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, Ṣafawid administrative term = “usher”. The is̲h̲īk-āḳāsis were minor court officiais who operated in two different branches of the administrative System, namely, the dīwān [ q.v.] and the ḥaram [ q.v.]. The officers in charge of the two sections were known as is̲h̲ik-āḳāsī-bās̲h̲ī -yi dīwān-i aʿlā , and īs̲h̲īk-āḳāsī-bās̲h̲ī -yi ḥaram respectively. Both officers had categories of officiais other than īs̲h̲īk-āḳāsīs under their command. There was a great difference between the status and power of these two officers: īs̲h̲īk-āḳāsī-bās̲h̲ī -yi dīwān-i aʿlā. This officer, calle…

(t. “Red-head”). The word is used in both a general and a specific sense. In general, it is used loosely to denote a wide variety of extremist S̲h̲īʿī sects [see g̲h̲ulāt ], which flourished in ¶ Anatolia and Kurdistān from the late 7th/13th century onwards, including such groups as the Alevis ( ʿAlawīs ; see A. S. Tritton, Islam: belief and practices, London 1951, 83). The ʿAlawīs were closely connected with the Nuṣayrīs [ q.v.] of northern Syria and Cicilia, and the tahtacis ( tak̲h̲tad̲j̲is [ q.v.]), in order to protect themselves from persecution by the Ottoman government as …

K̲h̲ūy , Iranian town (population in 1951: 49,000), situated in long. 45° 02′ E., lat. 38° 32′ N., in the s̲h̲ahristān of the same name in the ustān of West Ād̲h̲arbāyd̲j̲ān; the Kurdish district of Quṭūr is included in the s̲h̲ahristān of K̲h̲ōī. The town lies at an elevation of 1040 m./3,444 ft., in a plain known locally as K̲h̲ōī čukūri̊ (“the K̲h̲ōī depression”), because all the surrounding areas are at a higher elevation. The mountains surrounding the K̲h̲ōī plain protect the city from the cold winter winds (the Harāwīl range a…

, the laḳab of muʿīn al-dīn ʿalī ḥusaynī sarābī tabrīzī , mystic, poet and leading Ṣafawid dāʿi . Born in 757/1356 in the Sarāb district of Tabrīz in Ād̲h̲arbāyd̲j̲ān, Muʿīn al-Dīn ʿAlī became at an early age the disciple ( murīd ) of the s̲h̲ayk̲h̲ of the Ṣafawid ṭarīḳa Ṣadr al-Dīn Mūsā [ q.v.], who bestowed on him the laḳab of Ḳāsim-i Anwār, “Distributor of Lights”, as the result of a vision experienced by his disciple. Muʿīn al-Dīn ʿAlī saw himself standing in the Masd̲j̲id-i D̲j̲āmiʿ at Ardabīl, holding in his hand a great candle from which the memb…

, the name of a place in Māzandarān, situated 36° 50′ N., 53° 2′ 38″ E., 17 m. north of Sārī and 26 m. north-west of As̲h̲raf [ q.v.], near the mouth of the Tid̲j̲in (or Tīd̲j̲ān, or Tid̲j̲īna) river. Formerly known as Ṭāhān, the site was renamed Faraḥābād by S̲h̲āh ʿAbbās I, who in 1020/1611-2 or 1021/1612-3 ordered the construction of a royal palace there. Around the palace were built residences, gardens, baths, bazaars, mosques and caravanserais. The new town, according to Pietro della Valle, was peopled by S̲h̲āh ʿAbbā…

, a province of south-western Persia, and the land of the Hūz/Ḥūz/K̲h̲ūz (Hussi/Kussi), the Oὔξιοι/Uxii of Strabo and Pliny. The province of K̲h̲ūzistān corresponds more or less to the ancient Elam and to the classical Susiana, and the names of its present capital, Ahwāz [ q.v.], its ancient capital, Susa [ q.v.], and the town of Ḥawīza [ q.v.], all reflect the name of its inhabitants in Elamite times. Essentially, the province consists of alluvial fans formed by the Kark̲h̲a and the Kārūn [ qq.v.] rivers and situated between the Zagros mountains and the sea; near the Persian G…

, chief town (population in 1966: 88,536) of the s̲h̲ahristān of the same name (population in 1966: 156,281) in the Iranian province of K̲h̲ūzistān ( ustān 6), and situated in long. 48° 09′ E., lat. 30° 25′ N. Its elevation above sea-level is 8 m./26 ft., and the climate is hot and humid, with summer temperatures rising to 58° C./136° F., and a winter minimum of 8° C./46° F. The present town is the successor of a number of settlements which, since ancient times, have been located in the general area where the Kārūn (Dud̲j̲ayl) river and the combined Tigris and Eu…

