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[German version] Rare Latin praenomen of unknown origin (in the sources commonly confused with Hostius),  Hostilius [3] and H. Lucretius Tricipitinus (consul in 429 BC) Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) Bibliography Salomies, 30f.

[German version] Probably originally a Roman personal name, recorded as a cognomen ('left-handed') e.g. in the Iunii Bruti (Iunius [I 17]) family. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) Bibliography 1 Kajanto, Cognomina, 17; 105; 243 2 Schulze, 419.

[German version] Cognomen (originally the epithet of a victor) in the family of the Caecilii Metelli ( Caecilius [I 23] and [II 16]) and of Mark Antony [I 8] C. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum)

[German version] Wife in her second marriage of C. Calpurnius [I 9] Piso (consul 180 BC), condemned for allegedly poisoning her husband in office in order to help to the consulate a son of her first marriage, Q. Fulvius [I 11] Flaccus (Liv. 40,37,5-7). Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum)

[German version] C., senator before 60 BC, father-in-law of P. Sestius (Cic. Sest. 6; MRR 2,487 [1]) Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) Bibliography 1 D. R. Shackleton Bailey, Two studies in Roman nomenclature, 21991, 5.

[German version] Roman cognomen (possibly from silus, 'snub-nosed'; according to the ancient interpretation from silanus, a gargoyle in the form of a head of Silenus), in the Republican period hereditary in the family of the Iunii (Iunius [I 28-35; II 29-41]); in the Imperial period also in other families. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) Bibliography Degrassi, FCap., 148  Kajanto, Cognomina, 237.

[German version] Syrian prophetess who came to Rome in 105 BC. Although M. had been banned from practising her art by the Senate, she gained access to members of the high nobility by correctly predicting the outcome of gladiatorial fights. In 102, Iulia [1] sent her to her husband C. Marius [I 1] in Gallia where she helped to lift the morale of the Roman troops who were fighting the Teutons (Plut. Marius 17,2-5 after Posidonius). Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum)

[German version] Roman cognomen (describing origin: 'from Sicily', and epithet of victors; cf. Cloelius [4-7]; Herennius [I 10]). Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) Bibliography Kajanto, Cognomina, 52; 193.

[German version] Modern term (e.g. [1. 28]) for the Roman professional armies of the late Imperial period ( Roma I. D.), which had an especially close relationship to their commander and thus let themselves be detailed as his clientela ( cliens ) for his goals interior politics. This ‘militarization of home politics’ began with C. Marius [I 1] and L. Cornelius [I 90] Sulla, who used the professional army created by Marius to further their own power claims in the civil war of 88-81 BC. They had to promise the soldiers…

[German version] Cognomen, first used as an epithet for abnormal tallness, occasionally with the implication of the figurative meanings ‘rough, uncouth, crude’, soon also used as a surname. In the republican period, the name was used by the Aquilii, Calpurnii, Canidii, Claudii, Licinii, Otacilii, Papirii, Veturii; in the imperial period by the Galerii, Iulii and Sulpicii. The most significant individuals of this name belonged to the Plebeian  Licinii Crassi (L. Licinius C., cos. 95 BC, the orator; M. Licinus C., cos. 70 and 55 BC, the triumvir). Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) Bibliogra…

[German version] Rare Roman cognomen, derived from flamen and designating the son of a flamen, in the Republican period it became hereditary in a branch of the patrician family of the Quinctii. The most important bearer of the name is T.  Quinctius Flamininus ( cos. in 198 BC). Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) Bibliography H. Gundel, s.v. Quinctius, RE 24, 1038 J. Reichmuth, Die lat. Gentilicia, 1956, 74.

[German version] Cognomen (‘the ship's plank’) of Ap. Claudius C., cos. 264 BC; the original legend was passed down through Seneca (dial. 10,13,4). Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum)

[German version] Roman cognomen (from tuber, 'swelling'), Aelius [I 12-18]. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) Bibliography Kajanto, Cognomina, 119; 246.

[German version] Roman cognomen (‘one-eyed’), in the Republican period in the families of the Annii, Atilii, Fabii, Furri and Postumii, disappeared by the Imperial period. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) Bibliography Kajanto, Cognomina, 238.

