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Historical consciousness
(1,460 words)
1. PreconditionsAn important characteristic of human thought is the consciousness of the finitude of human existence. This existential connection of the individual to death is different from historical consciousness (French
conscience historique, German
Geschichtsbewusstsein), which is an insight not into the ephemeral nature of human existence but its historicity. There are two essential preconditions for developing a historical consciousness: (1) historical consciousness requires the concept of development, such that an i…
Date:
2019-10-14
Sattelzeit
(1,246 words)
1. Concept and definitionThe
Sattelzeit (saddle period) is defined as the period from the mid-18th to the mid-19th century. The term was coi…
Date:
2021-08-02
Humankind, human being
(5,417 words)
1. Introduction Biologically speaking, “human being” refers to the subspecies
homo sapiens sapiens, a social mammal characterized by bipedality and the use of tools to alter its environment. The concepts of "human being" (Greek
ánthropos, Latin
homo, early modern English
man) and “humanity” or “humankind” (Latin
humanitas or
humane genus; cf. Greek
anthrṓpinon génos) were handed down to the early modern period in the form of fixed Greek and Latin terms. They then became associated with a range of traditions of philosophical (natural history,…
Date:
2019-10-14
Objectivity
(1,809 words)
1. ConceptAs a scientific ideal of the 19th century, objectivity denotes the aim of achieving knowledge independent of the subject of the scientist. Given the emphatically normative sense appertaining to the claim of objectivity from the 19th century, it is astonishing to note that the specifically modern usage of the term dates only from the late 18th century [6].From the days of scholasticism to the verge of the 19th century, the Latin
esse objective denoted the merely conceptual, the cognitively intended …
Date:
2020-04-06