(from the Mongolian ḳorči , “an archer”, from ḳor , “quiver”; Tad̲h̲kirat al-mulūk , translated and explained by V. Minorsky, London 1943, 32, ¶ n. 2), a military term with a variety of different meanings: “he who bears arms, the sword, chief huntsman” (Pavet de Courteille, Dict . turc , or., 425; “armourer, sword-cutler, troop of cavalry, captain of the watch; leader of a patrol, commandant of a fort, gendarmerie in charge of a city’s security” (Sulaymān Buk̲h̲ārī, Lug̲h̲at-i Čag̲h̲atāy ve Türkī ʿOt̲h̲mānī , Istanbul 1298/1880-1, 233), “sentry, sentinel, guard, inspector” (Vambery, Ča…

( Čobanids ), a family of Mongol amīr s claiming descent from a certain Sūrg̲h̲ān ¶ S̲h̲īra of the Suldūz tribe who had once saved the I life of Čingiz Ḵh̲ān. The most notable members of this family were: (1) Amīr Čūbān . An able and experienced military commander, Amīr Čūbān, according to Ḥamd Allāh Mustawfī, fought his first battle in Rabīʿ II 688/April-May 1289 ( Tāʾrīk̲h̲-i Guzīda (GMS), 588); thereafter he served with distinction under the Ilk̲h̲āns Arg̲h̲ūn, Gayk̲h̲ātū, G̲h̲āzān and Uld̲j̲āytū [ qq.v.]. He was appointed amīr al-umarāʾ by Abū Saʿīd in 717/…

(Pers.), “sanctuary, asylum”, a term applied to certain places which were regarded as affording an inviolable sanctuary to any malefactor, however grave his crime; once within the protection of the bast , the malefactor could negotiate with his pursuers, and settle the ransom which would purchase his immunity when he left the bast. In Persia the idea of bast was connected in particular with (1) mosques and other sacred buildings, especially the tombs of saints (for example, in 806/1404 Tīmūr is said to have recognised the tomb ( mazār ) at Ardabīl of S̲h̲ayk̲h̲…

, “the most famous fort of Central Asia”, located some 70 miles north of Mas̲h̲had near the Irano-Soviet border, on a spur of the Ḳarād̲j̲a-Dāg̲h̲ Mts. Kalāt-i Nādirī consists of a high valley (altitude 2,500-3,000 feet), some twenty miles long and running west-east, which is converted into a natural fortress by walls of virtually unscalable rock to the north and south. The height of the southern rampart is 700-800 ft; the northern rampart is even higher. These walls are breached at only five po…

, Kankiwar , Kangāwar , a small town of western Persia (population in 1975, 13,144) situated in lat. 34°29′ N., long. 47°55′ E., and in the bak̲h̲s̲h̲ of the same time in the s̲h̲ahristān of Kirmāns̲h̲āhān. The town is almost equidistant from the cities of Kirmāns̲h̲āh and Hamadān [ qq.v.], and lies at an altitude of 1,467 m. ; it is first mentioned by Isidore of Charax under the name “Concobar”. The bak̲h̲s̲h̲ comprises (1975) four dihistāns , with a total of some sixty villages and a population of about 38,435. The economy of the region is based on agriculture and trade. The Kangāwar valley ha…

, grandson of the ḳi̊zi̊lbās̲h̲ chief Amīr Sulṭān Rūmlū, the governor of Ḳazwīn and Sāud̲j̲ Bulāg̲h̲, who died in 946/1539-40. Ḥasan-i Rūmlū was born at Ḳumm in 937/1530-1, and was trained in the Ṣafawid army as a ḳūrčī . Ḥasan-i Rūmlū is chiefly remembered as the author of a twelve-volume general history entitled Aḥsan altawārīk̲h̲ . Only two volumes are extant, but these are probably the most valuable ones. Vol. x, covering the period 807-899/1405-1493, exists only in MS. in Leningrad (Dorn 287). C. N. Seddon published (Barod…

