus later hurled E. into the Tartarus. Bloch, René (Berne) Bibliography 1 F. Vian, s.v. E.1, LIMC 4.1, 105 2 Kamptz 84, …

Thrasybulus

(1,055 words)

Author(s): Cobet, Justus (Essen) | Patzek, Barbara (Wiesbaden) | Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld)
(Θρασύβουλος/ Thrasýboulos). [German version] [1] Tyrant of Miletus [2], ca. 600 BC Prýtanis or aisymnḗtēs, then tyrant (Aristot. Pol. 1305a 16-18) of Miletus [2], at the time of its greatest prosperity around the turn of the 7th to the 6th cent. BC; a contemporary of Thales (Diog. Laert. 1,27). According to Herodotus, T. was able to end a twelve-year war against the Lydian kings Sadyattes [2] and Alyattes (Hdt. 1,17-23; Polyaenus, Strat. 6,47) by a trick (Hdt. 1,22: pretended wealth), and to persuade Alyatte…

Xanthippus

(704 words)

Author(s): Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld) | Günther, Linda-Marie (Munich) | Ameling, Walter (Jena)
(Ξάνθιππος/ Xánthippos). [German version] [1] Athenian from the Cholargos deme, father of Pericles, around 500 BC Athenian from the Cholargos deme, father of Ariphron, Pericles [1] and a daughter, born c. 520 BC, married to Agariste [2], a niece of the Alcmeonid Cleisthenes [2]. In 489 BC X. argued as plaintiff for Miltiades' [2] conviction. In Aristoteles [6] X. therefore appears not only as a leading demagogue but also as an adversary of Miltiades ([Aristot.] Ath. pol. 28,2). In the spring of 484 X. was banished by ostrakismos from Athens, perhaps as an o…

Hermon

(497 words)

Author(s): Podella, Thomas (Lübeck) | Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld) | Fornaro, Sotera (Sassari)
[German version] [1] Mountain massif Mountain massif (maximum height 2,814 m) south of the Antilebanon; Hebrew Ḥærmôn (from ḥrm ‘ban, taboo’), Greek Ἀερμών; Aermṓn, Latin Hermon, modern Ǧabal aš-Šaiḫ, ‘mountain of the white-haired man’ / Ǧabal aṯ-Ṯalǧ, ‘snow mountain’. Dt 3:9 equates H. with Phoenician Śiriōn and Amorite Śenīr, hence H. would be found as Šryn in Ugaritic, Šarijana in Hittite and Saniru in Assyrian. Biblical tradition considers H. to be the northern border of the land conquered by Moses and Joshua east of the Jordan (Jos 11:17; Dt 3:8). F…

Lycomedes

(382 words)

Author(s): Stenger, Jan (Kiel) | Stein-Hölkeskamp, Elke (Cologne) | Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld)
(Λυκομήδης; Lykomḗdēs). [German version] [1] King of the Dolopes on Scyros King of the Dolopes on Scyros, father of Deidamia [1]. Because Achilles is predestined to die in Troy, his mother Thetis disguises him as a girl at the court of L. where Achilles fathers a son Neoptolemus by Deidamia (Apollod. 3,174; schol. Hom. Il. 9,668). Later Odysseus and Phoenix persuade L. on behalf of the Greeks to allow Neoptolemus to come to Troy (Soph. Phil. 343ff.; only Odysseus in Hom. Od. 11,506ff. and in The Ilias P…

Perses

(346 words)

Author(s): Thurmann, Stephanie (Kiel) | Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld) | Albiani, Maria Grazia (Bologna)
(Πέρσης; Pérsēs). [German version] [1] Son of the Titan Crius and Eurybea (or Persaeus [1]: H. Hom. 2,24). Son of the Titan Crius [1] and Eurybea, brother of Astraeus and Pallas (Hes. Theog. 375ff.; Apollod. 1,8), husband of Asteria [2], father of Hecate (Hes. Theog. 409ff.). Thurmann, Stephanie (Kiel) [German version] [2] Son of Helios Son of Helios, brother of Aeetes (Hyg. Fab. 27). He seized power in Colchis from Aeetes, for which he was killed either by Medea (Apollod. 1,83) or her son Medus (Hyg. loc.cit.; Diod. Sic. 4,56,1). Thurmann, Stephanie (Kiel) [German version] [3] Son of Per…