[German version] Roman cognomen (‘Milksop’) of the Aemilii (ThlL 2,1728). In addition, the name of the commander of M.  Antonius at Actium; B. was later pardoned by Octavian (App. B Civ. 4,210-214). Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum)

[German version] Roman cognomen ('small cushion') in the family of the Horatii (Horatius [5-6]). Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) Bibliography Kajanto, Cognomina, 348.

Campanian family name, whose bearers were highly respected in Capua, and who in the Republican age were one of Rome's foremost enemies (ThlL, Onom. 71). [German version] [1] Calavii Arsonists in Rome, executed 210 BC were executed for arson in Rome in 210 BC (Liv. 26,27). Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) [German version] [2] C., Novius and Ovius Header of a conspiracy against the Romans in 314 BC They headed a conspiracy against the Romans in 314 BC, and after their exposure committed suicide (Liv. 9,26,7). Their father was perhaps Ofilius C., named in Livy (9,7,2-5) Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Boc…

[German version] Roman cognomen, in the Republican period of the leader of the Marsi Q. Poppaedius S., in the Imperial period in the Larcii and Pompeii families. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) Bibliography Degrassi, FCIR, 268  Kajanto, Cognomina, 118; 237.

[German version] Oscan praenomen, also a rare Roman family name. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) Bibliography 1 Salomies, 82 2 J. Reichmuth, Die lat. Gentilicia, 1956, 35 3 Schulze, 37; 202; 431f. 4 Walde/Hofmann 2, 229.

[German version] Roman cognomen, perhaps of Etruscan origin, in the family of the Porcii. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) Bibliography Schulze, 358.

[German version] Roman cognomen, originally indicating origin (Veii); Fabricius [II 2] and Perperna [5]. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) Bibliography Kajanto, Cognomina, 119; 189 f.

[German version] [1] Cognomen of M. Antonius [I 13] and among the Cornelii Cognomen of M. Antonius [I 13] and of the Cornelii family. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) Bibliography Kajanto, Cognomina, 340. [German version] [2] see Meals see Meals.

Roman family name of Etruscan origin [1. 187; 200; 205]. The gens is attested firmly from the end of the 4th cent. BC; 5th century bearers of the name are annalistic inventions (the people's tribune 471 BC: Liv. 2,56, 6-15; Dion. Hal. Ant. Rom. 9,46,1-48,5). Originally plebeian, the family was patrician from the time of Caesar or Augustus (Suet. Aug. 5,1; [2. 89f.]). [German version] [1] L., C. Curule aedile in 216 BC Curule aedile in 216 BC, propraetor in Gaul in 209, legate in Greece (?) in 205, in Upper Italy in 200, Triumvir at the foundation of the colony in Croton in 194 (Liv. 34,45,4). Elvers,…

Name of an old family, perhaps immigrants from Etruria [1. 456f.]. One of the leading families of plebeian nobility in the 4th and 3rd cents. BC: G. [9] occupied the office of consul immediately after it was opened up to plebeians (in 367/6), G. [1] belonged to the first plebeian augurs. The historicity of the patrician name-bearers of G. [5]-[7] is contested [2. 111; 3. 12f.]. The family died out at the end of the 3rd cent. BC. [German version] [1] G., C. One of the plebeian augurs 300 BC One of the first plebeian augurs appointed following the lex Ogulnia of 300 BC (Liv. 10,9,2). The cognomen Aug…

[German version] Probably quaestor in 86 or 85 BC (introduction of the dual accounting system for debts under the lex Valeria, Cic. Font. 2), 79-75 BC proquaestor of the renegade Q.  Sertorius in Spain and his most capable officer. In 79 he defeated the governor M. Domitius [I 11] Calvinus at the Anas, in 78 the proconsul of Gallia Transalpina, L. Manlius (MRR 2, 83; 87). In 76 he was defeated by Q. Caecilius [I 31] Metellus Pius near Ilerda and fell shortly afterwards together with his brother near Segontia at the…

Roman personal name (ThlL 2,2163). [German version] [1] B. Sura, Q. Legate in Macedonia, 87 BC Legate ( pro quaestore) of C.  Sentius Saturninus in Macedonia, successfully fought against Mithridates VI's troops in Boeotia in 87 BC (H. Gaebler, Die ant. Münzen v. Makedonia und Paionia 1, 1906, no. 225; name: IG IX 2,613; Plut. Sull. 11,6-8; App. Mith. 113-115). Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum)