(Täkkä-lü), the name of a group of Turcomans originating from the regions of Menteşe, Aydin, Saruhan, Hamit and Germiyan in southern Anatolia, an area known collectively as Tekeili [ q.v.] ( Tārīk̲h̲-i Ḳizilbās̲h̲ān , ed. Mīr Hās̲h̲im Muḥaddit̲h̲, Tehran 1361 AHS/1982, 27). The Turcoman tribes of Anatolia were one of the primary targets of Ṣafawid propaganda ( daʿwa ) [see bāyazīd ii ; ṣafawids. i ], and the Takkalūs responded early to this call and entered the service of the Ṣafawid s̲h̲ayk̲h̲s D̲j̲unayd and Ḥaydar [ q.v.]. In 905/1499, when Ismāʿīl [see ismāʿīl i …

( Abu ’l-Fatḥ Mīrzā Ibrāhīm Sulṭān Bahādur ), Tīmurid prince, second son of S̲h̲āhruk̲h̲ [ q.v.], born 28 S̲h̲awwāl 796/26 August 1394. In 812/1409, Ibrāhīm was appointed governor of Balk̲h̲ and Ṭuk̲h̲āristān up to the borders of Kābul and Badak̲h̲s̲h̲ān, and in 817/1414 he was appointed governor of Fārs, a position which he held for over twenty years up to his death ¶ on 4 Shawwāl 838/3 May 1435. In 823-4/1420-1, and in 832/1429, he took part in S̲h̲āhruk̲h̲’s campaigns in Ād̲h̲arbāyd̲j̲ān. In 824/1421 he annexed K̲h̲ūzistān to the Tīmūrid empire. Ibrāhīm had two sons: Ismaʿīl (died ca. 83…

, chief town of the s̲h̲ahristān of the same name in the Iranian province of Luristān ( ustān 6), situated in long. 48° 21′ E., lat. 33° 29′ N.; population of the s̲h̲ahristān (1966): 259,000, elevation above sea-level: 4,700 feet. The town is first mentioned under its present name in the 8th/14th century by Ḥamd Allāh Mustawfī, who states: “this was fine town, but it is now in ruins” ( Nuzhat al-ḳulūb , 74). To the south-east of the town, along the banks of the K̲h̲urramābād river, and also to the south-west, are remains dating from the time w…

(S̲h̲aykh Ṣadr al-Milla wa ’l-Dīn Mūsā), second son of Ṣafī al-Dīn Ardabīlī [ q.v.], born 1 S̲h̲awwāl 704/26 April 1305 (S̲h̲aykh Ḥusayn b. Abdāl Zāhidī, Silsilat al-nasab-i Ṣafawiyya , Iranschähr Publications no. 6, Berlin 1924-5, 39). Designated by his father as his successor and vicegerent ( k̲h̲alīfa wa nāʾib-munāb ), Ṣadr al-Dīn assumed the leadership of the Ṣafawid Order in 735/1334. He expanded the Ṣafawid mausoleum complex at Ardabīl, adding rooms for private meditation ( k̲h̲alwat-k̲h̲āna ), a residence for Ḳurʾān-readers ( dār al-ḥuffāẓ ), and a room ( čīnī-k̲h̲āna …

, Ṣafawid prince, second son of Muḥammad K̲h̲udābanda, born ca. 973/1565-6. In 985/1577 S̲h̲āh Ismāʿīl II ordered that Ḥamza Mīrzā be put to death at S̲h̲īrāz, together with his father and brother, Abū Ṭālib, but Ismaʿīl II was assassinated before the order could be carried out. After the accession of his weak and purblind father, as Sulṭan Muḥammad S̲h̲āh, in D̲h̲u ’l-Ḥid̲j̲d̲j̲a 985/February 1578, Ḥamza Mīrzā was made heir-apparent at the instance of his mother, Mahd-i ʿUlyā, who, until her murder by the ḳi̊zi̊lbās̲h̲ [ q.v.] in 987/1579, was the real power behind the throne; …

, born ca. 968/1560, died probably ca. 1042/1632, author of the Tārīk̲h̲-i ʿĀlam-ārā-yi ʿAbbāsī , one of the greatest works of Persian historiography. The muḳaddima , on the origins of the Ṣafawids and the reigns of Ismaʿīl I and Ṭahmāsp I, is followed by a detailed history of the reign of S̲h̲āh ʿAbbās I. The bulk of the work ( Ṣaḥīfas I and II, or, according to another reckoning, Ṣaḥīfa I and Ṣaḥīfa II, Maḳṣad i) was completed in 1025/1616. A later portion, variously termed Ṣaḥīfa III, or Ṣaḥīfa II, Maḳṣad ii, was completed in 1038/1629, the year of S̲h̲āh ʿAbbās’s death. In the sa…

