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Noachidische Gebote

(366 words)

Author(s): Wandrey, Irina
[English Version] (hebr. sheva mizwot bene Noach) sind nach jüd. Auffassung die für alle Menschen (Nichtjuden und Juden) verbindlichen Gebote (Mizwot) – im Gegensatz zu den exklusiv den Juden offenbarten Ge- und Verboten der Tora. Diese Vorstellung geht auf die rabb. Auslegung der Offenbarungen an Adam und Noah, die Urväter aller Menschen, zurück (Gen 2,16; 9,1–7). Die Einhaltung der n.G. ermöglicht prinzipiell auch den Nichtjuden ein gottesfürchtiges Leben und schließt sie in den göttlichen Heils…

Pseudo-Philo

(266 words)

Author(s): Wandrey, Irina
[English Version] ist der Autor eines Werkes über die bibl. Gesch. von Adam bis hin zu Saul und David (möglicherweise frgm.), das traditionell Philo von Alexandrien zugeschrieben wurde. Die in zahlreichen Hsn. überlieferte, in vorhieronymischen Lat. vf. Übers. (4.Jh.) aus dem Griech. geht auf einen urspr. auf Hebr. vf. Text zurück, wie bes. durch der HB und der Targumlit. nahestehende Begriffe etc. deutlich wird. Auch die erzählerischen Ausschmückungen und Zusätze zur bibl. Vorlage verweisen auf …

Serubbavel-Apokalypse

(156 words)

Author(s): Wandrey, Irina
[English Version] . Die pseudepigraphische hebr. Apokalypse (Apokalyptik: III.,2.) des S. (vermutlich Anfang 7.Jh. n.Chr., Palästina) spiegelt die messianischen Erwartungen (Messias/Messianismus: III.,1.) der jüd.-paläst. Bevölkerung wider, die – durch antijüd. Gesetze der byz. Herrscher bedroht – auf die pers. Eroberung hoffte (pers.-byz. Kriege 604–630 n.Chr.). Eingebettet in eine Rahmenhandlung, die Offenbarung der messianischen Erlösung durch Metatron/Michael an S. (letzter Herrscher aus david…

Philo

(180 words)

Author(s): Wandrey, Irina
[English Version] (Epiker), jüd. Autor eines griech. Epos über die Stadt Jerusalem, das in der hell. Tradition des Städtelobs steht. 24 Hexameter, die in sechs Frgm. aufgeteilt sind, werden von Eusebius von Caesarea (praep. 9,20; 24; 37) überliefert und dort als Zitate aus Alexander Polyhistors »Über die Juden« angeführt, der sie selbst als dem Epos »Über Jerusalem« entnommen zitiert. Die in den Frgm. genannten Themen sind Abraham, die Bindung Isaaks, der Wohnsitz Gottes, Joseph und die Traumdeutu…

Zeloten

(984 words)

Author(s): Wandrey, Irina
[English Version] . Die Bez. Z. (ζηλωται´/zēlōtaí, von griech. ζηλο´ω/zēlóō, »eifern«) für die sich im 1.Jh. n.Chr. und v.a. im Ersten Jüdischen Krieg gegen die röm. Herrschaft über Palästina erhebenden Juden findet sich bei Flavius Josephus (Bell. II 651; IV 160f.; VII 268–270), dessen Bellum Judaicum (II–VII) und Antiquitates die wichtigsten hist. Quellen für die Bewegung der Z. und ihre Ideologie darstellen. Die hebr. Bez. qanna'im (von qanna', »eifernd«) findet sich u.a. in bSan 82a. Ihr Name ist auf…

Pseudo-Phokylides

(191 words)

Author(s): Wandrey, Irina
[English Version] wird als Autor eines zw. 100 v. und 100 n.Chr. möglicherweise in Alexandrien vf. jüd.-hell. Lehrgedichts (230 Verse) bez. Dieses verbindet Entlehnungen aus der LXX – wobei spezifisch jüd. Glaubensinhalte nicht hervortreten, vom Monotheismus aber nicht abgewichen wird – mit hell. »Popularethik« (Walter 191). Christl. Einflüsse oder die Verwendung des NT sind nicht nachzuweisen. Einzuordnen ist es in den Bereich der für die hell. Epoche charakteristischen weisheitlich-lit. Lebensl…

Zephanja-Apokalypse

(222 words)