Leptines

(618 words)

Author(s): Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld) | Meister, Klaus (Berlin) | Mehl, Andreas (Halle/Saale)
(Λεπτίνης; Leptínēs). [German version] [1] Athenian politician, 4th cent. BC Athenian politician, suggested an alliance with Sparta in 369 BC. In 356, L. carried through a law according to which all exemptions from liturgies which had been granted were to be lifted, and no more were to be granted in the future (Dem. Or. 20 hypoth. 2,2; 20,18). Bathippus brought an action against it on the grounds of illegality, but died shortly thereafter (Dem. Or. 20,144f.). In 355, a new action was brought against the …

Pheidon

(487 words)

Author(s): Hölkeskamp, Karl-Joachim (Cologne) | Kinzl, Konrad (Peterborough) | Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld)
(Φείδων; Pheídōn). [German version] [1] Ph. the Corinthian From Corinth, legislator, early 7th cent. BC According to Aristot. Pol. 1265b 12-16, he was one of the 'oldest legislators' who is said to have been the originator of a law in which the number of houses had to equal the number of citizens; it appears therefore to have served to protect the owners of plots of land and to maintain the balance of land ownership ratios ( klḗros ). Like the similar law of Philolaus [1], the law is probably authentic; it was possibly still in use in the time of the Bacchiadae regime (early 7th cent. BC). Hölkeskamp…

Theogenes

(485 words)

Author(s): Decker, Wolfgang (Cologne) | Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld) | Ameling, Walter (Jena)
(Θεογένης/ Theogénēs). [German version] [1] Athlete from Thasos, 5th cent. BC Famous fighter from the island of Thasos, Olympic champion in 480 BC (against Euthymus of Locri [1. nos. 191; 214; 222]) in fist-fighting [1. no. 201] and in 476 BC in pankration [1. no. 215]. This constellation of victories was first documented for T. on an inscription in Delphi [2. no. 37] dating from the 2nd cent. BC, which attests that the athlete was adored by his home polis for as long as four generations after his death. Pausanias tells of three victories in Delphi, ten in the Isthmia a…

Meidias

(508 words)

Author(s): Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld) | Engels, Johannes (Cologne) | Neudecker, Richard (Rome)
(Μειδίας/ Meidías). [German version] [1] Athenian demagogue, 420-400 BC Athenian demagogue. Nothing certain is known about his role in politics (Pl. Alc. 1,120a-b). Between 420 and 400 BC he was mocked by comedians for embezzlement of public funds, as a sycophant and braggart, and for his breeding of quails and cockerels (Aristoph. Av. 1297f.; Metagenes fr. 12; Phryn. fr. 4; 43; Pl. fr. 85; 116 PCG). Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld) Bibliography PA 9714 Traill, PAA 637170. [German version] [2] Athenian rhetor, c. 400-330 BC Athenian rhetor, son of Cephisodorus of Anagyrus, born c…

Pythodorus

(519 words)

Author(s): Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld) | Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) | Bartels, Jens (Bonn)
(Πυθόδωρος/ Pythódōros). [German version] [1] Athenian, paved the way (in 411BC) for the oligarchic constitution of the 400 Athenian who, according to [Aristot.] Ath. Pol. 29,1-2 (cf. Thuc. 8,67,1), in 411 BC made a motion in the public assembly to elect a further 20 'preliminary counselors' ( próbouloi) to draw up proposals for saving the state. He thus paved the way for the oligarchic constitution of the 400 ( tetrakósioi ). Diog. Laert. 9,54 (= Diels/Kranz 80 A 1) names him as the prosecutor of Protagoras [1]. P. may be identical with the …

Cleander

(290 words)

Author(s): Meister, Klaus (Berlin) | Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld) | Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA)
(Κλέανδρος; Kléandros). [German version] [1] C. of Gela Founded tyrannis in Gela in 505 BC Son of Pantares. C. founded c. 505 BC the tyrannis in  Gela and was assassinated after governing for seven years. C. created the preconditions for the rise of Gela under his brother and successor Hippocrates [4] (Hdt. 7,154; Aristot. Pol. 1316a 37f.). Meister, Klaus (Berlin) Bibliography D. Asheri, in: CAH 42, 1988, 758 H. Berve, Die Tyrannis bei den Griechen, 1967, 137. [German version] [2] Spartan commander in Byzantium c. 400 BC Spartan commander ( harmostḗs) in Byzantium. After the Greek…