, born 940/1533-4 (this is conjectured from the available evidence; 110 chronicle gives his date of birth), died 13 Ramaḍān 985/24 November 1577, second son of S̲h̲āh Ṭahmāsp [ q.v.], shah of Persia (984-5/1576-7) of the Ṣafawid dynasty. After the rebellion of his uncle Alḳāṣ [ q.v.], Ismāʿīl was appointed governor of S̲h̲īrwān (954/1547), and conducted several successful campaigns against the Ottomans in the Caucasus and eastern Anatolia. In 962/1555 he married a daughter of the marriage between a sister of Ṭahmāsp and S̲h̲āh Niʿmat Allāh Walī [ q.v.]. The following year, in S̲h̲a…

, styled the Great, king of Persia of the Ṣafawī dynasty, second son and successor of Muḥammad Ḵh̲udābanda, was born on 1 Ramaḍān 978/27 January 1571, and died in Māzandarān on 24 Ḏj̲umāḍā I 1038/19 January 1629, after a reign of 42 solar (43 lunar) years. In 980/1572-3 he remained at Harāt when his father moved to S̲h̲īrāz. In 984/1576-7 Ismāʿīl II put to death the lala (tutor) of ʿAbbās, and appointed ʿAlī Ḳulī Ḵh̲ān S̲h̲āmlū governor of Harāt with orders to execute ʿAbbās himself. ʿAlī Ḳulī procrastinated, and, when the death of Ismāʿī…

, the name of a nationalist and reformist movement in Persia which came into being in 1915 in the forests ( d̲j̲angal ) of Gīlān under the leadership of Mīrzā Kūčik K̲h̲ān, Iḥsān Allāh K̲h̲ān and a number of other liberals ( āzādik̲h̲wāhān ) and constitutionalists ( mud̲j̲āhidīn ). The D̲j̲angalīs (in Persian: d̲j̲angaliyān or aḥrār-i d̲j̲angal ), whose slogans were freedom from foreign influence and the independence of Irān under the banner of Islam, set up a revolutionary committee called Ittiḥād-i Islām , published a newspaper entitled D̲j̲angal . and engage…

, the tak̲h̲alluṣ of Mīrzā Ḏj̲alāl al-Dīn Muḥammad b. Mīrzā Muʾmin, Persian poet and pupil of Faṣīḥī Harawī. Born at Iṣfahān: probable date of death 1049/1639-40, though some sources give later dates. Unlike many of his contemporaries, he did not migrate to the Mug̲h̲al court, but became a boon companion and close relative (according to one account the son-in-law) of S̲h̲āh ʿAbbās I. He composed most of his poetry under the influence of alcohol, from an excess of which he died. His dīwān , comprising ḳaṣīdas , mat̲h̲nawīs , tard̲j̲ʿ-bands and g̲h̲azals , was lithographed at Lucknow in 1880. (…

, literally: “trusty support of the state”, a title of Persian wazīrs during the Ṣafawid period and subsequently. The title iʿtimād al-dawla does not occur during the reign of Ismaʿīl I (907-30/1501-24), and first appears towards the end of the reign of Ṭahmāsp I, ca. 976/1568-9 (see Tārīk̲h̲-i Īlčī-yi Niẓāms̲h̲āh , B. M. Ms. Add. 23,513, fol. 480a). The introduction of this title reflected the growing importance of the bureaucracy in an increasingly centralized administration, and marked a significant increase in the power of the wazīr at the expense of the wakīl [ q.v.]. Under the Ḳād…

, celebrated Persian sword-maker ( s̲h̲ams̲h̲īrsāz ) of the time of S̲h̲āh ʿAbbās I. It is said that the Ottoman Sultan presented a helmet to S̲h̲āh ʿAbbās, and offered a sum of money to anyone who could cleave the helmet in two with a sword. Asad made a sword with which he achieved this feat, and, as a reward, S̲h̲āh ʿAbbās remitted the tax of the sword-makers, who continued to obtain exemption until Ḳād̲j̲ār times (see A. K. S. Lambton, Islamic Society in Persia , London 1954, 25). For a description of Asad Allāh’s work, see Survey of Persian Art , iii, 2575. (R.M. Savory)