[German version] (Maternus Cynegius, ILS 1273). Probably born in Spain, Christian. Under  Theodosius I in AD 381 vicarius (?), 383 comes sacrarum largitionum, 383/ 384 quaestor sacri palatii. As praefectus praetorio Orientis 384-388, C. is said to have improved the state of the municipal curiae on behalf of the emperor (Lib. Or. 39,3). On two trips through the east of the empire (in 384 and 388) he intensively fought pagan religious practice (probably without explicit imperial permission) (Zos. 4,37; Chron. min. 1,244f. Mommsen) and in s…

Latin family name (Schulze 424), possibly originally denoting descent from a Gallus. [German version] [1] G., M. Supporter of M. Antonius 43 BC Praetor in 44 BC or earlier, served under M. Antonius at Mutina in 43 [I 9] and also fought against Octavian; in his will he adopted the later emperor Tiberius (Cic. Phil. 13,26; Suet. Tib. 6,3). Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) [German version] [2] G., Q. Defended by Cicero for bribing voters Aedilis plebis in 67 BC, held magnificent games in 66, as praetor he chaired the trial against C. Cornelius [I 2] in 65 and was probably s…

[German version] Cognomen, maybe of Etruscan origin and probably initially a praenomen (Schulze, 158, 519; Kajanto, Cognomina 178). Nickname of one of the oldest branches of the Cornelii ( Cornelius [I 20-22]). Meaning as the nickname ‘woodworm’ is uncertain [1], in the early imperial period also a praenomen of some Cornelii Lentuli (Cornelius [II 26-27]). Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) Bibliography 1 Walde/Hofmann 1,281

[German version] Widespread Roman cognomen in the families Afranius, Calpurnius, Cassius, Cestius, Claudius, Cornelius, Domitius, Egnatius, Nummius, Pomponius, Subrius, Turpilius. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum)

[German version] [II] Cognomen (‘twin’) of the Tusculan  Maecius G.; in the fasti of the Republican period otherwise used by the Servilii and Veturii; widespread in the Imperial period. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) Bibliography Degrassi, FCap. 145 Id., FCIR 253 Kajanto, Cognomina 294 Walde/Hofmann 1, 586f.

Name of a plebeian family that died out in the 3rd cent. BC; in inscriptions Duilius, in manuscripts Duillius (ThlL, Onom. 3, 266f.); mistaken etymology derived the name from duellum-bellum, in the form Duellius, Bellius (Cic. Or. 153; Quint. Inst. 1,4,15; cf. Pol. 1,22,1). [German version] [1] D., C. Cos. 260 BC, commander in the 1st Punic War Consul 260 BC with Cn. Cornelius [I 74] Scipio Asina. After Scipio was captured at Lipara, D. also took over command of the fleet at Messana; he provided its ships with portable boarding bridges ( corvus), and trained the fleet in their use. At M…

[German version] Cognomen (meaning uncertain) in the families of the  Cornelii and the  Helvii. On the poet C. see Helvius. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) Bibliography Kajanto 106.

[German version] Roman cognomen, derived from labea, ‘lip’, originally denoting ‘the thick-lipped one’ (Plin. HN 11, 159); in the Republican period cognomen in families of the Antistii ([I 13]: the L. frequently mentioned in Cicero's correspondence [II 3] is the famous law expert), Atinii ([I 6 - 7]), Fabii ([I 20]) and Segulii; widespread in the Imperial period, among others nickname of the writer Cornelius [II 19] L. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) Bibliography Kajanto, Cognomina, 118; 238 J. Reichmuth, Die lat. Gentilizia, 1956, 70 Walde/Hofmann 1, 738.

Roman nomen gentile, used since the 5th cent. BC. According to the fasti, members of the family of the Helvae served as consuls several times in the 5th cent. [German version] [1] Tribunus plebis (end of 2nd, beginning of 1st cent. BC) ) Probably tribunus plebis before 63 BC and after the Gracchi. Author of a lex Aebutia, which prohibited those proposing a law and their relatives from taking over a function created by the law (Cic. Leg. agr. 2,21 [1]). If A. still belongs to the second century, he may also be the author of a lex Aebutia about the introduction of formulaic procedure in trial …

Roman family name (ThlL, Onom. 110). [German version] C. Cicero, C. People's tribune 454 BC, brought an accusation against the former consul Romilius (Liv. 3,31,5); probably a late annalistic invention [1. 448]. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) Bibliography 1 R. M. Ogilvie, A commentary on Livy books 1-5, 1965.