Pythodoros

(455 words)

Author(s): Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld) | Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) | Bartels, Jens (Bonn)
(Πυθόδωρος). [English version] [1] Athener, 411 v. Chr. Wegbereiter der oligarchischen Verfassung der 400 Athener, stellte nach [Aristot.] Ath. pol. 29,1-2 (vgl. Thuk. 8,67,1) im J. 411 v. Chr. in der Volksversammlung den Antrag, weitere 20 “Vorberater” ( próbuloi) zu wählen, die Vorschläge zur Rettung des Staates ausarbeiten sollten. Er bereitete damit den Weg für die oligarchische Verfassung der 400 ( tetrakósioi ). Diog. Laert. 9,54 (= Diels/Kranz 80 A 1) nennt ihn als Ankläger des Protagoras [1]. P. ist evtl. identisch mit dem Arc…

Kleandros

(275 words)

Author(s): Meister, Klaus (Berlin) | Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld) | Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA)
(Κλέανδρος). [English version] [1] K. aus Gela Begründete 505 v. Chr. die Tyrannis in Gela Sohn des Pantares. K. begründete ca. 505 v.Chr. die Tyrannis in Gela und fiel nach siebenjähriger Regierung einem Mordanschlag zum Opfer. K. schuf die Voraussetzungen für den Aufstieg Gelas unter seinem Bruder und Nachfolger Hippokrates [4] (Hdt. 7,154; Aristot. pol. 1316a 37f.). Meister, Klaus (Berlin) Bibliography D. Asheri, in: CAH 42, 1988, 758  H. Berve, Die Tyrannis bei den Griechen, 1967, 137. [English version] [2] Spartanischer Befehlshaber in Byzantion um 400 v. Chr. Spartanischer B…

Hermon

(445 words)

Author(s): Podella, Thomas (Lübeck) | Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld) | Fornaro, Sotera (Sassari)
[English version] [1] Bergmassiv Bergmassiv (maximale Höhe 2814 m) im Süden des Antilibanon; hebr. Ḥærmôn (von ḥrm “Bann, Tabu”), griech. Ἀερμών, lat. Hermon, modern Ǧabal aš-Šaiḫ, “Berg des Weißhaarigen” / Ǧabal aṯ-Ṯalǧ, “Schneeberg”. Dt 3,9 setzt H. mit dem phöniz. Śiriōn und amoritisch Śenīr gleich, von daher wäre H. als Šryn im Ugarit., Šarijana im Hethit. und Saniru im Assyr. zu finden. Der biblischen Überlieferung gilt der H. als die nördl. Grenze des von Moses und Josua eroberten Landes östl. des Jordan (Jos 11,17; Dt 3,8). Aus den biblischen…

Banken

(1,853 words)

Author(s): Neumann, Hans (Berlin) | Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld) | Andreau, Jean (Paris)
[English version] I. Alter Orient Banken als Institutionen, deren spezifische Aufgabe darin besteht, den Zahlungsverkehr zu vermitteln, Einlagen anzunehmen und Kredite zu gewähren, hat es im Alten Orient nicht gegeben. Zwar sind Deposit- und Kreditgeschäfte in den altoriental. Gesellschaften in unterschiedlicher Quantität und Intensität sowohl im Bereich der Palast- und Tempelwirtschaft als auch im individuellen privaten Rechts- und Wirtschaftsverkehr bezeugt, doch waren sie stets den jeweils dominie…

Pheidon

(409 words)

Author(s): Hölkeskamp, Karl-Joachim (Köln) | Kinzl, Konrad (Peterborough) | Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld)
(Φείδων). [English version] [1] Ph. “der Korinther” von Korinth, Gesetzgeber, frühes 7. Jh. v. Chr. nach Aristot. pol. 1265b 12-16 einer der “ältesten Gesetzgeber”, soll der Urheber einer Regelung gewesen sein, nach der die Zahl der “Häuser” und der Bürger gleich sein mußte; sie scheint also dem Schutz der Besitzer von Landlosen und der Stabilisierung der Grundbesitzverhältnisse gedient zu haben ( klḗros ). Wie das ähnliche Gesetz des Philolaos [1] dürfte das Gesetz authentisch sein; es gehört vielleicht noch in die Zeit des Regimes der Bakchiadai (frühes 7. Jh.v.Chr.). Hölkeskamp,…