, le fort le plus célèbre d’Asie centrale, situé à 110km. environ au Nord de Mas̲h̲had, près de la frontière iranosoviétique, sur un éperon des montagnes du Ḳarād̲j̲adāg̲h̲: il s’agit d’une vallée élevée (ait. 750 à 900 mètres), longue d’une trentaine de km. et orientée d’Ouest en Est, avec, au Nord et au Sud, des parois rocheuses pratiquement impossibles à escalader qui en font une véritable forteresse naturelle; la hauteur du rempart Sud est de 210 à 240 mètres et le rempart Nord est encore pl…

, littéralement «soutien fidèle de l’État», titre des wazīrs persans durant et après l’époque şafawide. On ne rencontre pas le titre d’ iʿtimād al-dawla au cours du règne d’Ismāʿīl Ier (907-30/1501-24); il n’apparaît pour la première fois que vers la fin de celui de Ṭahmāsp Ier, vers 976/1568-9 (voir Tārik̲h̲-i Īlcī-yi Niẓāms̲h̲āh, ms. B. M. Add. 23.513, fol. 480 a). L’adoption de ce titre reflète l’importance grandissante de la bureaucratie dans une administration de plus en plus centralisée; elle indique de plus un accroissement marqué de la puissance du wazīr aux dépens du wakīl [ q.v.…

, ville de la province persane du Māzandarān, et capitale d’un district ( bulūk) du même nom, située à 36° 41’55" de lat. N. et à 53° 32’ 30" de long. E., à 8 km. de la côte de la mer Caspienne, à 56 km. à l’E. de Sārī, à 69 km. à l’O. d’Astarābād sur la route entre ces deux villes. La ville s’étend au pied des contreforts boisés de la haute chaîne de l’Alburz, et jouit d’une vue étendue vers le Nord sur la baie d’Astarābād. Bien que les environs d’As̲h̲raf soient fertiles et produisent du coton de belle qua…

(S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ Ṣadr al-milla wa-l-dīn Mūsā), second fils de Ṣafī al-dīn Ardabīlī [ q.v.], né le 1 s̲h̲awwāl 704/26 avril 1305 (S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ Ḥusayn b. Abdāl Zāhidī, Silsilat al-nasab-i Ṣafawiyya, Iranschähr Publications n° 6, Berlin 1924-5, 39). Désigné par son père comme successeur et adjoint ( k̲h̲alifa wa-nāʾib-munāb), Ṣadr al-dīn assuma la direction de l’ordre ṣafawide en 733/1334. Il agrandit le complexe du mausolée ṣafawide à Ardabīl, ajoutant des salles pour la méditation privée ( k̲h̲alwat-k̲h̲āna), une résidence pour les lecteurs du Ḳurʾān ( dār al-ḥuffāẓ) et une salle ( čīnī-k̲…

, chef-lieu du s̲h̲ahristān de même nom dans la province iranienne (33°29′ N., 48°21′ E.) du Luristān ( ustān 6),à une altitude de 1545 mètres; en 1966, le s̲h̲ahristān comptait 259 000 âmes. C’est au VIIIe/XIVe siècle qu’il est question pour la première fois de cette ville sous son nom actuel; Ḥamd Allāh Mustawfī ( Nuzha, 74) dit en effet: «c’était une belle ville mais elle est maintenant en ruine». De fait, au Sud-est de la ville, le long des rives du Ḵh̲urramābād. ainsi qu’au Sud-ouest, il existe des vestiges remontant à l’époque où la localité ap…

, principale ville (30° 25’N., 48°09’E.; 88 536 habitants en 1966), du s̲h̲ahristān de même nom (156 281 habitants en 1966), dans la province iranienne du Ḵh̲ūzistān ( ustān 6); située à huit mètres seulement au-dessus du niveau de la mer, elle possède un climat chaud et humide avec des températures atteignant un maximum de 58° centigrades en été et un minimum de 8° en hiver. La ville actuelle a succédé à un certain nombre de peuplements qui, depuis les temps les plus reculés, ont occupé l’ensemble du territoire de quelques kilomètres de large placé entre les …

, célèbre fabricant d’épées ( s̲h̲ams̲h̲īrsāz) persan de l’époque de S̲h̲āh ʿAbbās Ier. On dit que le sultan ottoman présenta un casque à S̲h̲āh ʿAbbās et offrit une somme d’argent à celui qui pourrait fendre le casque en deux avec une épée. Asad en fabriqua une avec laquelle il réussit cet exploit et, en récompense, S̲h̲āh ʿAbbās exempta de taxes les fabricants d’épées, qui bénéficièrent de cette faveur jusqu’à l’époque ḳād̲j̲āre ¶ (voir A. K. S. Lambton, Islande Society in Persia, Londres 1954, 25). Pour une description de l’œuvre d’Asad Allāh, voir Survey of Persian Art, III, 2575. (R.M. …