Author(s): Wandrey, Irina
[English Version] (ApkZeph). Eine Prophetie oder Apokalpyse des Z. (Sophonias) wird in antiken und ma. Verzeichnissen apokr. Schriften zum AT erwähnt. Überliefert ist ein griech. Zitat bei Clemens von Alexandrien (Stromata V 11, 77) sowie ein kopt. Text in zwei frgm. Hsn. (5.Jh. n.Chr.), einer sahidischen und einer achmimischen. Aufgrund des jetzt bekannten Handschriftenbestandes kann nicht sicher entschieden werden, ob es sich um Teile eines oder mehrerer unter demselben Namen verfaßter Werke han…

Theodotos

(186 words)

Author(s): Wandrey, Irina
[English Version] (Epiker), allein durch Zitate seines griech. Städteepos über die samaritanische Stadt Sichem (hell. Gründungsmythos, Geschehnisse um Jakob, Dina, Simeon und Levi, Beschneidung, Ermordung der Bevölkerung Sichems [Gen 34]) in dem ebenfalls verloren gegangenen Werk »Über die Juden« des Alexander Polyhistor bekannt. Lediglich sechs Frgm. (47 Hexameter) des Th. sind durch Eusebius von Caesarea (praep.) überliefert. Entstanden ist das Werk in Palästina oder Alexandrien vor dem 1.Jh. v.…

Zephaniah, Apocalypse of

(240 words)

Author(s): Wandrey, Irina
[German Version] A prophecy or apocalypse of Zephaniah (Sophonias) is mentioned in ancient and medieval lists of the Old Testament Apocrypha. A Greek quotation is preserved in Clement of Alexandria’s Stromata (V 11.77); a Coptic text is also preserved in two fragmentary 5th-century manuscripts, one Sahidic, the other Akhmimic. The extant manuscript evidence is insufficient to determine with certainty whether we are dealing with portions of a single work or several works composed under the same name (Diebner, 1158). The Akhmi…

Pseudo-Philo

(288 words)

Author(s): Wandrey, Irina
[German Version] was the author of a work (possibly fragmentary) on biblical history from Adam to Saul and ¶ David, which was traditionally attributed to Philo of Alexandria. The version preserved in numerous manuscripts was translated from Greek in the 4th century into pre-Jerome Latin, and goes back to an original Hebrew text, as is shown by the use of notions and terms close to the Hebrew Bible and Targum literature. The narrative embellishments and additions to the biblical text also indicate a close relations…

Theodotus

(185 words)

Author(s): Wandrey, Irina
[German Version] epic poet, known only through quotations of his Greek epic on the Samaritan city of Shechem (Hellenistic foundation myth, events involving Jacob, Dinah, Simeon, and Levi, circumcision, murder of the Shechemites [Gen 34]) in Alexander Polyhistor’s On the Jews, another lost work. Only six fragments (47 hexameters) of Theodotus’s work are preserved in Eusebius of Caesarea’s Praeparatio evangelica. The epic was produced in Palestine or Alexandria before the 1st century bce; its clear interest in the topic of forced conversion to Judaism suggests that it…

Ascension and Martyrdom of Isaiah

(368 words)

Author(s): Wandrey, Irina
[German Version] The apocryphal apocalypse “Ascension of Isaiah” consists of two distinct parts: the “Martyrdom of Isaiah” (1–5) and the “Vision of Isaiah” (6–11). The Martyrdom of Isaiah was very likely written in Hebrew in Palestine. The original language of the Vision of Isaiah is Greek; however, where it first originated and the location of the final editing process (3rd–4th cent. ce) are unknown. A complete version of the Vision of Isaiah is only available in an Egyptian translation (4th–6th cent. ce); additionally, some Greek and Latin fragm…

Noachic Laws

(378 words)

Author(s): Wandrey, Irina
[German Version] In Jewish theology, the seven Noachid (Noahide) laws (Heb. sheva mizwot bene Noach) are the commandments (Mitzvot) binding on all human­king, including Gentiles – in contrast to the commandments and prohibitions of the Torah, revealed exclusively to the Jews. This idea goes back to the rabbinic interpretation of the revelations to Adam and Noah, the forefathers of all humankind (Gen 2:16; 9:1–7). In principle observing the Noahide laws enables Gentiles to live lives pleasing to God and incorp…