Perses

(334 words)

Author(s): Thurmann, Stephanie (Kiel) | Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld) | Albiani, Maria Grazia (Bologna)
(Πέρσης). [English version] [1] Sohn des Titanen Krios und der Eurybeia (oder Persaios : Hom. h. 2,24). Sohn des Titanen Krios [1] und der Eurybeia, Bruder des Astraios und des Pallas (Hes. theog. 375ff.; Apollod. 1,8), Gatte der Asteria [2], Vater der Hekate (Hes. theog. 409ff.). Thurmann, Stephanie (Kiel) [English version] [2] Sohn des Helios Sohn des Helios, Bruder des Aietes (Hyg. fab. 27). Er raubt Aietes die Herrschaft in Kolchis und wird deshalb entweder von Medeia (Apollod. 1,83) oder deren Sohn Medus (Hyg. l.c.; Diod. 4,56,1) getötet. Thurmann, Stephanie (Kiel) …

Konon

(929 words)

Author(s): Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld) | Hübner, Wolfgang (Münster) | Montanari, Franco (Pisa)
(Κόνων). [English version] [1] Athener, ab 411/10 v. Chr. mehrfach strategós Athener, 413 v.Chr. Befehlshaber in Naupaktos, von 411/10 an mehrfach stratēgós. K. wurde 406 von der peloponnes. Flotte im Hafen von Mytilene eingeschlossen, wobei er 30 Schiffe verlor (Xen. hell. 1,6,14-23; Diod. 13,77-79). Durch Athens Sieg bei den Arginusai wurde er befreit. Da er an der Schlacht nicht teilgenommen hatte, wurde er nicht wie die anderen Feldherrn abgesetzt und zum Tode verurteilt (Xen. hell. 1,6,38-7,1). Der Vernichtung …

Polystratos

(367 words)

Author(s): Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld) | Dorandi, Tiziano (Paris) | Albiani, Maria Grazia (Bologna)
(Πολύστρατος). [English version] [1] Begüterter Athener, Ratsherr 411 v. Chr. Begüterter Athener, bekleidete mehrfach Ämter, war 411 v. Chr. Ratsherr und nach dem oligarchischen Umsturz an der Auswahl der 5000 Bürger beteiligt, die künftig als einzige polit. Rechte besitzen sollten. In den Seegefechten bei Eretria gegen die Spartaner wurde er verwundet. Nach dem Sturz der 400 ( tetrakósioi ) wurde P. zu einer hohen Geldbuße verurteilt und um 410/409 im Alter von 70 J. erneut wohl wegen seiner polit. Tätigkeit angeklagt; von seiner…

Iatrokles

(254 words)

Author(s): Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld) | Engels, Johannes (Köln) | Binder, Gerhard (Bochum)
(Ἰατροκλῆς). [English version] [1] Athener, Oligarch, 4. Jh. v. Chr. Athener, floh 411 v.Chr. nach der demokrat. Erhebung auf der athen. Flotte vor Samos mit dem Trierarchen Eratosthenes [1] u.a. von der im Hellespont operierenden Flotte nach Athen, wo er sich für die Oligarchie einsetzte (Lys. 12,42). Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld) Bibliography Traill, PAA 531050. [English version] [2] Sohn des Pasiphon, ca. 350 v. Chr. Sohn des Pasiphon, 348 v.Chr. von Philippos II. bei der Eroberung von Olynthos gefangengenommen, aber danach freigelassen (Aischin. leg. 15…

Alkimenes

(269 words)

Author(s): Graf, Fritz (Princeton) | Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld) | Nesselrath, Heinz-Günther (Göttingen)
(Ἀλκιμένης). [English version] [1] Bruder des Bellerophontes Bruder des Bellerophontes, auch Peiren oder Deliades, wurde von seinem Bruder getötet, was Anlaß der Flucht nach Argos war (Apollod. 2,30; Tzetz. Lykophr. 17). Graf, Fritz (Princeton) [English version] [2] Sohn Iasons und Medeias Sohn des Iason und der Medeia, Bruder des Teisandros, die beide in Korinth von Medeia getötet wurden; nur Thettalos, der Zwillingsbruder des A., entkam. Die beiden sind im Temenos der Hera begraben und wurden als Heroen verehrt (Diod. 4,54,1; 4,55,1 f.). Graf, Fritz (Princeton) …