, le pays des Hūz/Ḥūz/Ḵh̲uz (Hūssi/Kussi) des Оὒξιοι/Uxii de Strabon et de Pline, province de Perse correspondant plus ou moins à l’Elam antique et à la Susiane classique; les noms de ses chefs-lieux actuel, Ahwāz [ q.v.], et ancien, Suse [ q.v.], ainsi que de la ville de Ḥawīza [ q.v.] gardent tous la trace de celui de ses habitants à l’époque élamite. La province, située entre les montagnes du Zagros et la mer, est essentiellement constituée par des dépôts d’alluvions en éventail formés par le Kark̲h̲a [ q.v.] et le Kārūn [ q.v.]; près du golfe Persique, des plages de vase partielleme…

, laḳab de Muʿīn al-dīn ʿAlī Ḥusaynī Sarābī Tabrīzī, mystique, poète et important dāʿī ṣafawide. Né en 757/1356 dans le quartier de Sarāb à Tabrīz en Ād̲h̲arbayd̲j̲ān, Muʿīn al-dīn ʿAlī devint, très jeune, le disciple ( murīd) du s̲h̲ayk̲h̲ de la ṭarīḳa ṣafawide, Ṣadr al-dīn Mūsā [ q.v.], qui lui conféra le laḳab de Ḳāsim-i Anwār (distributeur des lumières) à cause d’une vision que ce disciple avait eue. Muʿīn al-dīn s’était vu lui-même dans le masd̲j̲id-i d̲j̲āmiʿ d’Ardabīl tenant un grand cierge auquel les membres de la communauté allumaient le…

, ville d’Iran située dans le s̲h̲ahristān du même nom de l’ ustān d’Ād̲h̲arbayd̲j̲ān occidental; le district kurde de Ḳuṭūr est inclus dans ce s̲h̲ahristān. La ville (45° 02´ E., 38° 32´ N.; altitude 1040 m.; population en 1951: 49 000 âmes) est située dans une plaine du nom de Ḵh̲ōī Čukuri (dépression de Ḵh̲ōī) parce qu’elle est entourée de montagnes (la chaîne des Harāwīl, le long de la frontière turque, au Nord-ouest, a une altitude moyenne de plus de 3 600 m.). Ces hauteurs la protègent des vents froids de l’hiver…

(persan), «sanctuaire, asile», terme appliqué à certains endroits qui étaient considérés comme offrant un sanctuaire inviolable à n’importe quel malfaiteur, quelque grave que fût son crime; une fois sous la protection du bast, le malfaiteur pouvait négocier avec ses poursuivants et fixer la rançon qui serait le prix de son immunité au moment de quitter le bast. En Perse, cette idée de bast était liée en particulier: — I. aux mosquées et autres bâtiments sacrés, surtout les tombes de saints (en 806/1404 par exemple, Tīmūr reconnut le tombeau ( mazār ) du s̲h̲ayk̲h̲ Ṣafī al-dīn, fonda…

, fils de Riḍā Ḵh̲ān [ q.v.] et Tād̲j̲ al-mulūk, fille de Tīmūr Ḵh̲ān mīr-pand̲j̲ («général de brigade»), né le 26 octobre 1919 (avant sa sœur jumelle, As̲h̲raf, venue au monde le même jour), mort au Caire le 27 juillet 1980, fut le second et dernier s̲h̲āh de la dynastie iranienne des Pahlawis [ q.v.]. Lors du couronnement de son père, le 25 avril 1926, il fut officiellement proclamé prince héritier. Après des études primaires effectuées dans une école que son père avait créée pour les fils de fonctionnaires et d’officiers, il fut confié en 1931 à…

(turc «tête rouge»), terme employé tant dans un sens général que spécifique, mais appliqué le plus souvent à diverses sectes s̲h̲īʿites extrémistes [voir G̲h̲uāt] qui ont fleuri en Anatolie et au Kurdistān à partir de la fin du VIIe/ XIIIe siècle, notamment à des groupes tels que les Alevis ( ʿalawī; voir A. S. Tritton, Islam: belief and practices, Londres 1951, 83). Les ‘Alawis étaient étroitement liés aux Nuçayris [ q.v.] de la Syrie du Nord et de Cilicie, et les tahtacis ( tak̲h̲tadj̲is [ q.v.]), pour ne pas être poursuivis comme schismatiques par le gouvernement ottoman, obt…

