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Ṣafī al-Dīn Ardabīlī

(962 words)

Author(s): Babinger, Fr. | Savory, R.M.
, S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ Abū l-Fatḥ Isḥāḳ, fils d’Amīn al-dīn Ḏj̲ibrāʾīl et Dawlatī, né en 650/1252-3, mort le 12 muḥarram 735/12 septembre 1334 à Ardabīl [ q.v.], fondateur éponyme de l’ordre sūfī ṣafawide et par la suite de la dynastie des Ṣafawides qui gouvernèrent la Perse de 907 à 1148/15011736 [voir Ṣafawides]. Des récits hagiographiques traditionnels dépeignent Ṣafī al-dīn comme étant destiné depuis l’enfance à un avenir brillant. Enfant, il passa son temps en pratiques religieuses, fit l’expérience de visions l’entraînant dans des états angéliques, et fut visité par les abdāl et les awtād…

Kur

(301 words)

Author(s): Barthold, W. | Savory, R.M.
, le Kour, est le plus grand fleuve du Caucase (1050 km; 200 farsak̲h̲s = près de 1300 km pour Ḥamd Allāh Mustawfī Ḳazwīnī); il était appelé Cyrus par les Grecs et nahr al-Kurr par les Arabes; les Russes le nomment Kura (qui dériverait de a-kuara «fleuve» en langue abk̲h̲āze) et les Géorgiens Mtkvari (qui viendrait de mdinaré «fleuve» dans le dialecte de Kartalie). Il prend sa source en Géorgie, au Sud d’Ardahani (à l’Ouest de Ḳarṣ, dans le district de Poso), et coule vers le Nord jusqu’à Akhaltziké, où il tourne vers l’Est (voir la carte dans V. Minorsky, History of Sharvān, Cambridge 1958, 174…

Ṭahmāsp

(2,195 words)

Author(s): Savory, R.M. | Bosworth, C.E.
(Ṭahmāsb), the name of two S̲h̲āhs of the Ṣafawid dynasty [ q.v.] in Persia. 1. Ṭahmāsp I, Abu ’l-Fatḥ, eldest son of S̲h̲āh Ismāʿīl [see ismāʿīl i ], born at S̲h̲āhābād in the district of Iṣfahān on Wednesday, 26 D̲h̲u ’l-Ḥid̲j̲d̲j̲a 919/22 February 1514 (Ḥasan-i Rūmlū, Aḥsan al-tawārīk̲h̲ (ed. C.N. Seddon, Baroda 1931, 142), died Monday, 15 Ṣafar 984/14 May 1576 ( Aḥsan al-tawārīk̲h̲, 464), second ruler of the Ṣafawid dynasty [see ṣafawids. i ]. Following the early Ṣafawid practice of appointing princes of the blood royal to be nominal governors of provinces, in the care of a Ḳi̊zi̊lbās̲h̲…

Bārūd

(16,103 words)

Author(s): Colin, G.S. | Ayalon, D. | Parry, V.J. | Savory, R.M. | Khan, Yar Muhammad
i. — general In Arabic, the word nafṭ (Persian nafṭ) is applied to the purest form ( ṣafwa ) of Mesopotamian bitumen ( ḳīr —or ḳārbābilī ). Its natural colour is white. It occasionally occurs in a black form, but this can be rendered white by sublimation. Nafṭ is efficacious against cataract and leucoma; it has the property of attracting fire from a distance, without direct contact. Mixed with other products (fats, oil, sulphur etc.) which make it more combustible and more adhesive, it constituted the basic ingredient of “Greek fire”, a liquid incendiary compo…

Ṣafawids

(30,242 words)

Author(s): Savory, R.M. | Bruijn, J.T.P. de | Newman, A.J. | Welch, A.T. | Darley-Doran, R.E.
, a dynasty which ruled in Persia as “sovereigns 907-1135/1501-1722, as fainéants 1142-8/1729-36, and thereafter, existed as pretenders to the throne up to 1186/1773. I. Dynastic, political and military history. The establishment of the Ṣafawid state in 907/1501 by S̲h̲āh Ismāʿīl I [ q.v.] (initially ruler of Ād̲h̲arbāyd̲j̲ān only) marks an important turning-point in Persian history. In the first place, the Ṣafawids restored Persian sovereignty over the whole of the area traditionally regarded as the heartlands of Persia for the first ti…

Ṣafawides

(31,397 words)

Author(s): Savory, R.M. | Bruijn, J.T.P. de | Newman, A.J. | Welch, A.T. | Darley-Doran, R.E.
N dynastie qui gouverna en Perse en qualité de souverains, 907-1135/1501-1722, puis de fainéants, 1142-8/1729-36, et par la suite, exista en tant que prétendants au trône jusqu’en 1186/1773. I. Histoire politique et militaire de la dynastie. L’établissement de l’Etat safawide en 907/1501 par le S̲h̲āh Ismāʿīl I [ q.v.] (à l’origine gouverneur uniquement de l’Ād̲h̲arbāyd̲j̲ān) marque un moment critique important dans l’histoire de la Perse. En premier lieu, les Safawides rétablirent la souveraineté persane sur l’ensemble de la région tradition…

إيران

(69,559 words)

Author(s): Coon, C. S. | Mokri, M. | Lambton, A.K.S. | Savory, R.M. | DeBruijn, J.T.P. | Et al.
[English edition] 1. جغرافيا 1.1 الخصائص الجيولوجيّة تعتبر سلسلتا جبال البورز وجبال زاغروس اللتّان تمتدّان تباعا من الغرب إلى الشّرق ومن الشّمال الغربيّ إلى الجنوب الشّرقيّ أهمّ الوحدات الطّبوغرافيّة بإيران. فعلى نطاق واسع، تمثّل جبال البورز امتدادا للبنى الآلبيّة الأوروبيّة، بينما تعتبر جبال زاغروس تواصلا للآلب الديناريّة عبر قبرص (فيشير، 1956). وقد تأثّرت البنية الجبليّة لحاشية البلاد بشدّة الحركات البنائيّة التّي لم تسبّب فقط التواءً كبيرًا للطبقات أدّى إلى ظهور جبال مرتفعة، بل أدّت أيضاً إلى انقلاب…

Iran

(85,490 words)

Author(s): McLachlan, K.S. | Coon, C.S. | Mokri, M. | Lambton, A.K.S. | Savory, R.M. | Et al.
i.—Geography The geological background: The alignments of Iran’s principal topographie features, represented by the Kūhhā-yi Alburz and the Zagros Chain, are west to east and north-west to south-east, respectively. In broad context, the Alburz is a continuation of the European Alpine structures, while the Zagros chain has been linked through Cyprus with the Dinaric Alps (Fisher, 1956). The structure of the mountain rim of the country has been influenced strongly by tectonic movements which have n…
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