Meidias

(469 words)

Author(s): Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld) | Engels, Johannes (Köln) | Neudecker, Richard (Rom)
(Μειδίας). [English version] [1] Athenischer Demagoge, 420/400 v.Chr. Athenischer Demagoge, über dessen Rolle in der Politik nichts Sicheres bekannt ist (Plat. Alk. 1,120a-b). Zw. 420 und 400 v.Chr. wurde er wegen Unterschlagung öffentlicher Gelder, als Sykophant und Prahler und wegen seiner Wachtel- und Hahnenzucht von Komikern verspottet (Aristoph. Av. 1297f.; Metagenes fr. 12; Phryn. fr. 4; 43; Plat. fr. 85; 116 PCG). Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld) Bibliography PA 9714  Traill, PAA 637170. [English version] [2] athen. Rhetor, ca. 400-330 v. Chr. Athenischer Rhetor, Sohn d…

Leptines

(540 words)

Author(s): Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld) | Meister, Klaus (Berlin) | Mehl, Andreas (Halle/Saale)
(Λεπτίνης). [English version] [1] Athenischer Politiker, 4. Jh. v. Chr. Athenischer Politiker, schlug 369 v.Chr. ein Bündnis mit Sparta vor. 356 hatte L. ein Gesetz durchgebracht, wonach alle gewährten Befreiungen von Liturgien aufgehoben seien und künftig auch keine mehr gewährt werden dürften (Demosth. or. 20 hypoth. 2,2; 20,18). Bathippos erhob dagegen eine Klage wegen Gesetzwidrigkeit, starb aber kurz darauf (Demosth. or. 20,144f.). 355 wurde erneut Klage gegen das Gesetz erhoben, wofür Demosthenes [2…

Eurymedon

(472 words)

Author(s): Bloch, René (Princeton) | Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld) | Martini, Wolfram (Gießen)
(Εὐρυμέδων, “weithin waltend” [2]). Hexametrisch geeigneter Name mehrerer Heroen. [English version] [1] König der Giganten König der Giganten, durch seine Tochter Periboia Großvater des Poseidonsohnes Nausithoos, des Ahnherrn der Phaiakenkönige. E. stürzte sich und sein Volk ins Verderben (Hom. Od. 7,58-60 mit schol. und Eust.). Nach Euphorion fr. 99 Powell (schol. Hom. Il. 14,295-296) vergewaltigte er Hera, worauf sie Prometheus gebar. Dafür habe Zeus später E. in den Tartaros gestürzt. Bloch, René (Princeton) Bibliography 1 F. Vian, s.v. E.1, LIMC 4.1, 105 2 Kamptz 84, 195. …

Lykomedes

(349 words)

Author(s): Stenger, Jan (Kiel) | Stein-Hölkeskamp, Elke (Köln) | Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld)
(Λυκομήδης). [English version] [1] König der Dolopes auf Skyros König der Dolopes auf Skyros, Vater der Deïdameia [1]. Weil Achilleus der Tod in Troia vorbestimmt ist, versteckt ihn seine Mutter Thetis als Mädchen verkleidet am Hof des L., wo Achilleus mit Deïdameia den Sohn Neoptolemos zeugt (Apollod. 3,174; schol. Hom. Il. 9,668). Später überreden Odysseus und Phoinix im Auftrag der Griechen L., Neoptolemos nach Troia ziehen zu lassen (Soph. Phil. 343ff.; nur Odysseus bei Hom. Od. 11,506ff. und in der …

Lycon

(669 words)