«huissier», terme de l’administration çafawide. Les īs̲h̲īk-āḳāsīs étaient des fonctionnaires mineurs de la cour qui étaient employés dans deux branches différentes du système administratif, le dīwān [ q.v.] et le ḥaram [ q.v.]. Les fonctionnaires qui dirigeaient ces deux sections étaient respectivement l’ īs̲h̲īk-āḳāsī-bas̲h̲ī -yi dīwān-i aʿlā et l’ īs̲h̲īk-āḳāsī-bās̲h̲ī -yi ḥaram ; tous deux avaient sous leurs ordres d’autres fonctionnaires que les īsḥīk-aḳāsīs. Il y avait une grande différence dans le statut et les pouvoirs de ces deux fonctionnaires : 1. Īs̲h̲īk-āḳāsī-bās…

, tak̲h̲alluṣ de Mīrzā Ḏj̲alāl al-dīn Muḥammad b. Mīrzā Muʾmin, poète persan et élève de Faṣīḥī Harawī. Né à Iṣfahān, il mourut probablement en 1049/1639-40, bien que quelques sources donnent des dates postérieures. Contrairement à nombre de ses contemporains, il ne se rendit pas à la cour mug̲h̲ale, mais devint un joyeux compagnon et un proche parent (d’après un récit, le gendre) de S̲h̲āh ʿAbbās Ier. Il composa la majeure partie de sa poésie sous l’influence de l’alcool, dont l’abus provoqua sa mort. Son dīwān, qui comprend des ḳaṣīdas, des mat̲h̲nawīs, des tard̲j̲īʿ- bands et des g̲h̲az…

(ou Alḳās, Alḳāsp), second fils de S̲h̲āh Ismāʿīl Ier, de la dynastie ṣafawide, et frère cadet de S̲h̲āh Ṭahmāsp Ier. Né à Tabrīz en 921/1515-6, il livra un combat victorieux contre les Ūzbegs à Astarābād en 939/1532-3. En 945/1538-9, il se rendit maître de S̲h̲irwān, et fut nommé gouverneur de cette province par Ṭahmāsp. Peu après, il se révolta, mais sur l’intervention de sa mère Ḵh̲ān Begī Ḵh̲ānum, se vit accorder son pardon à certaines conditions. Sur la demande de Ṭahmāsp, il entreprit contre les Circassiens …

, town in the Persian province of Māzandarān, and chief town of a district ( bulūk ) of the same name, situated 36° 41ʹ 55ʺ N, 53° 32ʹ 30ʺ E, five miles from the shore of the Caspian Sea, 35 miles E. of Sārī and 43 miles W. of Astarābād on the road between these two towns. The town lies at the foot of wooded spurs of the lofty Alburz range, and commands a fine view northwards over the bay of Astarābād. Although the approaches to As̲h̲raf are fertile and produce excellent cotton and wheat, the plain of As̲h̲raf itself tends to be marshy. The cypress, the wild vine, the citron and the orange grow in profusion. F…

, the name of a place in the Caucasus where, on 12 October 1813, a peace treaty was signed between Russia and Persia. In 1800 the Russians had annexed Georgia, and the Persians, in an effort to check their further advance southward, had suffered two defeats in 1812, at Aslandūz and Lankurān, and had been forced to sue for peace. The terms of the Treaty of Gulistān, which was negotiated through the mediation of the British ambassador Sir Gore Ouseley, were disastrous for Persia. The regions of Georgia, Ḳarābāg̲h̲, S̲h̲akkī, S̲h̲īrwān, Darband, Bākū, Dāg̲h…

, son of Riḍā K̲h̲ān [ q.v.] and Tād̲j̲ al-Mulūk, daughter of Tīmūr K̲h̲ān mīr-pand̲j̲ (“brigadier”); born 26 October 1919 (his twin sister, As̲h̲raf, was born later the same day), died Cairo 27 July 1980, second and last s̲h̲āh of the Pahlawī [ q.v.] ¶ dynasty of Iran. At the coronation of his father on 25 April 1926, Muḥammad Riḍā was formally invested as Crown Prince. After primary education at a school established by his father for the sons of government officials and military officers, he was sent in 1931 to a private school in Lausa…