[German version] Roman cognomen, probably derived from an unknown place, common particularly in the Fabii (Fabius [I 37-39]) family. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) Bibliography Kajanto, Cognomina, 209.

[German version] Roman cognomen (originally ‘the one <from the residence> on the hill’); in the Republican period occurring in L. Sextius L. ( cos. in 366 BC), in the imperial period also in the families of the Claudii, Magii, Plautii and Sextii. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) Bibliography Kajanto, Cognomina, 309.

[German version] Roman cognomen (‘especially noble’; nobiles ); prominent in the family of the Fulvii (Fulvius [I 15-17]), but also widespread elsewhere. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) Bibliography Kajanto, Cognomina, 72; 279.

[German version] Roman cognomen (from tudites, 'hammers'), prominent in the Republican period in the Sempronii family (Sempronius [I 22-24]). Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) Bibliography Kajanto, Cognomina, 22; 91; 108 f.; 343.

[German version] Vestal virgin before 91 until after 68 BC, sister of Fonteius [I 2] (Cic. Font. 46-49). Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum)

Italian family name, especially in evidence in the 1st cent. BC (ThlL, Onom. 2, 505f.). [German version] [1] C., L. Italic leader, died in 89 BC Italic leader in the Social War, was defeated by Sulla in the second attempt to raise the siege of Pompeii and killed in 89 BC (App. B Civ. 1,218-221). Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) [German version] [2] C. Habitus, A. Roman eques from Larinum, 1st half of the 1st cent. BC Roman knight from Larinum in Apulia, known from Cicero's oration Pro Cluentio in 66 BC. After the death of his homonymous father in 88 his mother Sassia married Statius …

[German version] Rare Roman family name. In 121 BC L. S. delivered the head of C. Sempronius [I 11] Gracchus to the consul C. Opimius [1] and allegedly was given its weight in gold for it (Cic. De or. 2,269; Diod. Sic. 35,29; Plut. C. Gracchus 17,4 f. etc.). Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum)

[German version] Roman cognomen (‘the onion’) among the Atilii (ThlL 2.2239). Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum)

[German version] Roman cognomen of Etruscan origin, Plotius [I 2]. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) Bibliography Kajanto, Cognomina, 106.

[German version] Name of a Patrician gens, disappeared early, in Imperial times occasionally the name for slaves and freedpersons (Schulze 269; ThlL 2,1022). In 454 BC, consul A. Varus Fontinalis enacted a law regarding the payment of penalties; in 448, he allegedly became a tribunus plebis though he was a patrician (Liv. 3,65,1; MRR 1,42f.; 50). Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum)

[German version] Cognomen indicating wealth in the case of L. Baebius [I 7] D. and L. Canuleius [I 5] D. It became hereditary for the descendants of P.  Licinius Crassus D. ( pontifex maximus in 212 BC; cf. Plin. HN 33,133). Wrongly attributed to the triumvir M.  Licinius Crassus (cos. 70, 55 BC). Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum)

[German version] Roman cognomen ('small-eyed'). It appeared first in the family of the Livii, from the time of the Late Republic, and then also in the families of the Servii and the Sulpicii (the emperor Galba [2] for instance). Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) Bibliography 1 Degrassi, FCIR, 260 2 Kajanto, Cognomina, 239.

[German version] Roman family cognomen among the Pomponii and for M.  Insteius B. (cos. suff. AD 162) otherwise used among slaves and emancipated slaves (ThlL 2,2018f.). Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum)

Roman plebeian gentile name (occupational designation, derived from the priestly office of the flamen [1]). Bearers of the name have emerged from the 3rd cent. BC. But the family is probably older, as can be seen from the place names campus Flaminius and prata Flaminia (Varro, Ling. 5,154; Liv. 3,54,15; 3,58,7) that can, however, also be interpreted as ‘property of the flamines’ (Oros. 5,18,27; [2]). Via Flaminia  F. [1]. [German version] [1] F., C. Cos. 217 BC in the 2nd Punic War Homo novus who was successful in his career despite the resistance of a large part of the nobili…