Author(s): Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld) | Blume, Horst-Dieter (Münster) | Sharples, Robert (London) | Riedweg, Christoph (Zürich)
(Λύκων; Lýkōn). [German version] [1] Athenian, late 5th cent. BC Athenian, supported the rebellion of Pissuthnes against the Great King around 420 BC. Bribed by Tissaphernes, L. fell away from Pissuthnes and received several cities as territory under his rule in recompense (Ctesias FGrH 688 F 15,53). Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld) [German version] [2] Prosecutor of Socrates Prosecutor of Socrates (Pl. Ap. 23e; 36a); satirized by comedians (Eupolis fr. 61; 232; Metagenes fr. 10 PCG; schol. Aristoph. Vesp. 1169) because of his poverty, foreign origin, …

Demosthenes

(3,503 words)

Author(s): Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld) | Engels, Johannes (Cologne) | Weißenberger, Michael (Greifswald) | Selzer, Christoph (Frankfurt/Main) | Nutton, Vivian (London)
(Δημοσθένης; Dēmosthénēs). [German version] [1] Athenian commander during the Peloponnesian War Prominent Athenian commander during the Peloponnesian War. Appointed strategos for the first time in 427/6 BC, he entered Aetolia with Western Greek allies so as to be able to attack Boeotia from the west. Through tactical errors D. suffered a severe defeat and fear prevented him from returning to Athens (Thuc. 3,94-98). However, in the Aetolian and Spartan assault on the Athenian stronghold of Naupactus in 426, D., wit…

Phrynichus

(1,156 words)

Author(s): Zimmermann, Bernhard (Freiburg) | Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld) | Nesselrath, Heinz-Günther (Göttingen) | Matthaios, Stephanos (Cologne)
(Φρύνιχος/ Phrýnichos). [German version] [1] P. from Athens Tragedian, around 500 BC Tragedian. According to Suda φ 762 (TrGF I 3 T 1) he achieved his first victory in 511/508 BC and died on Sicily (T 6). He is said to have been the first person to bring female roles to the stage and to have 'invented' the trochaic tetrameter (T 1), which probably means that he introduced the metre into the tragic genre. He was famous on account of the quality ('sweetness') of his sung parts (Aristoph. Vesp. 219), whose len…

Epicrates

(390 words)

Author(s): Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld) | Stein-Hölkeskamp, Elke (Cologne) | Günther, Linda-Marie (Munich) | Bäbler, Balbina (Göttingen)
(Ἐπικράτης; Epikrátēs). [German version] [1] Democratic Athenian c. 400 BC Athenian who fought with the democrats against the oligarchy in 403 BC. In 397 he and  Cephalus advocated collaboration with Persia and a clean, quick break with Sparta, even at the risk of a new war (Hell. Oxy. 10, 1-2 Chambers). After Conon's victory in the Aegean in 394, he accompanied Phormisius to the Persian king as emissary of Athens. On his return he was accused of corruption but acquitted. In 392/1 he went to Sparta as an …

Eratosthenes

(1,581 words)

Author(s): Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld) | Zaminer, Frieder (Berlin) | Tosi, Renzo (Bologna) | Degani, Enzo (Bologna)
(Ἐρατοσθένης; Eratosthénēs). [German version] [1] Athenian, active in the Peloponnesian War An Athenian of rich family. In 411 BC he was serving as a trierarch in the Hellespont, but left his ship in order to support the oligarchs in Athens (Lys. 12,42). After the capitulation of Athens in the Peloponnesian War (404 BC), E. belonged to an action group ─ the five ephors ─ working for an oligarchic coup. After the abolition of the democratic order, E. was on the ruling committee of the Thirty, and after its …

Meno

(805 words)

Author(s): Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld) | Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) | Engels, Johannes (Cologne) | Meister, Klaus (Berlin)
(Μένων; Ménōn). [German version] [1] Recipient of Athenian citizenship according to Demosthenes For his support for the Athenians in their attack on Eion [1] on the Strymon, M. of Pharsalus was, according to Demosthenes (Or. 13,23), awarded atéleia or (Or. 23,199) Athenian citizenship [1. 20-23]. Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld) [German version] [2] Military official under Cyrus the younger, ca. 400 BC M. of Pharsalus, was, like his ancestors, closely connected to the Thessalian dynasty of the Aleuadai (M. was the erṓmenos, ‘beloved’, of Aristippus) and bound by paternal hosp…

Aristophanes

(5,353 words)