(or alḳās , alḳāsp ), second son of S̲h̲āh Ismaʿīl I of the Ṣafawī dynasty, and younger brother of S̲h̲āh Ṭahmāsp I. Born Tabrīz 921/1515-6, he fought a successful action at Astarābād against the Uzbegs in 939/1532-3. In 945/1538-9 he subdued S̲h̲irwān, and was made governor of that province by Ṭahmāsp. He rebelled soon afterwards, but was granted a conditional pardon through the intercession of his mother Ḵh̲ān Begī Ḵh̲ānum. At the instance of Ṭahmāsp, he fought an inconclusive campaign against the Circassians, but again rebelled, minting his own coinage and including his name in the k̲h̲…

, daughter of the amīr al-umarā Amīr Čūbān, niece of the Īlk̲h̲ānid ruler of Persia Abū Saʿīd ( regn . 717-736/1317-1335) (her mother was Abū Saʿīd’s sister), and wife of Amīr Ḥasan the D̲j̲alāʾirid, commonly known as S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ Ḥasan Buzurg, whom she married in 723/1323. In 1325 A.D. Abū Saʿīd, quoting as precedent the yāsā of Čingiz Ḵh̲ān, attempted to force S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ Ḥasan to divorce Bag̲h̲dād Ḵh̲ātūn in order that he might marry her himself, but was frustrated by Amīr Čūbān. In October or November 1327 A.D. Amīr Čūbān was…

, a complimentary title of the Persian divine and historian Amīr d̲j̲amāl [al-dīn] ʿaṭāʾ allāh b. faḍl allāh al-ḥusaynī al-das̲h̲takī al-s̲h̲īrāzī , who flourished at Harāt during the reign of Sulṭān Ḥusayn the Tīmūrid (875-911/1470-1505); the probable date of his death is 926/1520. His known works are: (1) Rawḍat al-aḥbāb fī siyar al-Nabī wa ’l-āl wa ’l-aṣḥāb , a history of Muḥammad, his family and companions, written at the request of Mīr ʿAlī S̲h̲īr and completed in 900/1494-5 (Lucknow ed. 1297/1880-2, Turkish tr. Constantinople 1268/1852); (2) Tuḥfat al-aḥibbāʾ fī manāḳib Āl …

, S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ , the 5th Ṣafawid s̲h̲ayk̲h̲ in line of descent from S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ Ṣafī al-Dīn Isḥāḳ, the founder of the Ṣafawid ṭarīḳa . The son of D̲j̲unayd [ q.v.] and K̲h̲adīd̲j̲a Begum, the sister of the Aḳ Ḳoyunlu ruler Uzun Ḥasan, Ḥaydar succeeded his father as head of the Ṣafawid ṭarīḳa at Ardabīl in 864/1460. Ḥaydar, by his marriage to Ḥalīma Begī Āg̲h̲ā (or Marta; better known as ʿAlams̲h̲āh Begum), the daughter of Uzun Ḥasan and Despina K̲h̲ātūn, the latter the daughter of Calo Johannes, the Emperor of Trebizond, maintained the close alliance w…

(Čobanides), famille d’amīrs mongols qui prétendait descendre d’un certain Sūrg̲h̲ān S̲h̲īra de la tribu des Suldūz, lequel avait autrefois sauvé la vie à Čingiz Ḵh̲ān. Les membres les plus notables de cette famille sont: I. Amīr Cūbān, chef militaire capable et expérimenté qui, d’après Ḥamd Allāh Mustawfī ( Tārīk̲h̲-i Guzīda, [ GMS], 588) combattit pour la première fois en rablʿ II 688/avril-mai 1289; par la suite, il servit avec distinction sous les Īlk̲h̲āns Arg̲h̲ūn, Gayk̲h̲ātū, G̲h̲āzān et Uld̲j̲āytū [ q.vv.]. En 717/1317, il fut nommé amīr al-umarāʾ par Abū Saʿīd dont il ép…

, Kangāwar ou Kankiwar (34° 29′ N., 47° 55′ E.), petite ville (de 13 144 habitants en 1975)i dans le bak̲h̲s̲h̲ du même nom faisant partie du s̲h̲ahristān de Kirmāns̲h̲āhān; elle est située à une altitude de 1467 m. et à égale distance des villes de Kirmāns̲h̲āh et de Hamadān [ q.vv.]; il en est question pour la première fois chez Isidore de Charax sous le nom de Concobar. Le bak̲h̲s̲h̲ comptait, en 1975, quatre dihistāns avec un total d’une soixantaine de villages et une population de 38 435 âmes environ. L’économie de la région est fondée sur l’agriculture et le commerce. ¶ Dès l’époque la plus…