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1. Introduction Biologically speaking, “human being” refers to the subspecies homo sapiens sapiens, a social mammal characterized by bipedality and the use of tools to alter its environment. The concepts of "human being" (Greek  ánthropos, Latin  homo, early modern English man) and “humanity” or “humankind” (Latin  humanitas or  humane genus; cf. Greek  anthrṓpinon génos) were handed down to the early modern period in the form of fixed Greek and Latin terms. They then became associated with a range of traditions of philosophical (natural history,…