Author(s): Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld) | Redies, Michael (Berlin) | Nesselrath, Heinz-Günther (Göttingen) | Montanari, Franco (Pisa)
(Ἀριστοφάνης; Aristophánēs). [German version] [1] Athenian politician (beginning of the 4th cent. BC) Son of  Nicophemus, a confidant of  Conon. Repeatedly chorēgós and trierarch. In 393 BC he was supposed to win  Dionysius I of Syracuse on Conon's order as an ally for Athens using a marriage alliance with  Evagoras of Salamis. When Athens sent Evagoras 10 triremes against the Persians in 390/89, A. helped in financing them and participated as a delegate. Returning from this unsuccessful campaign, A. and his father were executed by means of the apagoge and their fortune was confisc…

Aeneas

(1,657 words)

Author(s): Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld) | Heckel, Hartwig (Bochum) | Burckhardt, Leonhard (Basle) | Hadot, Pierre (Limours)
[German version] [3] Stratēgos of the Arcadians around 366 BC (Αἰνέας; Ainéas). From Stymphalus. Stratēgos of the Arcadians around 366 BC (Xen. Hell. 7,3,1). Whether identical to  Aeneas [2] Tacticus, cannot be clarified.  Thebae Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld) Bibliography D. Whitehead, Aineias the Tactician, 1990, 10-13 A. Winterling, Polisbegriff und Stasistheorie des Aeneas Tacticus, in: Historia 40, 1991, 191-229, 201. [German version] [1] Myth Mythical figure from Trojan war (Αἰνείας, Αἰνέας [Aineías, Ainéas]; Latin Aeneas). Thraco-Illyrian name [17. 311 f.]. Hecke…

Diotimus

(622 words)

Author(s): Kinzl, Konrad (Peterborough) | Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld) | Degani, Enzo (Bologna) | Selzer, Christoph (Frankfurt/Main)
(Διότιμος; Diótimos). [German version] [1] Strategos in Corcyra 433/2 BC Athenian, son of Strombichides, from Euonymon (his family is known into the 3rd cent.). Strategos in Corcyra in 433/32 BC (Thuc. 1,45,2; IG I3 364,9); 439-32 nauarchos at Neapolis (Timaeus FGrH 566 F 98); he may have led a legation to Susa (Str. 1,3,1). Perhaps identical with D. in Ath. 10,436e. Kinzl, Konrad (Peterborough) Bibliography Fraser/Matthews (1) Davies, 4386. [German version] [2] Athenian strategos c. 390 BC Athenian strategos. Commander of the Athenian mercenary force near Corinth in 390/…

Euthydemus

(540 words)

Author(s): Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld) | Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki) | Cassin, Barbara (Paris) | Nutton, Vivian (London)
(Εὐθύδημος; Euthýdemos). [German version] [1] Athenian strategos 418/7 BC Athenian strategos of 418/17 BC. He took part in the Sicilian campaign, during which in 414/13 both he and Menander became commanders to serve alongside Nicias. They were defeated before  Demosthenes [1] even arrived. They failed in their attempt to force their departure out of Syracuse's great harbour (Thuc. 7,16,1; 69,4; Diod. Sic. 13,13,2-4; Plut. Nicias 20). Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld) Bibliography D. Kagan, The Peace of Nicias and the Sicilian Expedition, 1981. [German version] [2] E. I. Greek ki…

Philocrates

(338 words)

Author(s): Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld) | Engels, Johannes (Cologne) | Günther, Linda-Marie (Munich) | Ameling, Walter (Jena)
(Φιλοκράτης; Philokrátēs). [German version] [1] Athenian politician (beginning of the 4th cent. BC) Athenian who advised the Athenians at the negotiations in 392/1 BC to reject a peace treaty with Sparta (Dem. Or. 23,116f.). As stratēgós, P. in the summer of 390 BC commanded ten ships that were sent to Cyprus to help Evagoras [1] but were captured by the Spartan Nauarch Teleutias (Xen. Hell. 4,8,24). Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld) Bibliography P. Funke, Homónoia und Arché, 1980, 95; 144f.; 150. [German version] [2] Athenian rhetor and envoy, 4th cent. BC Son of Pythodorus from the de…

Demaenetus

(285 words)