Gamaliel

(298 words)

Author(s): Wandrey, Irina
[German Version] 1. Rabban Gamaliel (Gamaliel I) was active in Jerusalem c. 25–50 ce as an outstanding Torah scholar ( Midr. Sota 9:15) and member of the Sanhedrin ( bet-din; Acts 5:34ff.). The traditional view that he was the son or grandson of Hillel is presumably legendary ( b. Šabb. 15a), but does, indeed, suggest continuity in doctrine. The historicity of the teacher-student relationship attributed to him and Paul in Acts22:3 and his intervention ¶ before the Sanhedrin on behalf of releasing the apostles (Acts 5:34–39) is also unclear. 2. Gamaliel II , the son of Simeon and grands…

Ketubbah

(324 words)

Author(s): Wandrey, Irina
[German Version] (Heb. כְּתוּבָּה, “that which is written”), marriage contract in which the financial livelihood of the wife is secured in the event of divorce or widowhood (Marriage: IX). The Talmud tractate Ketubbot (“marriage contracts”) deals with the rights and duties of spouses resulting from the marriage contract, but also with other topics such as dowry, divorce, etc. Since the minimum amounts of money to which a wife is entitled in these cases are also specified by law ( m. Ketub. 4:7–12; b. Ketub. 16b), the drawing up of a ketubbah could be waived in talmudic times. …

Philo the Epic Poet

(195 words)

Author(s): Wandrey, Irina
[German Version] was the Jewish author of a Greek epic on the city of Jerusalem, in the Hellenistic tradition of praise of cities. Eusebius of Caesarea ( Praep. 9.20, 24, 37) transmits 24 hexameters, divided into six fragments, and attributes them to Alexander Polyhistor’s On the Jews, who himself cites them as taken from the epic On Jerusalem. Subjects treated in the fragments are Abraham, the binding of Isaac, the abode of God, Joseph and the dream interpretation, and Jerusalem’s water supply. The epic comprised at least 14 chapters, and was probably written between 200 and 100 bce in Hel…

Early Judaism

(234 words)

Author(s): Wandrey, Irina
[German Version] The term refers to the period roughly between (a) the end of the Babylonian Exile (539 bce), the rebuilding of the Temple in Jerusalem (520), and the completion of the Hebrew Bible, and (b) the destruction of the Jerusalem Temple (70 ce) and the beginnings of rabbinic Judaism. The term “early Judaism” thus covers a period that historians, depending on where the focus of their interest lies, also refer to as the Hellenistic-Roman period (300 bce–200 ce), lately also as “Middle Judaism” (Boccaccini) or the Second Temple Period (520 bce–70 ce). It …

Zerubbabel, Apocalypse of

(172 words)

Author(s): Wandrey, Irina
[German Version] The pseudepigraphic Hebrew Apocalypse of Zerubbabel (Apocalypticism: III, 2), probably written in Palestine in the early 7th century ce, reflects the messianic hopes (Messiah: III, 1) of the Palestinian Jews, who – threatened by the anti-Jewish laws of the Byzantine rulers – set their hopes on a Persian conquest during the Persian-Byzantine wars between 604 and 630 ce. Embedded in a framework that recounts the revelation of messianic redemption by Metatron/Michael to Zerubbabel, the last ruler of the Davidic line and builder of the seco…

Pseudo-Phocylides

(227 words)

Author(s): Wandrey, Irina
[German Version] is the name given to the author of a Hellenistic Jewish didactic poem of 230 aphorisms written between 100 bce and 100 ce, possibly in Alexandria. It combines material borrowed from the Septuagint – though specifically Jewish beliefs are not much evidence, there is no departure from monotheism – with Hellenistic “popular ethics” (Walter, 191). There is no evidence of Christian influence or use of the New Testament. The work belongs to the wisdom genre of practical guidance on living characteristic of t…

Judith/Book of Judith

(481 words)

Author(s): Wandrey, Irina
[German Version] The book of Judith, named for its protagonist, Judith (“Jewess”), forms part of the Old Testament Apocrypha (II). The original, probably composed in Hebrew (for Gk as the original language, see Engel), from which the extant Greek translation in its various recensions stems, has not been preserved. The old Latin, Syriac, Coptic and Armenian translations were prepared from original Greek texts. Several Hebrew versions of the text exist which are based on a free rendition of the Sept…
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