Author(s): Bloch, René (Berne) | Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld) | Meister, Klaus (Berlin) | Ameling, Walter (Jena)
(Δημαίνετος; Dēmaínetos). [German version] [1] Epithet of Asclepius in Elis Epithet of  Asclepius in Elis, from the name of the cult founder (Paus. 6,21,4). Bloch, René (Berne) [German version] [2] From Parrhasia, allegedly transformed into a wolf D. from Parrhasia, a town in Arcadia. He is said to have been transformed into a wolf after he ate the flesh of a boy whom the Arcadians had sacrificed to Jupiter Lycaeus. After 10 years he became human again and was victorious in boxing at Olympia (Scopas FGrH 413 F 1; Varro in Aug. Civ. 18,17). In Paus. 6,8,2 he is called Damarchos. Bloch, René (Ber…

Alcimenes

(280 words)

Author(s): Graf, Fritz (Columbus, OH) | Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld) | Nesselrath, Heinz-Günther (Göttingen)
(Ἀλκιμένης, Alkiménēs). [German version] [1] Figure of Greek myth: brother of Bellerophontes Brother of Bellerophontes, also Peiren or Deliades, was killed by his brother, providing the reason for the flight to Argus (Apollod. 2,30; Tzetz. Lycophr. 17). Graf, Fritz (Columbus, OH) [German version] [2] Figure of Greek myth: son of Jason and Medea Son of Jason and Medea, brother of Teisander, both of whom were killed in Corinth by Medea; only Thettalus, A.'s twin brother, escaped. Both of these are buried in the Temenus of Hera and were venerated as heroes (Diod. Sic. 4,54,1; 4,55,1 f.). Gra…

Diotimos

(546 words)

Author(s): Kinzl, Konrad (Peterborough) | Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld) | Degani, Enzo (Bologna) | Selzer, Christoph (Frankfurt/Main)
(Διότιμος). [English version] [1] Strategos in Kerkyra 433/2 v. Chr. Athener, Sohn des Strombichides, von Euonymon (Familie bis ins 3. Jh. bekannt). Strategos in Kerkyra 433/32 v.Chr. (Thuk. 1,45,2; IG I3 364,9); 439-32 Nauarch bei Neapolis (Timaios FGrH 566 F 98); führte evtl. eine Gesandtschaft nach Susa (Strab. 1,3,1). Vielleicht identisch mit D. bei Athen. 10,436e. Kinzl, Konrad (Peterborough) Bibliography Fraser/Matthews (1)  Davies, 4386. [English version] [2] Athenischer Stratege um 390 v. Chr. Athenischer Stratege. 390/89 v.Chr. Befehlshaber des athenischen S…

Epikrates

(372 words)

Author(s): Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld) | Stein-Hölkeskamp, Elke (Köln) | Günther, Linda-Marie (München) | Bäbler, Balbina (Göttingen)
(Ἐπικράτης). [English version] [1] Demokrat. Athener um 400 v. Chr. Athener. Kämpfte 403 v.Chr. auf seiten der Demokraten gegen die Oligarchie. 397 setzte er sich mit Kephalos für eine Zusammenarbeit mit Persien und einen raschen Bruch mit Sparta ein, auch auf die Gefahr eines neuen Krieges hin (Hell. Oxyrh. 10, 1-2 Chambers). Nach Konons Sieg in der Ägäis 394 mit Phormisios als Gesandter Athens beim persischen König. Nach seiner Rückkehr wegen Bestechlichkeit angeklagt, aber freigesprochen. 392/1 als Ges…

Demosthenes

(3,273 words)

Author(s): Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld) | Weißenberger, Michael (Greifswald) | Engels, Johannes (Köln) | Selzer, Christoph (Frankfurt/Main) | Nutton, Vivian (London)
(Δημοσθένης). [English version] [1] Athenischer Feldherr im Peloponnesischen Krieg Bedeutender athenischer Feldherr während des Peloponnesischen Krieges. Erstmalig 427/6 v.Chr. Stratege, drang er mit westgriech. Verbündeten in Aitolien ein, um Boiotien von Westen angreifen zu können. Aufgrund taktischer Fehler erlitt D. eine schwere Niederlage und kehrte aus Furcht nicht nach Athen zurück (Thuk. 3,94-98). Beim Angriff der Aitoler und Spartaner auf den athenischen Stützpunkt Naupaktos 426 konnte D. aber m…
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